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Just Cerf ing.

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JUST CERFing is the Society Newsletter for CERF Members. The Coastal Education & Research Foundation, Inc. [CERF] is the official publisher of the Journal of Coastal Research (JCR).
Editors: Vera Van Lancker, Wendy Bonne, Adolfo Uriarte, and Michael Collins
EUMARSAND: European Marine Sand and Gravel Resources
In This Issue:
Special Issue No. 51 RiMER 2011 2009 Impact Factors Call for Papers Volume Editors Published Literature from Editorial Board Member ICS 2011 Photo Opportunities CERF Website New Membership Options Radiocarbon Dating Services CERF Membership
Journal of Coastal Research Special Issue #51 (Continued on page 2)
www.cerf-jcr.org
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Coastal Page 1 August 2010Education & Research Foundation, Inc., [CERF] October 2010
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JCR Special Issue #51 (Continued from Page 1)
EUMARSAND: European Marine Sand and Gravel Resources

INTRODUCTION
Marine aggregates (sand and gravel) have emerged as a strategic mineral resource; this is due to an increasing general demand and to stricter regulations on the exploitation of land-won aggregates, in EU Member States. Annually, approx. 40 million m3 of marine sand and gravel are extracted, alone, from the North European inner (<60m water depth) continental shelf (www.sandandgravel.com/extraction). In the near future, the extraction will increase significantly, to provide vast quantities of material needed for the realisation of large-scale infrastructure projects, planned for Europes coastal areas; this is combined with the burgeoning general urbanisation of the coastal zone. At the same time, European coastal zones are under increasing pressure from coastal erosion. Thus, beach replenishment and other coastal defence schemes, requiring large quantities of suitable aggregate material, are necessary to manage such coastal retreat and accommodate the development (Selby and Ooms, 1996; Humphreys et al., 1996). Such increasing demand, together with the conservation of coastal ecosystems and diverse stakeholders interests, require that resource sustainability, environmental prudence and careful management are crucial components of the practice and regulation of marine aggregate operations. There is an urgent need for integrated and coherent approaches to the effective prospecting of commercially-viable marine sand and gravel deposits, the development of a science-based approach to their sustainable management, together with an environmental impact assessment of their exploitation. Such objectives require an interdisciplinary approach, to develop a thorough understanding of the sedimentary, hydrodynamic and ecological conditions of the inner continental shelf and adjacent coasts. Likewise, the use of stateof-the-art approaches and instrumentation is needed. The main objectives of the RTN project EUMARSAND were: (a) to train young European researchers in individual research approaches; and (b) to provide them with an integrated and balanced view of the diverse and complex issues involved, through the application of a wide range of scientifc approaches. As such, close co-operation between marine geologists,
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biologists, hydrodynamic and morphodynamic modellers and coastal engineers was established. The task of such a grouping was to integrate the research approaches involved in marine aggregate prospecting. Likewise, the undertaking of the assessment of the environmental impacts of offshore mining activities, using state-of-the-art approaches and instrumentation. Nine Partners, from 8 countries, have been involved in the project, as listed in Table 1. located within a non-tidal setting. The deposits are representative of commonly-occurring, European aggregate extraction sites. Investigation of the Kwinte Bank focussed upon a particular area of the seabed that had been exploited intensively for dredging, since the 1970s. It has been transformed now into a depression, from which sand extraction has been prohibited, since February 2003. In the Baltic Sea, gravel and sand extraction areas have been investigated within the German Tromper Wiek area; these have been subjected to different aggregate extraction techniques, i.e. anchor and trailer suction hopper dredging, respectively. Both areas under investigation have been surveyed using state-of-the-art geophysical/geological techniques and instrumentation (acoustical data from seismic profiles,multibeam and side-scan sonar surveys; ground-truthing sediment samples, from Van Veen grabs and boxcores; and video imagery of the seabed). The physical impacts of the extraction on the seabed have been assessed also using hydro-, sediment- and morpho-dynamic modelling, calibrated and validated by high quality in-situ measuring instrumentation (bottom- and hull- mounted ADCP, electromagnetic current meters (S4), and Autonomous Benthic Landers). Ecological impacts have been investigated, whereas the physical effects on the adjacent coastline are assessed only for the Baltic Sea, between Warnemnde and Darss. SCOPE OF THE EUMARSAND SPECIAL ISSUE The objectives of the project EUMARSAND comprised: (a) an estimation of the usage, assessment of resource availability and the provision of a critical review of the licensing procedures, at an European level; (b) the investigation of the impact of marine aggregate extraction, on the environment; and (c) the provision of recommendations on the integration of the research approaches involved. A considerable amount of effort was placed into the provision of a critical review of the licensing procedures, at an European level. The compatibility of the different national licensing/regulatory regimes was compared, with the present
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European Environmental Legislation (e.g. EIA Directives, Habitats Directive) and International Conventions.In relation to the fieldstudies, two sites were investigated: the Kwinte Bank (Belgian part of the southern North Sea), which represents a modern deposit in a relatively high energy tidal environment; and Tromper Wiek (German Baltic Sea); which represents a relict deposit, located within a non-tidal setting. The deposits are representative of commonly-occurring, European aggregate extraction sites.
Table 1. Participants in the EUMARSAND Programme

Project Partners
Marine Research Division - AZTI Foundation (Technological Institute for Fisheries and Food), Spain School of Ocean and Earth Science - University of Southampton, United Kingdom Renard Centre of Marine Geology (RCMG) - Ghent University, Belgium Department of Geography and Climatology - National & Kapodis-trian University of Athens, Greece Marine Science Department University of The Aegean, Greece Maritime Institute - Gdansk (MIG), Poland Coastal Geomorphology and Shoreline Management Unit - Universit du Littoral-Cte dOpale, France Water Engineering and Management, Civil Engineering Department - University of Twente, The Netherlands Institute of Geosciences, Marine Geology, Coastal and Continental Shelf Research - ChristianAlbrechts-University Kiel, Germany Dr. Wendy Bonne Dr. Adolfo Uriarte Marine ecology (and coordination) Dr. Erwan Garel Prof. Michael Collins Sediment dynamics Dr. Valrie Bellec Dr. Sophie Le Bots Dr. Vera Van Lancker Marine geophysics, North Sea Dr. Arnaud Ballay Dr. Serafim Poulos Seabed characterisation Dr. Rolandas Radzevicius Prof. Adonis Velegrakis Legislation Dr. Nerijus Blaauskas Ms. Ingrida Bagdanaviciute Mr. Juliusz Marek Gajewski Information systems Dr. Stella Kortekaas Prof. Arnaud Hequette Coastal impact Dr. Christophe Brire Dr. Dborah Idier Prof. Suzanne J.M.H. Hulscher Morphodynamic modelling Dr. Faustino Manso Dr. Klaus Schwarzer Marine geophysics, Baltic Sea [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
This Special Issue is Available in its Entirety on our FoundationWebsite: www.CERF-JCR.org

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INTERNATIONAL POSTGRADUATE COURSE

RESEARCH in MARINE ENVIRONMENT and RESOURCES (4,5 ECTS) FEBRUARY 2-11 2011, AQUARIUM, Donostia-San Sebastin
Organized by: MER MSc -MER Consortium Dept Zoology and Cell Biology, Fac Science and Technology, Univ Basque Country, Bilbo Coordinators: Dr Adolfo Uriarte, AZTI-Tecnalia (Pasaia) Prof. Michael B. Collins, U Southampton (Southampton) Carlos Garcia-Soto, IEO
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The New 2009 Impact Factors Have Been Released!

The Coastal Education & Research Foundation [CERF] is proud to announce that the Journal of Coastal Research (JCR) has received a new, higher Impact Factor! With an excellent 2009 Impact Factor of 1.366, which is 164% higher than the year before, the JCR now ranks 69/153 in Multidisciplinary Geosciences, 103/180 in Environmental Sciences, and 21/35 in Physical Geography.
To celebrate this great news, CERF is pleased to offer Free Open Access to several of the most popular JCR articles from the past six years. To access these highly cited articles, please click our Journal of Coastal Research online journal - Open access link.
Below are several examples of JCR Open Access Articles:

