802.11abg Poster
802.11abg Poster
802.11abg Poster
SERIES
TM
802.11a/b/g Demystified
802.11 Frame Format
Frame Control
To DS From DS
Station 1
Address 1
Address 2
Address 3
Seq
Address 4
Frame Body
FCS
Protocol
Type
Subtype
To DS
From DS
MF
Retry
Pwr Mgt
MD
Prot Frame
Order
Authentication Request ACK Authentication Response ACK Association Request ACK Association Response ACK
AP
Station 2
Duration/ID Field
bit 0
Depending on bits 14-15 (most significant) this field is defined one of three ways:
bit 15 0
BSS: Basic Service Set is a group of stations communicating through an Access Point (AP) Probe Request: Packet requesting Information about available APs in range Probe Response: Packet from APs responding to a Probe Request w/BSS information ACK: Packet sent to acknowledge a received packet
SIFS Tx ACK DIFS AP Rx Frame Station 1 Time SIFS: Short Interframe Space DIFS: DCF Interframe Space
Rx Frame Station 2
Address 1 Field
Used by the receiver.
DCF: Distributed Coordination Function CSMA/CA: Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance
Data Rate/Modulation
Spreading Method Data Rate (Mbps) 802.11a 802.11b 802.11g 1 DSSS 2 5.5 CCK DQPSK 11 6 BPSK 9 12 QPSK 18 OFDM 16-QAM 24 36 64-QAM 48 54 Modulation DBPSK DQPSK
DSSS: Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (Barker Code) CCK: Complementary Code Keying OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing DBPSK: Differential Binary Phase Shift Keying DQPSK: Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying BPSK: Binary Phase Shift Keying QPSK: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying 16-QAM: 16 Point Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 64-QAM: 64 Point Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
To DS = 1
Data frames transmitted from a wireless station in an infrastructure network to the DS. Frames within a distribution system.
From DS = 0 From DS = 1
Address 4 Field
All Management and Control frames. Data frames within IBSS (never Infrastructure data frames). Data frames received from the DS for a wireless station in an infrastructure network.
5GHz 2.4GHz
This is also known as the data body or packet payload. Higher level protocols and/or user application data reside in this field (length can be 02312 bytes).
The FCS is often referred to as the cyclic redundancy check (CRC). It allows stations and APs to check the integrity of received frames. QoS: Quality of Service IBSS: Independent Basic Service Set 802.11h: Defines dynamic frequency selection (DFS) for spectrum management and transmit power control (TPC) for power management in the 5GHz band.
To maintain 802.11 operation in the presence of both 11b and 11g clients, Request-to-Send/ Clear-to-Send (RTS/CTS) frames are sent by 11g devices at CCK rates prior to sending OFDM data.
Original signal is spread with code words to create a wider band signal, then recovered at the receiver with a correlation process.
OFDM Conceptual
Transmission data is spread across 52 concurrent subcarriers within the channel. Subcarrier signal peaks occur at neighboring subcarrier nulls, providing orthogonality. Amplitude
Transmitted Signal
Amplitude Noise
Recorrelated Signal
Amplitude Correlation
DSSS/CCK
802.11b/g
Ch#
10
11
3KHz
300GHz
Ch# 1 Only 3 channels are non-overlapping.
Frequency
Frequency
11
Transmit Mask
(not to scale)
Power
Transmit Mask
0dBr -30dBr -50dBr
(not to scale)
Power
-20dBr -28dBr -40dBr
(an example)
0.3125 MHz
Subcarrier Plan
Pilot Subcarriers
Glossary
802.11A group of wireless networking standards set by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), commonly referred to as Wi-Fi, but were previously known as WLAN. 802.11aA supplement to the IEEE 802.11 specification that describes radio transmissions at a frequency of 5GHz and data rates of up to 54Mbps. 802.11bA supplement to the IEEE 802.11 specification that describes radio transmissions at a frequency of 2.4GHz and data rates of up to 11Mbps. 802.11gA supplement to the IEEE 802.11 specification that describes radio transmissions at a frequency of 2.4GHz and data rates of up to 54Mbps. 802.11eAn IEEE standard that adds Quality of Service (QoS) functionality and multimedia support to existing 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11a. 802.11iAn IEEE standard that hardens the security mechanisms for 802.11 networks. The 802.11i standard included improvements in key management, user authentication using 802.1X, and the data integrity of headers. 802.11nA task group of the IEEE 802.11 committee whose goal is to define a standard for high throughput speeds of at least 100Mbps on wireless networks. 802.1XA standard for port-based authentication first used in wired networks, that has been adapted for use in Wi-Fi networks. 802.1X provides a framework for authenticating users and controlling their access to a protected network with dynamic encryption keys that protect data privacy. Wi-Fi or WLAN AP (Access Point)A small to medium capacity Wi-Fi device (13 radios) that connects wireless devices/users to another network. Wi-Fi or WLAN ArrayA medium to high capacity device (416 radios) that connects wireless devices/users to another network. The Wi-Fi/ WLAN Array differs from an Access Point in that it usually contains an embedded Switch, Router, and AP controller that acts as a seamless extension of the wired network over the basic connectivity provided by Access Points. SSID (Service Set Identifier)A unique 32-character network name, or identifier, that differentiates one wireless LAN from another. All access points and clients attempting to connect to a specific WLAN must use the same SSID. The SSID can be any alphanumeric entry up to a maximum of 32 characters. Wi-FiShort for wireless fidelity. A term developed by the Wi-Fi Alliance to describe wireless local area network (WLAN) products that are based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards.
802.11a
Ch#
36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64
-22 MHz
-11 MHz
Center Frequency
+11 MHz
+22 MHz
Frequency
-30
-20
-11 -9
fc
Frequency
-26 -21
-7
fc
+7
Frequency
+21 +26
100 104 108 112 116 120 124 128 132 136 140
Channel Allocation
2.4GHz Channel Allocation
Frequency Channel fc (MHz) U.S. EU Japan 1 2412 X X X 2 2417 X X X 3 2422 X X X 4 2427 X X X 5 2432 X X X 6 2437 X X X 7 2442 X X X 8 2447 X X X 9 2452 X X X 10 2457 X X X 11 2462 X X X 12 2467 X X 13 2472 X X 14 2484 X
Frequency Channel fc (MHz) U.S. EU Japan 184 4920 X 188 4940 X 192 4960 X 196 4980 X 208 5040 X 212 5060 X 216 5080 X 36 5180 X X X 40 5200 X X X 44 5220 X X X
Frequency Channel fc (MHz) U.S. EU Japan 48 5240 X X X 52 5260 X X X 56 5280 X X X 60 5300 X X X 64 5320 X X X 100 5500 X X 104 5520 X X 108 5540 X X 112 5560 X X 116 5580 X X
Frequency Channel fc (MHz) U.S. EU Japan 120 5600 X X 124 5620 X X 128 5640 X X 132 5660 X X 136 5680 X X 140 5700 X X 149 5745 X 153 5765 X 157 5785 X 161 5805 X
23 channels
3 channels
3 channels
P1.v3