ACKNOWLEDGEMEN T

I wish to thank all those who helped me. Without them, I could not have completed this project. Apart from the efforts of me the success of any project depends largely on the encouragement and guidelines of many others. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this project. First and foremost, I would like to thank to our supervisor of this project, Mrs. JYOTI RAJPUT for the valuable guidance and advice. She inspired me greatly to work in this project her willingness to motivate us contributed tremendously to our project. Besides, we would like to thank the Lovely Professional University for providing us with a good environment and facilities to complete this project.

CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 2 POLLUTANT 3SOURCE OF AIR POLLUTION 4 EFFCT OF POLLTION ON HEALTH 5 REDUCTION EFFORT 6 CONTROL DEVICE 7 CARBON DI OXIDE EMISSION

8 ENVIORMENTAL IMPACT OF GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the natural environment into the atmosphere.` The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems

Air is the ocean we breathe. Air supplies us with oxygen which is essential for our bodies to live. Air is 99.9% nitrogen,

oxygen, water vapor and inert gases. Human activities can release substances into the air, some of which can cause problems for humans, plants, and animals. There are several main types of pollution and well-known effects of pollution which are commonly discussed. These include smog, acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and "holes" in the ozone layer. Each of these problems has serious implications for our health and well-being as well as for the whole environment. One type of air pollution is the release of particles into the air from burning fuel for energy. Diesel smoke is a good example of this particulate matter. The particles are very small pieces of matter measuring about 2.5 microns or about .0001 inches. This type of pollution is sometimes referred to as "black carbon" pollution. The exhaust from burning fuels in automobiles, homes, and industries is a major source of pollution in the air. Some authorities believe that even the burning of wood and charcoal in fireplaces and barbeques can release significant quantities of soot into the air. Another type of pollution is the release of noxious gases, such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and chemical vapors. These can take part in further chemical reactions once they are in the atmosphere, forming smog and acid rain.

Pollution also needs to be considered inside our homes, offices, and schools. Some of these pollutants can be created by indoor activities such as smoking and cooking. In the United States, we spend about 80-90% of our time inside buildings, and so our exposure to harmful indoor pollutants can be serious. It is therefore important to consider both indoor and outdoor air pollution.

POLLUTANT
An air pollutant is known as a substance in the air that can cause harm to humans and the environment. Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. In addition, they may be natural or man-made Pollutants can be classified as either primary or secondary. Usually, primary pollutants

are substances directly emitted from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption, the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust or sulfur dioxide released from factories. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant is ground level ozone one of the many secondary pollutants that make up photochemical smog.

processes. Since coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, their combustion generates sulfur dioxide. Further oxidation of SO2, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NO2, forms H2SO4, and thus acid rain. This is one of the causes for concern over the environmental impact of the use of these fuels as power sources.

2 NITROGEN OXIDE
(NOx) especially nitrogen dioxide are emitted from high temperature combustion, Can be seen as the brown haze dome above or plum downwind of cities. Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula NO2. It is one of the several nitrogen oxides. This reddish-brown toxic gas has a characteristic sharp, biting odor. NO2 is one of the most prominent air pollutants.

3-CARBON DI OXIDE
AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY TRAIN (CO2) a green house gas emitted from combustion but is also a gas vital to living organism. It is a natural gas in the atmosphere.

1 SULFUR OXIDE
(SOx) especially sulfur dioxide, a chemical compound with the formula SO2. SO2 is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial

SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION

Sources of air pollution refer to the various locations, activities or factors which are responsible for the releasing of pollutants in the atmosphere. These sources can be classified into two major categories which are: Anthropogenic sources (human activity) mostly related to burning different kinds of fuel "Stationary Sources" include smoke stacks of power plant, manufacturing facilities (factories) and waste incinerators, as well as furnaces and other types of fuel-burning heating devices "Mobile Sources" include motor vehicles, marine vessels, aircraft and the effect of sound etc. Chemicals dust and controlled burn practices in agriculture and forestry management. Controlled or prescribed burning is a technique sometimes used in forest management, farming, prairie restoration or greenhouse gas abatement. Fire is a natural part of both forest and grassland ecology and controlled fire can be a tool for foresters. Controlled burning stimulates the germination of some desirable forest trees, thus renewing the forest. Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land with little or no vegetation. Methane emitted by the digestion of food by animals, for example animals gas from radioactive decay within the Earth's crust. Radon is a colorless, odorless, naturally occurring, radioactive noble gas that is formed from the decay of radium. It is considered to be a health hazard. Radon gas from natural sources can accumulate in AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY CHEMICAL FACTORY

NATURAL SOURCES

buildings, especially in confined areas such as the basement and it is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer, after cigarette smoking.

heart attacks, 6,000 fewer emergency room visits by children with asthma, and 8,900 fewer respiratory-related hospital admissions each year in the United States. The worst short term civilian pollution crisis in India was the 1984 Bhopal Disaster Leaked industrial vapors from the Union Carbide factory, belonging to Union Carbide, Inc., U.S.A., killed more than 2,000 people outright and injured anywhere from 150,000 to 600,000 others, some 6,000 of whom would later die from their injuries The United Kingdom suffered its worst air pollution event when the December 4 Great Smog of 1952 formed over London In six days more than 4,000 died, and 8,000 more died within the following months. An accidental leak of anthrax spores from a biological warfare laboratory STATICin the former USSR in 1979 near Sverdlovsk is believed to have been the cause of hundreds of civilian deaths. The worst single incident of air pollution to occur in the United States of America occurred in Donora, Pennsylvania in late October, 1948, when 20 people died and over 7,000 were injured. The health effects caused by air pollutants may range from subtle biochemical and physiological changes to difficulty in breathing, wheezing, coughing and aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiac conditions. These effects can result