c Tracking Oil Slicks and Predicting their Trajectories Using Remote Sensors and Models: Case Studies of the Sea Princess and Deepwater Horizon Oil Spills (Victor V. Klemas), Preprint.
2010
c An Estimate of the U.S. Population Living in 100-Year Coastal Flood Hazard Areas (Mark Crowell, et al.), (26)2, pp. 201-211 c Importance of Coastal Change Variables in Determining Vulnerability to Sea- and Lake-Level Change (Elizabeth A. Pendleton, E. Robert Thieler, and S. Jeffress Williams), (26)1, pp. 176-183
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The New 2009 Impact Factors (Continued from Page 6)
2009 c Improving Accuracy and Statistical Reliability of Shoreline Position and Change Rate Estimates (Peter Ruggiero and Jeffrey H. List), (25)5, pp. 10691081 c The Role of Remote Sensing in Predicting and Determining Coastal Storm Impacts (Victor V. Klemas), (25)6, pp. 1264-1275 c The Healing Sea: A Sustainable Coastal Ocean Resource: Thalassotherapy (Roger H. Charlier and Marie-Claire P. Chaineux), (25)4, pp. 838-856 2008 c The Emerging Role of Lidar Remote Sensing in Coastal Research and Resource Management (John C. Brock and Samuel J. Purkis), (SP 53), pp. 1-5 c Research and Monitoring Components of the National Estuarine Research Reserve System (Katherine Mills, Michael J. Kennish, and Kenneth A. Moore), (SP 55), pp. 1-8
c Geomorphological Mapping along the Upper Southeast Florida Atlantic Continental Platform; I: Mapping Units, Symbolization and Geographic Information System Presentation of Interpreted Seafloor Topography (Charles W. Finkl et al.), (24)6, pp. 1388-1417 c Mapping Coral Reef Habitats in Southeast Florida Using a Combined Technique Approach (Brian K. Walker, Bernhard Riegl and Richard E. Dodge), (24)5, pp. 1138-1150 c A New Global Coastal Database for Impact and Vulnerability Analysis to Sea-Level Rise (Athanasios T. Vafeidisa et al.), (24)4, pp. 917-924 c Cross-Shore Currents in the Surf Zone: Rips or Undertow? (Troels Aagaard and Niels Vinther), (24)3, pp.561-570
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Published Literature From Our Editorial Board The Role of Remote Sensing in Predicting and Determining Coastal Storm Impacts
Victor Klemas, Ph.D. College of Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, U.S.A. [email protected]
Abstract
Storm-induced flooding and other damage present a major problem as the coastal population continues to increase rapidly and sea level keeps rising. To predict the path and landfall of a hurricane or other coastal storm and assess the damage, emergency managers and scientists need continuous information on the storms path, strength, predicted landfall, and expected damage over large areas. Satellite and airborne remote sensors can provide the required information in a timely and reliable way, as demonstrated by a case study of hurricane Katrinas impact on New Orleans and surrounding areas. Satellite images and hurricane hunter planes were used to track hurricane Katrina, with modelers predicting accurately its path, strength, surge level, and landfall location. Shore-based radars were used to confirm the data as the hurricane approached land. Medium- and high-resolution satellite sensors, helicopters, and aircraft were employed to assess damage to the city, including transportation, power, and communication infrastructures, and to adjacent wetlands and other coastal ecosystems. The lessons learned from hurricane Katrina are helping to optimize future approaches for tracking hurricanes and predicting their impact on coastal ecosystems and developed areas. ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: Hurricane tracking, hurricane impact, coastal flooding, New Orleans case study, coastal remote sensing year. With events such as the strong hurricanes More than half the total U.S. population of 2004 and 2005, losses can total billions of lives in the coastal zone, which represents only dollars per year (Gregg, 2007; Island Press, 18% of total U.S. land area. These areas are 2000). becoming more developed every year. Over the next 15 years, the U.S. coastal population In the U.S., tropical storms and hurricanes is projected to increase by about 25 million affect the coast from New England to Texas, people, reaching 166 million people by the with their season extending from June through year 2015. These coastal communities will November. Furthermore, each year, several be highly vulnerable to coastal storms and mid-latitude cyclones evolve into powerful flooding, which already account for more than coastal storms along the U.S. Atlantic coast, 70% of annual U.S. disaster losses. As more called noreasters, because of the strong winds people move to the coast, coastal flooding and that blow from the northeast. A particularly erosion from storm surges and sea level rise will disastrous storm was the noreaster of 1962, claim more private and public structures each which ravaged the Mid-Atlantic Coast with
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INTRODUCTION
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The Role of Remote Sensing (Continued from Page 8)

Pressure Class Class Class Class Class 5 4 3 2 1 Intensity (mb) <920 925940 945965 965980 >980 Hurricane classication Wind Speed Storm Surge (mph [km/h]) (ft [m]) >155 [>250] >18 [>5.5] 131155 [211250] 1318 [4.05.5] 111130 [179210] 912 [2.73.7] 96110 [154178] 68 [1.82.4] 7495 [119153] 45 [1.21.5]
Table 1. Saffir-Simpson index for storm classification. a storm surge that tore down boardwalks and near the center of a Category 5 hurricane. urban structures as it flooded communities Furthermore, the astronomical tide can add up to 20 miles inland. Because commercial several feet to the storm surge. Such a surge satellites were not available at that time, the of high water, combined with high tides and resulting coastal damage could only be mapped torrential rains and topped by battering waves, from low-altitude aircraft with simple aerial can be devastating to any coastal community. film cameras (Mather et al., 1964, 1967). Hurricane storm surges with their associated wind speeds are shown on the Saffir-Simpson Direct hits by major hurricanes are usually Index in Table 1 (Kantha, 2006). In addition more devastating than noreasters because their to urban communities and beaches, nearly wind speeds, storm surges, and waves are much 100,000 km of coastal roadways are in the higher. Environmental impacts from hurricanes 100-year floodplain in the U.S., including include excessive nutrient loading, algal blooms, many that are exposed to water surges and elevated oxygen demand resulting in hypoxia storm waves generated by hurricanes (Chen et and anoxia, fish kills, large-scale releases of al., 2007). pollutants and debris, and spread of pathogens. Good overviews of the effects of hurricanes Over the long term, coastal communities on coastal ecosystems are provided in recent are also facing a rising sea level, caused mainly journal articles (Greening et al., 2006; Mallin by global warming. A scientific consensus and Corbett, 2006; Sallenger et al., 2006). states that, as average temperatures increase An important conclusion resulting from these worldwide, average sea levels will continue articles is that many ecological components to rise globally. The sea level is rising because of estuaries and coastal systems were initially water expands as it is warmed and because affected by the hurricanes, yet were quite water from melting glaciers and ice sheets is resilient in sharp contrast to the long-term added to the oceans. Many scientists believe effects on coastal urban developments and that because of melting glaciers and expanding infrastructure, such as roads and causeways. ocean water, the sea level rise will accelerate in the future (IPCC, 2007). Since 1993, The greatest danger to coastal communities satellite observations have permitted more is from a hurricanes storm surge. Storm surges precise calculations of global sea level rise, now develop when water is pushed toward the shore estimated to be 3.1 0.7 mm/y over the period by the force of a hurricanes wind. Horizontally, 19932003. The substantial sea level rise and the surge can fan out over several hundred more frequent storms predicted for the next 50 miles of coastline. In general, the more intense to 100 years will affect coastal cities and roads, the hurricane, and the closer a community coastal economic development, beach erosion is to the right-front quadrant, the larger the control strategies, salinity of estuaries and area that must be evacuated. Vertically, the aquifers, coastal drainage and sewage systems, surge can reach heights of more than 20 feet and coastal wetlands (NOAA, 1999).
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Because the coastal population continues to increase rapidly and road improvements have not kept up with this rapid population growth, more time is needed to accomplish an evacuation. Much of the population living in hurricaneprone areas has not recently experienced a direct hit by a hurricane or major storm, and they are reluctant to evacuate. As a result, emergency managers need advance information on the predicted path, intensity, and progress of a storm and associated waves and storm surge as early as possible before landfall. They also need real-time information during the peak of the storm to monitor flooding and to control rescue operations. Finally, by comparing the conditions in the affected areas before and after the storm, managers can assess the damage and plan urban recovery; the restoration of the power, transportation, and communication infrastructure; and improvements in levees and drainage canals. REMOTE SENSING REQUIREMENTS Remote sensing systems have already proven their worth for observing storms and their effects on coastal communities (NOAA, 2006). However, to select the best set of remote sensing systems one must first define the requirements of key users, such as storm forecasters, emergency evacuation managers, coastal engineers, and various responsible officials at the city, county, state, and federal levels. With the wide variety of remote sensing systems available, choosing the proper data sources for tracking coastal storms and monitoring their impact on coastal urban communities can be challenging. Characteristics used to describe and compare analog and digital remote sensing systems are often grouped into four different types of resolution: spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal. Resolution is commonly attributed to an image and the sensor that provides the image data.
during landfall, and (3) after landfall. As shown next, these three phases have quite different requirements for remotely sensed data. Before Landfall. Storm surge flooding and high winds are the main hazards that render an area unsafe during a hurricane. A storm surge occurs when the hurricanes winds, forward motion, and low barometric pressure pile up water in front of the storm system as it moves toward the shore. Storm surge heights and waves depend on a combination of factors, including width and slope of the shelf, water depth, intensity of the storm, and the storms forward speed and direction of movement. To assess the vulnerability of an area to storm surge, the maximum expected height of water must be compared with the elevation of the area to predict whether the area will be flooded during a range of storm scenarios. Predicting Storm Surges and Inundation. One important model used by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Hurricane Center to estimate storm surge heights and winds resulting from predicted or hypothetical hurricanes is the SLOSH (Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges from Hurricanes) model. It takes into account the pressure, size, forward speed, track, and winds of a hurricane. SLOSH is used to evaluate the threat from storm surges, and emergency managers use these data to determine which areas must be evacuated. SLOSH model results are combined with road network and traffic flow information, rainfall amounts, river flow, and wind-driven waves to identify at-risk areas (NOAA/CSC, 2008).
The dynamical SLOSH model computes water height over a geographical area or basin. The calculations are applied to a specific locales shoreline, incorporating the unique A coastal storm event can be divided into bay and river configurations, water depths, at least three phases: (1) before landfall, (2) bridges, roads, and other physical features.
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Computations have been run for a number of basins covering most of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the U.S. and offshore islands. The typical SLOSH grid contains more than 500 points located on lines extending radially from a common basin center. The distance between grid points ranges from 0.5 km near the center (where surge water heights are of more interest) to 7.7 km in the deep water at the edge of the grid. Bathymetric and topographic map data are used to determine a water depth or terrain height for each grid point. The model consists of a set of equations derived from the Newtonian equations of motion and the continuity equation applied to a rotating fluid with a free surface. The equations are integrated from the sea floor to the sea surface. The coastline is represented as a physical boundary within the model domain. Subgrid-scale water features (cuts, chokes, sills, and channels) and vertical obstructions (levees, roads, spoil banks, etc.) can be parameterized within the model. Astronomical tides, rainfall, river flow, and wind-driven waves have not been incorporated into the model. The primary use of the SLOSH model is to define flood-prone areas for evacuation planning. The flood areas are determined by compositing the model surge values from 200 to 300 hypothetical hurricanes. Separate composite flood maps are produced for each of the five Saffir-Simpson hurricane categories. The SLOSH model can also be run with forecast track and intensity data for an actual storm as it makes landfall (NOAA/CSC, 2008). The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers merged the SLOSH model results with digital elevation models up to the 9-m contour of South Carolinas coast to create storm surge maps. These maps were developed by scanning U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) quadrangle sheets to create an electronic background map and by digitizing topographic information from these quad sheets along with supplemental elevation data provided by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. By processing the elevation from the base maps, a ground surface model was
created and merged with SLOSH model results to create a storm surge map. In areas where the water surface elevation was greater than the terrain elevation, the area was shaded. The resulting maps represent the maximum of the maximum storm surge composite of hypothetical storms calculated at high tide, one depicting storms with slow forward speeds (8 and 24 km/h), and one depicting storms with fast forward speeds (40 and 56 km/h). Remote Sensing Data. If the SLOSH model is used to estimate storm surge for an actual, predicted hurricane, forecast data must be put into the model every 6 hours over a 72-hour period and updated as new data become available (NOAA/NHC, 2008). This is achieved to a large extent with the use of remotely sensed data. The remote sensing systems used to provide nearreal-time data for the models, include geostationary satellites (GOES), which sit above a fixed point on the equator at an altitude of 36,000 km and can provide estimates of the location, size, and intensity of a storm with their visible and thermal infrared imagers over large areas at a spatial resolution of 4 km (NOAA, 2006). In the visible region, clouds appear white because they scatter and reflect the sunlight. In thermal infrared images, clouds appear in varying shades of grey, depending on their temperature, which is determined by their height above Earth. Because geostationary satellites permanently view the same part of the globe, they can provide this information at very frequent intervals (e.g., every 15 min). These images can be supplemented by daily passes of the NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensor, providing a resolution of 1.1 km. Satellite radar systems can provide additional data on sea surface height, surface winds, and wave fields with radar altimeters, scatterometers, and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), respectively (Table 2). Satellite microwave radiometers have also been used
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to estimate precipitation amounts and other hydrologic parameters for recent hurricanes like Katrina (Parkinson, 2003). As shown in Table 2, radar satellites can measure wave and sea surface height with altimeters, sea surface winds with scatterometers, and wave fields and other surface features, such as oil slicks, with SAR (Ikeda and Dobson, 1995; Martin, 2004). Along the coast, ground-based radars, such as the X-band marine navigation radars, can monitor waves, storm surges, and fronts over a 10-km range with 50-m resolution. Shore-based high-frequency radars can cover larger areas with a resolution of hundreds of meters. High-frequency radars can measure current speeds and wave height and direction. Because shore-based radars are stationary, they can sample frequently and continuously, thus complementing satellite radar data (Cracknell and Hayes, 2007; Robinson, 2004).
Service (NWS) Doppler weather radars. Thus local NWS stations are able to provide accurate short-term warnings of floods, high winds, and other weather hazards associated with such storms. NWS hurricane centers use numerical computer and statistical models to forecast the path, speed, and strength of coastal storms. Data from geostationary and polar orbit satellites, reconnaissance aircraft, and other sources are fed into these computer models. The models are then used to predict storm surge heights and the extent of the predicted flooding (NOAA, 2006).
The interface between the near-surface, highwind environment of air and sea is critical in hurricane dynamics, yet too risky for manned aircraft to observe directly. One of the many new developments in hurricane tracking is unmanned hurricane hunter aircraft. An unmanned Aerosonde aircraft has already The NOAA National Hurricane Center uses been used to track a hurricanes eye and NOAA and Air Force pilots to fly planes boundary layer for 17 hours in wind gusts up
Table 2. Spaceborne ocean sensing techniques. into the core of a hurricane to measure wind, pressure, temperature, and humidity and to provide the location of the center of the hurricane. When a hurricane gets close to land, it is monitored by land-based National Weather to 105 km/h, from as low as 90 m from the ocean surface. The data transmitted from such unmanned aircraft will result in improved forecasting of winds and waves, protecting lives and minimizing economic impact.
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During Landfall. All remote sensing systems, such as GOES and NOAA/AVHRR, used to track the hurricane over open water can also be used to observe the storms landfall. However, during landfall, the emergency response teams need to know not only the predicted storm surge, wave height, and wind velocity, but also the actual flooding taking place. This requires highresolution data obtained at frequent intervals with sensors that can penetrate the clouds and rain. Radar systems, such as SAR, qualify for this task because radar energy penetrates clouds and can detect flooding, even under tree canopies (Ramsey, 1995). Airborne and satellite radar systems can have resolutions from several to hundreds of meters depending on altitude. As soon as the hurricane clouds pass, high-resolution visible and near-infrared
as the 0.64-m resolution provided by the satellites in Table 3, many of the surrounding natural inundated areas, such as wetlands, are more efficiently monitored with mediumresolution satellite systems, such as the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) or SPOT, at 1030-m resolution. After Landfall. After the storm has passed, there is a need to rescue remaining victims, survey the damage, and plan urban reconstruction projects and improvements in man-made and natural protective systems, such as levees and adjacent wetlands. This includes assessing the flood and wind damage to private, public, and commercial structures; removing debris; and replenishing sand on eroded beaches. Remote sensing data is being used to map
Table 3. High Resolution Satellite Parameters

