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    PLL Design Notes

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    Stephen Dunifer

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    PLL Design Notes

    Uploaded by

    Stephen Dunifer
    883 views78 pages

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    883 views78 pages

    PLL Design Notes

    Uploaded by

    Stephen Dunifer

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf
    of 78
    Phase Locked Loop Circuits ECE145B/ECE218B Reading: General PLL Description: T. H. Lee, Chap. 15. Gray and Meyer, 10.4. 1. Definition. A PLL is a feedback system that includes a VCO, phase detector, and low pass filter within its loop. Its purpose is to force the VCO to replicate and track the frequency and phase at the input when in lock. This enables the PLL to be used as a control system allowing one system to track with another. out (t) = Vin (t) + const. Wout (4) = in) The PLL output can be taken from either V.., the filtered (almost DC) VCO control voltage, or from the output of the VCO depending on the application. Either phase or frequency can be used as the input variables. Phase detector Of course, phase and frequency are interrelated by: = =F : O62) = 6(0)+ farrar’ a 2. Phase detector: compares the phase at each input and generates an error signal, ve(t), proportional to the phase difference between the two inputs. Kp is the gain of the phase detector (V/rad). velt) = Kp[Oour() ~ On ()] As one familiar circuit example, an analog multiplier or mixer can be used as a phase detector. Recall that the mixer takes the product of two inputs. v(t) = A(QB(O. If, AW) =A cos(at + 0,) B(t) = B cos(ayt + >) Then, A(®B(t) = (AB/2)[ cos(2a,t + >, + 4) + c0s(0, + 4] Since the two inputs are at the same frequency when the loop is locked, we have one output at twice the input frequency and an output proportional to the cosine of the phase difference. The doubled frequency component must be removed by the lowpass loop filter. The phase difference then is ideally a DC signal, the control voltage to the VCO. 3. VCO. In PLL applications, the VCO is treated as a linear, time-invariant system. Excess phase of the VCO is the system output. 0. IWeon dt" Pout = The VCO oscillates at an angular frequency, ©. Its frequency is set to a nominal «, when the control voltage is zero. Frequency is assumed to be linearly proportional to the control voltage with a gain coefficient K,, (rad/s/v). ®out = 9+ Ko Veont PLL response: To see how the PLL works, suppose that we introduce a frequency step at the input in This will cause the phase difference to grow with time since a frequency step is a phase ramp. This in turn causes the control voltage, Vcont, to increase, moving the VCO frequency up to catch up with the input reference signal. Bvehoot 2 ghase will octue if Wee =Htn before dese -drn = Crstantk. The frogwuey AL conbrnue Ho Ca erease unht pro phase sf Mov cobs ug te Ae xnput. Win=.@ | Qy+ Ao y(t) Wwose PD Output LPF Output > ---> = bose = bn see te t Fig.13_R UPe intesedes PD cute

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