EFEECT OF POLLUTION ON HEALTH

The World Health Organization states that 2.4 million people die each year from causes directly attributable to air pollution, with 1.5 million of these deaths attributable to indoor air pollution "Epidemiological studies suggest that more than 500,000 Americans die each year from cardiopulmonary disease linked to breathing fine particle air pollution. A study by the University of Birmingham has shown a strong correlation between pneumonia related deaths and air pollution from motor vehicles. Worldwide more deaths per year are linked to air pollution than to automobile accidents. Published in 2005 suggests that 310,000 Europeans die from air pollution annually Direct causes of air pollution related deaths include aggravated asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, lung and heart diseases, and respiratory allergies The US EPA estimates that a proposed set of changes in diesel engine technology could result in 12,000 fewer premature mortalities, 15,000 fewer

in increased medication use, increased doctor or emergency room visits, more hospital admissions and premature death. The human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the body's respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. Individual reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed to, the degree of exposure, the individual's health status and genetics

equipment such as lawn trimmers, chainsaws, and snowmobiles), increased fuel efficiency (such as through the use of hybrid vehicles), conversion to cleaner fuels (such as bioethanol, biodiesel, or conversion to electric vehicles).

CONTROL DEVICE
The following items are commonly used as pollution control devices by industry or transportation devices. They can either destroy contaminants or remove them from an exhaust stream before it is emitted into the atmosphere.

REDUCTION EFFORT
There are various air pollution control technologies and land use planning strategies available to reduce air pollution. At its most basic level land use planning is likely to involve zoning and transport infrastructure planning. In most developed countries, land use planning is an important part of social policy, ensuring that land is used efficiently for the benefit of the wider economy and population as well as to protect the environment. Efforts to reduce pollution from mobile sources includes primary regulation (many developing countries have permissive regulations), expanding regulation to new sources (such as cruise and transport ships, farm equipment, and small gas-powered

1-PARTICULATE CONTROL
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR Electrostatic precipitator, an electrostatic precipitator (ESP), or electrostatic air cleaner is a particulate collection device that removes particles from a flowing gas (such as air) using the force of an induced electrostatic charge. Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration devices that minimally impede the flow of gases through the device, and can easily remove fine particulate matter such as dust and smoke from the air stream.

In the third stage internal air staging completes the combustion but may result in additional NOx formation. This however can be minimized by completing the combustion in an air lean environment. Low NOx burners can be combined with other primary measures such as overfire air, reburning or flue gas recirculation. Plant experience shows that the combination of low NOx burners with other primary
An electrostatic precipitator

measures is achieving up to 74% NOx removal efficiency. A large number of low NOx burners have been developed and are currently used in over 370 coal-fired units. Nevertheless, developmental work continues to enhance the design, and improve the performance of existing burners and engineer and develop new and advanced low NOx burners.

1- NOx CONTROL
LOW NOx BURNER Low NOx burners are designed to control fuel and air mixing at each burner in order to create larger and more branched flames. Peak flame temperature is thereby reduced, and results in less NOx formation. The improved flame structure also reduces the amount of oxygen available in the hottest part of the flame thus improving burner efficiency. Combustion, reduction and burnout are achieved in three stages within a conventional low NOx burner. In the initial stage, combustion occurs in a fuel rich, oxygen deficient zone where the NOx are formed. A reducing atmosphere follows where hydrocarbons are formed which react with the already formed NOx.

Selective catalytic reduction of NOx using ammonia as the reducing agent was patented in the United States by the Englehard corporation in 1957. Development of SCR technology continued in Japan and the US in the early 1960s with research focusing on less expensive and more durable catalyst agents. The first large scale SCR was installed by the IHI Corporation in 1978.Commercial selective catalytic reduction systems are typically found on large utility boilers, industrial boilers, and municipal solid waste boilers and have been shown to reduce NOx by 70-95% More recent applications include diesel engines, NOx CONTROL DEVICE such as those found on large ships, diesel locomotives, gas turbines, and even automobiles

3-SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is a means of converting nitrogen oxide, also referred to as NOx with the aid of a catalyst into diatomic nitrogen, N2, and water, H2O. A gaseous reductant typically anhydrous ammonia , aqueous ammonia or urea, is added to a stream of exhaust and is absorbed onto a catalyst., CO2 is a reaction product when urea is used as the reductant.

Countries with the highest per capita CO2 emissions

SELECTIVE CATALYST REDUCTION DEVIC

CARBON DI OXIDE EMISSION

Carbon dioxide Country emissions per year (Tons per person) (2006) Qatar United Arab Emirates Kuwait Bahrain Trinidad and Tobago Luxembourg Netherlands Antilles Aruba United States Australia 22.3 19 18.1 24.5 31.2 28.8 56.2 32.8

Kolkata Tianjin Chongging Kanpur Lucknow Jakarta Shenyang

India China China India India Indonesia China

25.3

22.8

ENVIORMENTAL IMPACT OF GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

The greenhouse effect is a phenomenon whereby greenhouse gases create a condition in the upper atmosphere causing a trapping of heat and leading to increased surface and lower tropospheric Egypt India temperatures. Carbon dioxide from combustion of fossil fuels is the major problem. Other greenhouse gases include

MOST POLLUTED CITY IN THE WORLD

CITY COUNTRY Cairo Delhi

methane, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and ozone. This effect has been understood by scientists for about a century, and technological advancements during this period have helped increase the breadth and depth of

data relating to the phenomenon. Currently, scientists are studying the role of changes in composition of greenhouse gases from natural and anthropogenic sources for the effect on climate change.