Satellite Name Sponsor Launched Spatial Resolution (m) Spectral Range (nm) Panchromatic Multi-Spectral Panchromatic Blue Green Red Near Infrared Ikonos Space Imaging Sept. 1999 1.0 4.0 525 928 450 520 510 600 630 690 760 850 11.3 26 2.3 3.4 681 Quickbird Digital Globe Oct. 2001 0.61 2.44 450 900 450 520 520 600 630 690 760 890 16.5 30 1 3.5 450 OrbView-3 Orbimage June 2003 1.0 4.0 450 - 900 450 - 520 520 - 600 625 - 695 760 - 900 8 45 1.5 3 470
Swath width (km) Off nadir pointing Revisit time (days) Orbital Altitude (km)
Table 3. High-resolution satellite parameters (Satellite Imaging, 2009; Digital Globe, 2008; Orbital Imaging Corp, 2009). imagers on aircraft and satellites can be used to monitor flood conditions and other damage. Near-infrared spectral bands are particularly effective for discriminating inundated urban or natural areas from dry ones. Although urban areas require high-resolution data, such
urban and coastline changes caused by storm surges, flooding and winds. Usually, the new imagery is compared with historical aerial and satellite images and maps to pinpoint the destroyed urban structures, damaged roads and bridges, eroded beaches, wetland losses, and
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debriscovered areas (Jensen, 2007; Lunetta and Spatial resolutions of about 520 m would Elvidge, 1998). enable one to map urban features down to the Anderson USGS Land Cover Classification Remote Sensing of Storm Damage. Level II (Anderson et al., 1976; Jensen, 2007). Level III land cover is best obtained using highWhen extracting urban/suburban information resolution aircraft sensors or high-resolution from remotely sensed data, it is usually more (0.54 m) satellite imagers shown in Table important to have high spatial resolution (15 3 (Al-Tahir et al., 2006; Campbell, 2007). m) than a large number of spectral bands. Classification accuracy can be improved if Like all cities, coastal urban areas require time photo-interpreters are used to add spatial and series of highspatial resolution imagery for contextual information to the image analysis mapping changes in individual structures or process. Tidal marshes respond quickly to the subtle effects of even small changes in sea level. Many coastal wetlands can cope with gradual sea level rise if they are not confined by man-made structures. However, hurricanes can devastate salt marshes and mangroves. Furthermore, inland systems are susceptible to saline incursions during storms. For instance, elevated soil salinity levels lingered for months after Hurricane Hugo hit South Carolina. This had adverse effects on upstream wetland and tree survival, as well as on nutrient cycling processes (Blood et al., 1991). The status of wetlands adjoining coastal urban communities and other natural land cover can usually be mapped at medium resolutions of 1030 m, as provided by Landsat TM or SPOT (Klemas, 2005; Lyon and McCarthy, 1995). Salinity can be obtained with airborne microwave radiometers. Figure 1. Laboratory spectroradiometer characteristics of common urban materials (Jensen, 2007). entire city blocks. Urban landscapes contain diverse assemblages of materials and shapes (e.g., asphalt, concrete, metal, plastic, shingles, glass, water, grass, soil, etc.). Nonetheless, if the spatial resolution of the sensor is fine enough to obtain fairly pure pixels of each urban target, and thus minimize the number of mixed pixels, Figure 1 suggests that the spectra are different enough to allow spectral discrimination between most urban materials. The postlandfall images can be interpreted visually, similarly to aerial photograph interpretation. The main advantage of this approach is that the interpreter can use his knowledge of the coastal area to decipher complexities in the urban landscape that would be impossible for a computer to interpret. The human brain is able to combine and simultaneously interpret various image characteristics, including tone, texture, shape, size, shadow height, and spatial relationships. With the use of stereoscopes, the interpreter can also observe vertical as well as horizontal spatial relationships of the features in the
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Figure 2. Typical image analysis approach. image. Nowadays, computer-aided analysis is used primarily for image classification. A typical digital image analysis approach for classifying coastal wetlands or land cover is shown in Figure 2. Before analysis, the multispectral imagery must be radiometrically and geometrically corrected. The radiometric correction reduces the influence of haze and other atmospheric scattering particles and any sensor anomalies. The geometric correction compensates for the Earths rotation and for variations in the position and attitude of the satellite. Image segmentation simplifies the analysis by first dividing the image into ecologically or functionally distinct areas. Then training sites are identified for supervised classification and interpreted via field visits or other reference data, such as aerial photographs. Next, an unsupervised classification is performed to identify variations in the image not contained in the training sites. Training site spectral clusters and unsupervised spectral classes are then analyzed by cluster analysis to develop an optimum set of spectral signatures. Final image classification is then performed to match the classified themes with the project requirements (Jensen, 1996; Klemas, 2005; Lachowski et al., 1995; Lillesand and Kiefer, 1994).
Figure 3. Change detection with the use of probabilities. Land Cover Change Detection. Digital change detection of land cover by the use of satellite imagery can be performed by employing one of several techniques, including postclassification comparison and temporal image differencing between two images in a time series (Jensen, 1996; Lunetta and Elvidge, 1998). Postclassification comparison change detection requires rectification and classification of the remotely sensed images from both dates. These two maps are then compared on a pixel-by-pixel basis. One disadvantage is that every error in the individual date classification map will also be present in the final change detection map. Temporal image differencing minimizes this problem by performing the traditional classification of only one of the two timeseparated images. One band from both dates of imagery is then analyzed to find differences. Pixel difference values exceeding a selected threshold are considered as changed. A change/ no change binary mask is overlaid onto the second date image and only the pixels classified as having changed are classified in the second date imagery. This method usually reduces change detection errors and provides detailed
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fromto change class information (Jensen, 1996). As shown in Figure 3, change analysis results can be further improved by including probability filtering, allowing only certain changes and forbidding others (e.g., urban to forest). In digital change detection, it is very important that the images in the time series be corrected for variations in atmospheric, tidal, seasonal, and other environmental conditions between the two image dates. Synthetic aperture radar can also be useful because it can detect flooding even in areas with tall vegetation or buildings (Ramsey, 1995). Therefore, SAR and multispectral imagers, such as Landsat TM, are complementary in nature. Combining the SAR and Landsat TM imagery allows for the accurate depiction of flooding and urban destruction, including the identification of oil slicks and debris floating on water. Accurate maps showing the extent of flooding, oil slicks, and floating debris are vital for local and federal emergency managers to allocate resources to areas of greatest need and to aid urban and environmental planners in
Figure 4. Principles of operation of a LIDAR bathymeter. The water depth can be calculated from the travel time difference (t) between the surface (S1) and bottom (S2) pulse returns.
preparing for restoration (Rykhus, 2005). Mapping Beach Erosion.
To implement effective beach erosion control and coastal ecosystem protection strategies, coastal managers need information on longand short-term changes taking place along the coast, including beach profiles, changes from erosion, wetlands changes from inundation, and so on. Topographic and bathymetric data can now be rapidly and accurately acquired at various spatial scales by airborne laser surveying, which is a type of remote sensing generally known as light detection and ranging (LIDAR). A laser transmitter/receiver mounted on an aircraft transmits a laser pulse that travels to the air-water interface, where a portion of this energy reflects back to the receiver (Figure 4). The remaining energy propagates through the water column and reflects off the sea bottom. The water depth is calculated from the time lapse between the surface return and the bottom return. LIDAR surveys can produce 10-cm vertical
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accuracy at spatial densities greater than one laser pulse return per square meter (Ackermann, 1999; Krabill et al., 2000). Examples of LI-DAR applications include the regional mapping of changes along sandy coasts from storms or longterm sedimentary processes and the analysis of shallow benthic environments (Gutierrez et al., 1998; Sallenger et al., 1999). More recently, Global Positioning Systems (GPS), combined with new LIDAR techniques, make it possible to obtain accurate topographic and bathymetric maps, including shoreline positions (Brock and Sallenger, 2000; Irish and Lillycrop, 1999; Krabill et al., 2000; Stockdon et al., 2002). A particularly effective approach for studying sand dynamics along coastlines includes the combined use of airborne hyperspectral data and airborne LIDAR data (Brock et al., 2001; Deronde et al., 2006). Typical flight parameters for airborne LIDAR are shown in Table 4. Optical water clarity is the most limiting factor for LIDAR depth detection. Therefore, it is important to conduct LIDAR overflights during tidal and current conditions that minimize water turbidity from sediment resuspension and river inflow. The
coefficient; d = water depth). For instance, if a given LIDAR system has a kd = 4 and the turbid water has an attenuation coefficient of k = 1, the system will not be effective beyond depths of approximately 4 m. Beyond that depth, one may have to use acoustic echosounding techniques or side-scanning sonar systems. Mapping hurricane damage sustained by submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) and coral reefs requires high-resolution (14 m) imagery (Mumby and Edwards, 2002; Purkis, 2005). Coral reef ecosystems usually exist in clear water and can be classified to show different forms of coral reef, dead coral, coral rubble, algal cover, and sand lagoons and different densities of seagrasses, for example. SAV may grow in more turbid waters; thus, it is more difficult to map. High-resolution (e.g., IKONOS) multispectral imagers have been used in the past to map eelgrass and coral reefs. Hyperspectral imagers should improve the results significantly by being able to identify more estuarine and intertidal habitat classes (Garono et al., 2004; Maeder et al., 2002; Mishra et al., 2006). CASE STUDY: HURRICANE KATRINAS EFFECT ON NEW ORLEANS
On the morning of August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina made landfall near the Louisiana/ Mississippi border as a strong Category 3 hurricane. Because the storm had reached Category 5 at sea, it brought with it the storm surge of a much stronger hurricane. With wind speeds of about 205 km/h, a storm surge of 7.4 m, and heavy rains, Katrina devastated coastal areas in the region. It caused major flooding and destruction along the Central Gulf states of the United States, including such cities as New Orleans, Louisiana; Mobile, Alabama; Table 4. and Gulfport, Mississippi. The storm surge, Typical LIDAR flight parameters. high winds, and resulting high water on Lake Pontchartrain breached the levees protecting LIDAR system must have a kd factor large New Orleans, a city located below sea level, and enough to accommodate the water depth and flooded about 80% of the city and neighboring water turbidity at the study site (k = attenuation parishes. Katrina also caused major damage to
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the regions oil and natural gas production and refining facilities. As a result, Katrina became the costliest hurricane to make landfall in the United States (Hayes, 2005; Rykhus, 2005). Remote sensing played a major role in tracking the storm and the devastation it left behind in urban New Orleans and surrounding areas, including highways, beaches, and wetlands. Remotely sensed data were provided by many federal, state, and local agencies and commercial firms from satellites, aircraft, and helicopters. In this section, I review the effect of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans in 2005 and show how remotely sensed data was used to track the hurricane, predict its future behavior, and survey the destruction it caused (Stone and Muller, 2005). Tracking Katrina before Landfall. Katrina originated as a tropical depression near the Bahamas on August 23, 2005, strengthened to a hurricane, and proceeded to make landfall on the southern tip of Florida. Passing across Florida, Katrina weakened to a tropical storm. However, the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico allowed it to rapidly intensify to a Category 5 hurricane, with maximum sustained winds of 280 km/h and gusts of 346 km/h, generating 16.7-m waves. Subsequently, Katrina made landfall as a Category 3 hurricane near Buras, Louisiana, and once more near the Mississippi/ Louisiana border with sustained winds of about 205 km/h. At landfall, hurricane-force winds extended 190 km from the center (NOAA, 2005). During its entire passage across the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, Katrina was tracked by the GOES-12 geostationary satellite, NOAA polar orbiters with AVHRR sensors, other satellites, and many aircraft flights by NOAA and U.S. Air Force pilots. For instance, NOAA WP-3D Hurricane Hunter aircraft obtained airborne Doppler radarderived wind speed cross sections as Katrina crossed the Gulf and made landfall on the Louisiana coast on August
29, 2005. Other data gathered included the location of the hurricane, its size, its speed and direction of movement, the size of the eye, the wind velocity, and the minimum central pressure. The NWS National Hurricane Center was able to feed the satellite data into several different numerical computer and statistical models to attempt to forecast the path, speed, and strength of the hurricane. The Center also used computer storm surge models, such as the SLOSH model, to provide guidance on storm surge height and the extent of predicted flooding. Days before Katrina made landfall, NOAAs storm surge model predicted that Katrinas surge could reach 5.5 to 6.7 m above normal tide levels, and in some locations, as high as 8.5 m. The model predictions were sent in nearreal time to various disaster management agencies at the local, state, and federal levels. Emergency managers used the data from SLOSH to determine which areas must be evacuated (NOAA, 2005; NOAA/ NHC, 2008). Figure 5 shows a satellite image of Katrina as it passes over the Gulf of Mexico. The image was enhanced with the use of data from several sensors, including the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) satellite and its microwave imager (TMI). By measuring the microwave energy emitted by the Earth and its atmosphere, TMI is able to quantify the water vapor, cloud water, and rainfall intensity in the atmosphere. The image in Figure 5 was taken on August 28, 2005, when Katrina had sustained winds of 185 km/h and was about to become a Category 4 hurricane (Table 1) in the central Gulf of Mexico. The image reveals the horizontal distribution of rain intensity within the hurricane as obtained from TRMM sensors. Rain rates in the central portion of the swath are from the TRMM precipitation radar (PR). The PR is able to provide fine-resolution rainfall data and details on the storms vertical structure. Rain rates in the outer swath are from the TMI. The rain rates were overlaid on
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surge that could go over the top of the levees protecting the city, causing major flooding, which would make the city uninhabitable for weeks (NOAA, 2008). When the hurricane got close to land, it was also monitored by land-based weather radars. The NWS Doppler weather radars can provide detailed information on hurricane wind fields, their changes, precipitation, and so on. Thus, local NWS stations were able to provide accurate short-term warnings for flooding, high winds, and other weather hazards associated with the storm. Observing Flooding and Urban Damage. Figure 5. Hurricane Katrina in the Gulf of Mexico (TRMM precipitation over VIRS; NASA, 2005). infrared data from the TRMM visible infrared scanner (VIRS). TRMM reveals that Katrina had a closed eye surrounded by concentric rings of heavy rain (red areas) that were associated with outer rain bands. The intense rain near the core of the storm indicates where heat, known as latent heat, is being released into the storm (Pierce and Lang, 2005). In addition to wind damage, which reached inland as far as 240 km, Hurricane Katrina produced a massive storm surge of 7.38.5 m along the western Mississippi coast across a path of 32 km, tapering off to a height of about 6 m along the eastern Mississippi coast. Even though it weakened before landfall, several factors contributed to the extreme storm surge: (1) the massive size of the storm, (2) the strength of the system (Category 5) just before landfall, and (3) the shallow slope off the coast. Furthermore, Katrinas winds were a strong Category 3 at landfall, but because it had reached Category 5 at sea, it brought with it the storm surge of a much stronger hurricane. The surge caused the level of Lake Pontchartrain to rise, straining the levee system protecting New Orleans. Significant failures occurred in the levee system on August 30 and water poured into the city. Eventually 80% of the city was under water at depths up to 20 feet (6 m). The city was pumped dry only by September 20. However, the storm surge from Hurricane Rita on September 23 caused a new breach in a levee and many parts of the city were flooded again (Hayes, 2005; NOAA, 2005).
As the hurricane picked up strength passing over warm Gulf water, by August 26 many of the computer models had shifted the potential path of the hurricane 240 km westward from the Florida Panhandle, putting New Orleans right in the center of the predicted track. On August 28, the National Weather Service field office in New Orleans issued a bulletin predicting catastrophic damage to New Orleans and the surrounding region. Anticipated effects included destruction of most of the houses in the city, severe damage to industrial buildings, all windows blowing out in high-rise office buildings, and creation of a huge debris field To map the flooding in New Orleans and of trees, telephone poles, cars, and collapsed its vicinity, a multidata base approach was buildings. This also raised the possibility of used. The map was created by incorporating New Orleans facing an unprecedented storm
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Figure 6. QuickBird satellite images of New Orleans levee breaks (Digital Globe, 2005). SAR and other images acquired during the other recovery efforts. flood with a preflood Landsat enhanced TM image mosaic. The ability of SAR to Sections of levees designed to channel penetrate clouds and vegetation cover made canals through New Orleans crumbled under it quite useful for flood mapping. Also, SAR the battering waves and storm surge of the provided information on urban damage that hurricane. The breaks allowed water to flow complemented the spectral information from from Lake Pontchartrain into New Orleans, optical multispectral imagers, such as Landsat inundating the city. The actual levee breaks TM and other satellites. The Landsat TM and with water rushing into the city could clearly other remotely sensed images gave emergency be seen in high-resolution satellite imagery, managers and coastal engineers a clear view of such as IKONOS and QuickBird (Table 3). inundated areas and helped plan pumping and On August 31, 2005, the QuickBird satellite
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captured images of two levee breaks, as shown in Figure 6. The top image shows the 240-m-long breach in the levee along the Industrial Canal in East New Orleans. Water is pouring through a break in the canal in the lower half of the image. The streets on the opposite side of the Industrial Canal are also flooded, because of similar breaches in canals to the west. The lower image in Figure 6 shows the 145-m-long breach in the 17th Street Canal in West Orleans. Water is flooding the areas on the east side of the canal, but the west side remains dry. The enlarged version of this image also shows widespread debris scattered across dry areas. Satellites, aircraft, and helicopters also provided valuable imagery showing damaged bridges, highways, port facilities, oil rigs, and other coastal infrastructure (Digital Globe, 2005; NASA, 2005). To assess the hurricane damage to the levee system, the Army Corps of Engineers used topographic data obtained with a helicopter-mounted LIDAR sensor over the hurricane protection levee system in Louisiana. This information was very valuable for planning specific repairs and general reconstruction efforts.
still flood in the case of a severe storm, but many of the vulnerable areas within those neighborhoods have decreased in size, and compared with 2005, other parts of the city are less vulnerable with the Corps additional protections (USACE-IPET, 2008). Within weeks after Katrinas landfall, government agencies such as the Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA), NOAA, and the Army Corps of Engineers provided timely up-to-date coastal flood hazard information to local, regional, state, and federal officials to guide reconstruction in the portion of the Gulf coast most severely affected by the hurricane (FEMA, 2005). Much of the information was based on data obtained from airborne and satellite remote sensors. For instance, NOAA and FEMA produced maps of surge inundation, flood depth, road and port closures, power grid outages, and so on. Also, Gulf coast families were able to determine whether their homes were still standing by viewing NOAA aerial photographs online.
Mapping Wetland Losses and Regional As part of its update on New Orleans Landscape Changes. levee system, the Army Corps of Engineers has unveiled a Google Earth map overlay Coastal wetlands are a highly productive system for public distribution, demonstrating and critical habitat for a number of plants, the continuing flood risks on a block-by- fish, shellfish, and other wildlife. Wetlands block basis. The overlays offer residents the also provide flood protection, protection opportunity to visualize predicted flood from storm and wave damage, water quality levels at their homes for 152 different storm improvement through filtering of agricultural situations, ranging in severity from a 50-year and industrial waste, and recharge of aquifers. storm to a 5000-year storm. The maps are After years of degradation from dredge based on the risk analysis of an Interagency and fill operations, impoundments, urban Performance Evaluation Taskforce (IPET), and development, subsidence/erosion, toxic incorporate three factors: hazards (probability pollutants, eutrophication, and sea-level rise, of various natural disturbances), protection wetlands are finally receiving public attention system (performance of levees, floodgates and and protection (Morris et al., 2002; Odum, floodwalls), and consequences (loss of life and 1993). property). The resulting maps and figures illustrate the predicted results of the Corps Louisiana has been loosing its wetlands for rebuilding and redesigning efforts: Many many years. The USGS reports that Louisiana at-risk neighborhoods in New Orleans would lost 4925 km2 of land between 1932 and 2000,
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with an average 88 km2 of land lost every year (Farris, 2005). Natural and anthropogenic causes for wetland loss are many; however, the primary long-term reason that wetlands are shrinking is water use. Canals and levees prevent the regular floods along the Mississippi River that would normally carry sediment to the wetlands. Because the sediment is not replaced by regular floods, the daily ebb and flow of the ocean gradually eats away at the wetlands. Therefore, the Louisiana coast can ill afford the devastation caused in its wetlands by Hurricane Katrina. Hurricane Katrinas strong winds, storm surges and heavy rainfall damaged many ecosystems along the Gulf coast. In southeastern Louisiana, Katrina transformed nearly 100 mi2 (260 km2) of marsh into open water. Most of the loss east of the Mississippi River was attributed to the effects of Katrinas storm surge. Vegetation was ripped out and sand washed in, scouring and damaging mangrove roots and harming the animals that live there. Large influxes of eroded sediment reduced habitat for coastal birds, mammals, and invertebrate species. Barrier islands were submerged and eroded. Entire seagrass beds, which are critical to fish, sea turtles, and marine mammals, were uprooted and destroyed during the storm. Coral reef beds were scoured, torn, and flattened, causing population reductions in animals such as sea urchins, snails, and fish. Katrina inundated marshes and swamps with saltwater and polluted runoff from urban areas and oil refineries, affecting amphibians and reptiles because of their sensitivity to toxins and other pollutants. Large areas of wetlands were lost, some of them permanently (Barras, 2006; Provencher, 2007). The resulting wetland losses caused by Katrina were mapped by NASA, NOAA, and USGS scientists over large areas using mediumresolution satellite imagery and GIS. Time series of Landsat TM, MODIS (moderateresolution imaging spectroradiometer), and other imagery were used not only to observe the immediate damage to wetlands, but also to monitor their recovery.
The satellite images demonstrated how coastal wetlands function to protect inland regions and coastal communities from storm surges unleashed by powerful hurricanes. The wetlands act as a sponge, soaking up water and diminishing the storm surge. If the wetlands had not been there, the storm surge could have penetrated much farther inland. By contrast, no wetlands existed to buffer New Orleans from Lake Pontchartrain; therefore, the storm forced lake water to burst through the levees that separated it from the city (NASA, 2005). SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Storms and their effects on coastal communities can be monitored and mapped with the use of a wide range of remote sensors on satellites and aircraft. Hurricanes can be tracked at frequent intervals by aircraft and satellites equipped with thermal infrared, visible, and microwave sensors. As the storm approaches land, satellite and land-based weather radars can measure hurricane winds, ocean currents, waves, precipitation, and other key parameters. Flooding from the storm surge can be monitored with high-resolution (14 m) multispectral imagers and radar on aircraft and satellites. The high-resolution images clearly show detailed damage, such as levee breaches in New Orleans caused by Hurricane Katrina. Wetland losses and changes in the surrounding landscape are best mapped with medium-resolution (1030 m) systems, such as Landsat TM or SPOT. Airborne LIDAR systems can provide accurate data on coastline changes resulting from beach erosion, including bathymetry and topography. New satellites with advanced sensors are being launched that will provide highspatial resolution and hyperspectral imaging capabilities. Also, new image classification algorithms and improved hydrologic models are being developed. These new remote sensors and models will further improve our ability to track and predict storms and their impact on coastal communities. During Hurricane Katrina, many types of
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remotely sensed data were provided by NOAA, NASA, and other agencies before, during, and after landfall to hurricane modelers, who issued warnings to emergency managers at the local, state, and federal levels. The path, strength, and speed of the hurricane were predicted quite accurately by the NOAA/ NWS National Hurricane Center with the use of data from geostationary (GOES) and polar orbit (NOAA/AVHRR) satellites and airborne trackers. Despite the timely environmental data and urgent warnings, neither the officials nor the public reacted fast enough in a coordinated manner to prevent major loss of lives. Numerous studies had warned of this catastrophic scenario, and as it developed, many scientists watched with frustration. For weeks after landfall, boats and helicopters were used to rescue people and survey the damage, using remotely sensed images of flooding to guide the rescue operations. Thousands of employees from NOAA, NASA, the U.S. Coast Guard, and various other agencies were involved with Hurricane Katrina, performing urgent tasks such as forecasting the storm, rescuing victims, surveying and clearing waterways and roads, responding to oil and chemical spills, and testing fisheries (NOAA, 2005, 2006, 2008). Katrina damaged 272 km of the 564-km hurricane protection system that surrounds New Orleans and was blamed for more than 1570 deaths in Louisiana alone. The actual damage from the winds and storm surge and the resulting flooding was assessed from maps and observations provided by digital imagers and film cameras on aircraft, helicopters, and satellites. Several teams, including one from the University of Mississippi, used GIS with a beta version of Google Earth preloaded on laptops to survey and map the destruction and flooding. Also, because the storm destroyed many of the structures, landmarks, and signs along the Mississippi coast, the only reliable method of navigation was to use GPS (NOAA, 2008; USACE-IPET, 2008). Google Earth delivered a vivid three-
dimensional model of the city and its surroundings, providing a high-performance visualization interface that runs on standard PCs and commodity servers (Yarbrough and Easson, 2005). The technologys ability to provide spatial information made it indispensable during the emergency response and recovery from Hurricane Katrina. In 2005, the Army Corps of Engineers unveiled a Google Earth map overlay for public distribution, demonstrating continuing flood risks on a block-by-block basis, giving inhabitants the opportunity to visualize predicted flood levels at their homes for various storm conditions (USACE-IPET, 2008). According to the External Review Panel of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), the repair work that has taken place since Katrina struck has improved and strengthened the hurricane protection system and has reduced the risk relative to pre-Katrina conditions. However, the risk to human life, property, and quality of life is still quite high. Flooding could still cause massive devastation to property, communities, the economy, and people. In the panels opinion, a 1-in-10 chance every 50 years of catastrophic flooding of the city and loss of property, life, and lifestyle is unacceptable as a design basis for an engineering system (ASCE-ERP, 2008). Nonetheless, the lessons learned from Hurricane Katrinas impact on New Orleans will further improve our ability to remotely track coastal storms and document their effects on coastal communities. The analysis of Katrinas impact will help refine storm surge and wave prediction models as an effective tool for engineering design of coastal infrastructure, such as levees, and facilitate hurricane emergency management. The data will also help improve vulnerability analyses for evaluating flood risk, potential response costs, and wetland losses for different sea level rise scenarios and storm conditions.
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CALL FOR VOLUME EDITORS

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF EARTH SCIENCES
Charles W. Finkl, Series Editor Department of Geosciences Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY
Published by Springer (The Netherlands) Springer Contact: Petra D. van Steenbergen, Senior Publishing Editor, Earth Sciences and Geography Van Godewijckstraat 30 | 3311 GX Dordrecht 3300 AA, The Netherlands Dear Fellow Editors and Researchers: As Series Editor, I am currently looking for a new volume editor or co-editors that would be interested to help produce new volumes or an updated version of an older encyclopedia (e.g. Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks) in the Encyclopedia of Earth Science Series.
Editors are needed for all of these volumes:

Encyclopedia of World Petroleum Geology Encyclopedia of Geomedicine Encyclopedia of Energy and Earth Resources Encyclopedia of Applied Geophysics Encyclopedia of Geohydrology Encyclopedia of Groundwater Encyclopedia of Oceanography (2 Volumes, Physical and Biological Oceanography) Encyclopedia of Global and Environmental Change Encyclopedia of Planetary Sciences Encyclopedia of Paleontology Encyclopedia of Earthquakes and Volcanoes Encyclopedia of the History of the Earth Sciences Encyclopedia of Deserts Encyclopedia of Geotechnology Encyclopedia of Karst Encyclopedia Landscape and Urban Planning Encyclopedia of Paleobotany and Archaeobotany Physical Geography with sub disciplines Encyclopedia Micromorphology-Pedology Encyclopedia of Tectonics and Geodynamics
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If anyone is interested or knows of potential researchers that I could contact, it would be greatly appreciated. The Springer support staff provides a great deal of assistance in these projects and would provide help to anyone who might have interest in this kind of academic pursuit. This is a great opportunity not to be missed. You can contact me at [email protected] or [email protected] with suggestions or information. The encyclopedias are usually fairly comprehensive works and take two or three years to complete. The main role of the Volume Editor is to set up the Table of Contents and invite potential authors to fill out the topics. Once that is complete, Springer takes over the administrative duties of formally inviting authors and taking care of contracts. The Springer Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series provides comprehensive and authoritative coverage of all the main areas in the Earth Sciences. Each volume comprises a focused and carefully chosen collection of contributions from leading names in the subject, with copious illustrations and reference lists. These books represent one of the worlds leading resources for the Earth Sciences community. Previous volumes are being updated and new works published so that the volumes will continue to be essential reading for all professional earth scientists, geologists, geophysicists, climatologists, and oceanographers as well as for teachers and students. Most volumes are also available online. (www.springer.com/series/5898)
Cheers,
Charlie
Dr. Charles W. Finkl
Professor Emeritus Department of Geosciences Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA [email protected] [email protected]
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The 11th International Coastal Symposium (ICS) Szczecin, Poland / May 2011
Please pay for your registration now at the official ICS website: http://www.ics2011.pl/
The International Coastal Symposium (ICS) was originally set up in 1993 by Dr. Charles W. Finkl and Dr. Per Bruun as the official meeting of CERF, offering an international forum for coastal research collaboration. The ICS deals with all aspects of the coastal zone and has attracted many world-renowned delegates to its sessions. Some of the most important coastal research studies have been presented at the ICS meetings, and this planned gathering for 2011 will be something special that every coastal scientist will want to attend.
Be sure to click on the links below to get Complete Information about this very special ICS 2011
We look forward to seeing you in Poland next year
Conference Themes Important Dates Scientific & Organizing Committees Registration, Fee, Venue Field Trips
Organizer Co-organization The News Download Contacts Szczecin

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Publish Your Coastal Photographs In The JCR!

How would you like to have your coastal photographs and captions published in our Journal of Coastal Research? As a CERF member, you have the unique opportunity to become a published photographer in our internationally renowned Journal! All possible submissions must depict some coastal or underwater/marine scene and must be high-quality (>300 dpi) image files in either a jpg, tiff, or gif format. In addition, a short caption must accompany the photograph. The caption should include the specific location of the photograph, the date taken, the geological or coastal significance, and your CERF member contact information (full name, title, phone, email, and CERF member number). Example captions can be found on the Gallery page of this website. While most submissions will be selected for either the CERF website or inside the JCR, a chosen few will actually be selected to be the cover image of a JCR Issue! So dust off those cameras and submit your photos.
Submit your photo and information by email attachment to [email protected]
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Be sure to visit the Coastal Education & Research Foundation [CERF] website. There is a multilingual tool that displays the text in over 12 languages, continually updated announcements, past ICS proceedings, Open Access Articles, and much more!
http://www.CERF-JCR.org Google Search: cerf-jcr

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Take A Look At The New Membership Options For 2011

(please visit http://cerf.allenmm.com for current prices) Be Sure To Renew Early To Receive Your 2 Free JCR Special Issues and To Ensure Continuous Delivery/Access To The Journal of Coastal Research. Remember, If You Refer A New Member This Year, CERF Will Discount 20% Off Your Membership For 2012! So Please Help Us To Keep Our Society Growing And We Will ContinueTo Bring You The Very Best In Scientific Coastal Research!
Dear CERF Members:
Individual CERF Membership (JCR Online Access Only)

Includes: Annual membership to the Coastal Education & Research Foundation [CERF] Journal of Coastal Research (www.JCRonline.org) full online access 2 free JCR Special Issues Monthly Society Newsletter, Just CERFing Official personalized CERF Member Certificate Notices for the International Coastal Symposium [ICS], official meeting of CERF Registration into our manuscript submission website, Editorial Manager Access to submit coastal photographs for the purpose of publication in the JCR Participation & sharing with a distinguished international group of scholars and scientists
Individual CERF Membership + Printed Version of JCR (Domestic)

Includes: Annual membership to the Coastal Education & Research Foundation [CERF] 6 bimonthly printed issues of the Journal of Coastal Research (mailed domestic) Journal of Coastal Research (www.JCRonline.org) full online access 2 free JCR Special Issues Monthly Society Newsletter, Just CERFing Official personalized CERF Member Certificate Notices for the International Coastal Symposium [ICS], official meeting of CERF Registration into our manuscript submission website, Editorial Manager Access to submit coastal photographs for the purpose of publication in the JCR Participation & sharing with a distinguished international group of scholars and scientists
Individual CERF Membership + Printed Version of JCR (International)

Includes: Annual membership to the Coastal Education & Research Foundation [CERF] 6 bimonthly printed issues of the Journal of Coastal Research (mailed internationally) Journal of Coastal Research (www.JCRonline.org) full online access 2 free JCR Special Issues Monthly Society Newsletter, Just CERFing Official personalized CERF Member Certificate Notices for the International Coastal Symposium [ICS], official meeting of CERF Registration into our manuscript submission website, Editorial Manager Access to submit coastal photographs for the purpose of publication in the JCR Participation & sharing with a distinguished international group of scholars and scientists
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CERF Patron Membership

Includes: All the benefits of an individual CERF membership Printed and Online versions of the Journal of Coastal Research 2 free JCR Special Issues Recognition on our internationally viewed Foundation website (http://www.cerf-jcr.org) and in our monthly Society newsletter, Just CERFing Official personalized CERF Patron Certificate Special notices for the International Coastal Symposium [ICS], official meeting of CERF Registration into our manuscript submission website, Editorial Manager Access to submit coastal photographs for the purpose of publication in the JCR Reduced fees for publication charges
CERF Fellow Membership

Includes: All the benefits of an individual CERF membership Printed and Online versions of the Journal of Coastal Research 2 free JCR Special Issues Your name and affiliation will be printed in the JCR throughout the 2011 calendar year to recognize this highest membership status within the Foundation A full Fellow Member Profile webpage detailing your affiliation, research, and announcements on our internationally viewed Foundation website (http://www.cerf-jcr.org) and in our monthly Society newsletter, Just CERFing Official personalized CERF Fellow Certificate Special notices for the International Coastal Symposium [ICS], official meeting of CERF Registration into our manuscript submission website, Editorial Manager Access to submit coastal photographs for the purpose of publication in the JCR Reduced fees for publication charges
CERF Society Membership; without an individual JCR subscription

Includes: Annual membership to the Coastal Education & Research Foundation [CERF] 2 free JCR Special Issues Monthly Society Newsletter, Just CERFing Official personalized CERF Member Certificate Notices for the International Coastal Symposium [ICS], official meeting of CERF Access to submit coastal photographs for the purpose of publication in the JCR Participation & sharing with a distinguished international group of scholars and scientists
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CERF is pleased to sponsor The University of Waikatos Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory:

Waikato Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory
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Radiocarbon Dating Services
Wk
The Waikato Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory provides radiocarbon assays for scientists and researchers from around the world and are at the forefront of groundbreaking research into the technique and its application. We are known for a high level of quality control and customer service. Moreover, we undertake both AMS and standard radiometric dating, and can advise on the best technique for your samples. Prices:* AMS - NZ$ 775 (ca. US$ 565) - NZ$ 525 (ca. US$ 383) Standard radiometric Express
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*US$ based on exchange rate as of Sept 2010: 1 US$ = 1.37 NZ$. *Costs include standard pretreatments, shell recyrstallization tests, 13C analysis and calibration. Visit our web pages for optional pretreatment procedures and sample size requirements.
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Director/Geologist: Dr Alan Hogg E-mail: [email protected] Deputy Director/Archaeologist: Dr Fiona Petchey E-mail: [email protected]
Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory, University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand. Phone: +64 7 838 4278 Fax: +64 7 838 4192
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Coastal Education & Research Foundation, Inc. [CERF]

1656 Cypress Row Drive West Palm Beach, FL 33411, USA
Officers of the Foundation
President & Executive Director: Dr. Charles W. Finkl [email protected]
Vice President & Assistant Director: Chris Makowski [email protected]
Secretary-Treasurer: Barbara A. Russell [email protected]
Board of Directors
Jean-Claude Dionne Department of Geography University of Laval Quebec, Canada Robert Dolan Environmental Sciences University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia, USA David Hopley Centre for Tropical Marine Studies Townsville, Queensland, Australia Robert Huff Robinson, Farmer, & Cox Associates Charlottesville, Virginia, USA Elijah W. Ramsey, III U.S. Geological Survey National Wetlands Research Center Lafayette, Louisianna, USA Maurice L. Schwartz Department of Geology Western Washington University Bellingham, Washington, USA Ian Shennan Environmental Research Centre University of Durham Durham, England, UK Andrew D. Short Coastal Studies Unit, University of Sydney Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Daniel J. Stanley Geoarchaeology Basin Program, Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC, USA
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We thank all of our members for their continued support and for allowing CERF to grow and flourish!
A. Brad Murray Abilio Carlos da S.P. Bittencourt Adam Michael Brook Adam Weir Alain Miossec Alan Garraway Hogg Alan S. Trenhaile Alex Bastos Alex Janssen Alice Repsher Kelley Alison Currie Allen Costa Allison Skinner Mcinnes Alyssa Jordan Ana Vila Concejo Andreas C. Baas Andrew D. Short Aneesh Goly Anita Nybakk Anjaneyulu Yerramilli Anthony Curtis Anthony Gabriel Antonio Henrique Da Fontoura Klein Aram V. Terchunian Arthur R. Szeglin Arthur Trembanis Ashish J. Mehta B. Lee Lindner Barbara Berk Barbara Russell Bas Arens Ben Amon Brushett Ben Wisner Bernard F. Long Billy L. Edge Bjorn Kjerfve Borna Luzar-Oberiter Bradley Romine Brandon L. Edwards Brendan Brooke Bret Maxwell Webb Brian Greenwood Brian Haus Bruce Douglas Bruce John Hegge C.B. Pattiaratchi C.D. Woodroffe Cameron Walker Carl Froede, Jr Carl H. Hobbs, III Carl Hershner Carl T. Friedrichs Carlos Nicholas Mata Cecile Baeteman Cesare Corselli Charles Fletcher Charles Gallegos Charles K. Armbruster Charles L. Gallegos Charles Lemckert Charles W. Finkl Cheryl Hapke Chris Sharples Chris Wetzelhuetter Christopher Dougherty Christopher Jones Christopher Makowski Christy Owens Chunguang Bai Claudio F. Neves Craig H. Everts Craig Schluter Curt D Peterson Cynthia Ann Meyer D. R. Stoddart Dahm Jim Dalton M Jones Daniel C. Conley Daniel Calvete Manrique Daniel F. Belknap Daniel Heilman Daniel Restrepo Danika Van Proosdij David Hurst Thomas David John Gale David Kennedy David R. Basco David S Parks David Simpson David Walker Davin Wallace Deidre D Williams Dennis K Hubbard Diana G. Cuadrado Diane P. Horn Diego Vicinanza Dieter Kelletat Do Anh Tuan Dolan Eversole Donald Cahoon Donald E. Guy, Jr. Duncan M. Fitzgerald E. Robert Thieler Edward C. Mozley Edward Robinson Eleanor Camann Elijah William Ramsey Iii Elizabeth Spalding Emma Gale Emmanuel Lamptey Enrique H. Nava-Sanchez Enzo Pranzini Erich R. Gundlach Erik J. Olsen Erik van Wellen Erlend Frederickson Ervin G. Otvos Eugene John Farrell Federico Ignacio Isla Felice Arena Francis Aucoin Franck Levoy Frank W. Judd G. Masselink Gail Chmura Gary A. Zarillo Gary B. Griggs George Kaminsky George Voulgaris Giovanni Randazzo Gozo Tsujimoto Graham Evans Graham Giese Graham Lymbery Greg L. Rudolph Gregory Wheeler Guan-yu Chen Hany Elwany Harley Jesse Walker Harry H. Roberts Harry W Berk Heather Vollmer Heidi Hertler Heidi Sherman Helena Maria Granja Helena Mitasova Helenice Vital Hiroya Yamano Hugh Parker Hugh Shipman Ian David Goodwin Ian Eliot Ian Wright Ilya Buynevich Incheol Lee Ing R. Dieckmann Ioannis Georgiou Irene Delgado-Fernandez J. Andrew Cooper (Continued on Page 34)
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J. Court Stevenson J. Javier Diez J. Tanski J. William Louda J.C. Dionne J.R. French Jack L. Kindinger Jacques Edouard Levasseur James T. Liu Janet M. Freedman Jarbas Bonetti Jasper Knight Javier Alcantara-Carrio Jeff Ollerhead Jeffrey List Jeffrey P. Waters Jeffrey Warren Jennifer Brizzolara Jentsje Van Der Meer Jesse Brass Jiewen Zheng Jim Johannessen Joan Oltman-Shay Joanna Nield Johan Reyns John Ahrens John C. Kraft John Dennis John J. McDermott John Lally John Leslie White John Lopez John M. Kovacs John P Walsh John Z Shi Jon C. Staiger Jonathan Allan Jonathan E. Westcott Jordi Serra Raventos Jorge L. Pousa Jose A. Jimenez Jose Antunes Do Carmo Jose Carlos Ribeiro Ferreira Jose Octavio Navarro Joseph E. Fucella Joseph F. Donoghue Joseph Lawrence Kowalski Joseph T. Kelley Julian D. Orford Julie Stephenson Kai Ahrendt Kam-biu Liu Karl F. Nordstrom Kathleen Gersie Kazimierz Furmanczyk Kelly Lucas Ken Banks Kenneth Pye Keqi Zhang Ketut Suastika Keun Bae Yu Kevin A. Haas Kevin Turpie Kimberly K. McKenna Kirt Rusenko Klaus Meyer-Arendt Klaus Schwarzer Koen Trouw Kong Ju Pak Kurt James Laboyrie Kwang-ho Lee Kyung-duck Suh L. van der Valk Larry Ward Laura J. Moore Lawrence B Cahoon Lee E. Harris Lesley C. Ewing Leszek J Kaszubowski Lili Wei Lindino Benedet Filho Lindley Hanson Louise Wootton Luci Cajueiro Carneiro Pereira Lucio Godinez-Orta Lyle Varnell M C Deo Manuel de Jesus Flores Montes Marc Ericksen Marc Sas Marcel Stive Margaret Lee Maria Amelia Costa Maria Virginia Henriques Marie-Helene Ruz Marilyn Montgomery Mark Chiappone Mark Crowell Mark Dickson Mark Johnsson Mark R. Byrnes Mark Schuerch Markes E. Johnson Mary-Louise Byrne Maurice L. Schwartz Meghan Weaver Melody Van Der Linde Michael Collins Michael Fenster Michael G. Hughes Michael Lace Michael Lee Michael S. Kearney Michael Scott Harris Michael Walther Michel Michaelovitch Mahiques Miguel Angel Losada Rodriguez Mike Hilton Mike Van Keulen Miles O. Hayes Molly McGraw Monica Fereira Da Costa Mr N.S. Nettles Mr. C. Scott Hardaway Mr. David M. Bush Mr. Jesper Holt Jensen N. Kobayashi Nancy L. Jackson Naomi Murakoshi Natasha Carpenter Nazeer Gopaul Nerina Iantanos Nicholas C. Kraus Nicholas K. Coch Nick Dormer Nina Lam Nobuhisa Kobayashi Nobuo Mimura Norbert P. Psuty Oivind A. Arntsen Omar Defeo Orrin H. Pilkey, Jr. Oscar Manuel Ferreira Owen Mason P. Chandramohan P.G.E.F. Augustinus P.J. Cowell P.J. Ramsay Paolo A. Pirazzoli Paolo Ciavola Patrick McLaren Paul Bologna Paul D. Komar Paul E. Hosier Paul Kench Paul R. Pinet Paul Work Peter Baye Peter Clifford Longdill Peter N. Adams Peter S. Rosen Peter Seidle Phil Watson Philip D. Osborne Philip Lopez Philippe Larroude Piet Hoekstra Pramod T Hanamgond Pravi Shrestha R. Davidson-Arnott Rajesh Srinivas (Continued on Page 35)
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HOME Silvia Cristina Marcomini Simon Haslett Sompratana Ritphring Stathis C. Stiros Stephen B. Benton Stephen M. Dickson Stephen P. Leatherman Stephen R. Johnson Steve Underwood Steven Czitrom Steven D. Culberson Stewart C. Farrell Stuart W. Siegel Suzanne E Palmer Svetlana Medeanic Syed M. Khalil T. Spencer Tetsuya Kusuda Thomas Foster Thomas J. Campbell Thomas Spencer Thomas White Timothy Kana Timothy Kana Todd Donald Hickey Tsung-Yi Lin Ulrich Radtke Urs Neumeier Uwe Dornbusch V. Chris Lakhan V. Semeniuk Vallam Sundar Vanda Claudino-sales
NEXT Venkatraman S. Hegde Victor Joseph Loveson Vivien Gornitz W. Stephenson W.P. de Lange Walter Barnhardt Walter J. Sexton Wenrui Huang Werner Hennecke William J. Neal William Pratt Stewart William Robertson William Schwab Yannis N. Krestenitis Ying Wang Yong-Sik Cho Yonggang Jia Yoshiki Saito Yves Francois Thomas Yvonne Battiau Zhijun Dai

Randolph Alexander Mcbride Raul Medina Rauquirio Marinho Da Costa Rebecca Haney Inglin Regis Xharde Richard Davis Richard E. Warren Richard MacKenzie Robert A. Morton Robert Dolan Robert G. Dean Robert Grover Robert Huff Robert Irvin Lonard Robert J. Nicholls Robert S. Young Robert Turpin Roberta Stevens Roberto Roque Kokot Rodger Tomlinson Roger H. Charlier Roger Johansson Rowland J. Atkins Roy C. Messaros Roy Robert Lewis III Rudolf P van der Elst Sasaki Jun Say-Chong Lee Serge Jolicoeur Seung H. Kim Shintaro Hotta Shu Gao Shunqi Pan
The Coastal Education & Research Foundation [CERF] graciously thanks you for your membership and involvement in our international society. We hope that you have enjoyed this latest edition of Just CERFing, our societys official newsletter. As mentioned previously, we encourage the worldwide communication of our members through the Just CERFing newsletter. If you have any news or announcements that you would like to promote, please send your request or questions directly to Dr. Charles W. Finkl at [email protected] CERF continues to provide our members with the most up-to-date, professional features of the society. We encourage you to please visit our Foundations website at http://www.cerf-jcr.org (GOOGLE SEARCH: cerf-jcr) to see all the new content that has been added. Among the new features, you now can access Open Access Articles from the Journal of Coastal Research (JCR), Proceedings from previous International Coastal Symposium (ICS) meetings, internationally renowned JCR Special Issue descriptions, informative Coastal Book Reviews, and current conference and call for paper announcements. In addition, CERF has made invoicing and payment options for specific services and items both secure and stress-free for all members and clients. Again, we encourage you do have a look and let us know what you think, and as always, we sincerely thank you for your patronage.
Look for the next issue of Just CERFing, coming November 2010.
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Just Cerf ing.

EUMARSAND: European Marine Sand and Gravel Resources

Journal of Coastal Research Special Issue #51 (Continued on page 2)

JCR Special Issue #51 (Continued from Page 1)

EUMARSAND: European Marine Sand and Gravel Resources

JCR Special Issue #51 (Continued from Page 2)

JCR Special Issue #51 (Continued from Page 3)

Table 1. Participants in the EUMARSAND Programme

This Special Issue is Available in its Entirety on our FoundationWebsite: www.CERF-JCR.org

INTERNATIONAL POSTGRADUATE COURSE

The New 2009 Impact Factors Have Been Released!

Below are several examples of JCR Open Access Articles:

The New 2009 Impact Factors (Continued from Page 6)

The Role of Remote Sensing (Continued from Page 8)

The Role of Remote Sensing (Continued from Page 9)

The Role of Remote Sensing (Continued from Page 10)

The Role of Remote Sensing (Continued from Page 11)

The Role of Remote Sensing (Continued from Page 12)

Table 3. High Resolution Satellite Parameters

The Role of Remote Sensing (Continued from Page 13)

The Role of Remote Sensing (Continued from Page 14)

(Continued on Page 16) Just Cerfing October 2010

The Role of Remote Sensing (Continued from Page 15)

preparing for restoration (Rykhus, 2005). Mapping Beach Erosion.

The Role of Remote Sensing (Continued from Page 16)

The Role of Remote Sensing (Continued from Page 17)

The Role of Remote Sensing (Continued from Page 18)

(Continued on Page 20) Just Cerfing October 2010

The Role of Remote Sensing (Continued from Page 19)

The Role of Remote Sensing (Continued from Page 20)

The Role of Remote Sensing (Continued from Page 21)

The Role of Remote Sensing (Continued from Page 22)

CALL FOR VOLUME EDITORS

FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY

Editors are needed for all of these volumes:

(Continued on Page 25)

Organizer Co-organization The News Download Contacts Szczecin

Publish Your Coastal Photographs In The JCR!

Submit your photo and information by email attachment to [email protected]

http://www.CERF-JCR.org Google Search: cerf-jcr

Take A Look At The New Membership Options For 2011

Dear CERF Members:

Individual CERF Membership (JCR Online Access Only)

Individual CERF Membership + Printed Version of JCR (Domestic)

Individual CERF Membership + Printed Version of JCR (International)

(Continued from Page 29)

CERF Patron Membership

CERF Fellow Membership

CERF Society Membership; without an individual JCR subscription

CERF is pleased to sponsor The University of Waikatos Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory:

Radiocarbon Dating Services

- +NZ$ 200 (ca. +US$ 145)

Contact us for bulk discounts.

FOR MORE INFORMATION VISIT: www.radiocarbondating.com

Coastal Education & Research Foundation, Inc. [CERF]

Officers of the Foundation

President & Executive Director: Dr. Charles W. Finkl [email protected]

Vice President & Assistant Director: Chris Makowski [email protected]

Secretary-Treasurer: Barbara A. Russell [email protected]