FLUID DYNAMICS

LABORATORY

MANUAL
(STUDENT COPY)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SRM UNIVERSITY
S.R.M. Nagar, Kattankulathur 603 203
Kancheepuram District, Tamil nadu
 CERTIFICATE

LABORATORY NAME : Fluid Dynamics

DATE OF PREPARATION : 4th Jun, 2016

PREPARED BY : P. SUNDARAM
Assistant Professor(O.G)

AUTHORISED BY : HOD-MECH
 CONTENTS

Experiment
Name of the Experiment Page No.
No.

1 FLOW MEASUREMENT OF ORIFICEMETER

2 FLOW MEASUREMENT OF VENTURIMETER

3 VERIFICATION OF BERNOULLIS THEOREM

4 DETERMINATION OF PIPE FRICTION FACTOR

5 IMPACT OF JET OF WATER ON VANE

6 PERFORMANCE TEST ON GEAR PUMP

7 DETERMINATION OF PIPE FITTING LOSSES

8 PERFORMANCE TEST ON SUBMERSIBLE PUMP

9 PERFORMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING PUMP

10 PERFORMANCE TEST ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

11 PERFORMANCE TEST ON PELTON TURBINE

12 PERFORMANCE TEST ON KAPLAN TURBINE

13 PERFORMANCE TEST ON FRANCIS TURBINE

14 PERFORMANCE TEST ON JET PUMP

15 FLOW MEASUREMENT USING PITOT TUBE

16 VISUALIZATION OF CAVITATION IN PIPE FLOW

17 FLOW VISUALIZATION USING REYNOLDS APPARATUS

FREE AND FORCED VORTEX FLOW VISUALIZATION

18
EXPERIMENT
 Experiment No- 1

FLOW MEASUREMENT BY ORIFICEMETER

AIM: To determine the co-efficient of discharge of the orifice meter

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Orifice meter test rig, Stopwatch
THEORY

An orifice plate is a device used for measuring the volumetric flow rate. It uses the same
principle as a Venturi nozzle, namely Bernoulli's principle which states that there is a relationship
between the pressure of the fluid and the velocity of the fluid. When the velocity increases, the
pressure decreases and vice versa. An orifice plate is a thin plate with a hole in the middle. It is
usually placed in a pipe in which fluid flows. When the fluid reaches the orifice plate, with the
hole in the middle, the fluid is forced to converge to go through the small hole; the point of
maximum convergence actually occurs shortly downstream of the physical orifice, at the so-called
vena contracta point. As it does so, the velocity and the pressure changes. Beyond the vena
contracta, the fluid expands and the velocity and pressure change once again. By measuring the
difference in fluid pressure between the normal pipe section and at the vena contracta, the
volumetric and mass flow rates can be obtained from Bernoulli's equation. Orifice plates are most
commonly used for continuous measurement of fluid flow in pipes. This experiment is process of
calibration of the given orifice meter.

Fig. Orifice Plate

PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
1. Write continuity equation for incompressible flow?
2. What is meant by flow rate?
3. What is the use of orifice meter?
4. What is the energy equation used in orifice meter?
5. List out the various energy involved in pipe flow.

PROCEDURE
N.B.: Keep the delivery valve open while start and stop of the pump power supply.
1. Switch on the power supply to the pump
2. Adjust the delivery flow control valve and note down manometer heads (h1, h2) and time
taken for collecting 10 cm rise of water in collecting tank (t). (i.e. Initially the delivery side
flow control valve to be kept fully open and then gradually closing.)
3. Repeat it for different flow rates.
4. Switch off the pump after completely opening the delivery valve.

OBSERVATIONS
FORMULAE / CALCULATIONS
1. The actual rate of flow, Qa = A x h / t (m3/sec)

Where A = Area of the collecting tank = lengh x breadth (m2 )

h = Height of water (10 cm) in collecting tank ( m),
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water (sec)
2. The Theoretical discharge through orifice meter,

Qt = (a1 a2 2g H ) / (a12 a2 2 ) m3/sec

Where, H = Differential head of manometer in m of water
= 12.6 x hm x 10 -2 (m)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (9.81m/sec2)
Inlet Area of orifice meter in m2 , a1 = d12/ 4 ,
Area of the throat or orifice in m2 , a2 = d22/ 4
3. The co-efficient of discharge,

Cd = Actual discharge / Theoretical discharge = Qa/Qt

TABULATION
 Size of Orifice meter :
Inlet Dia. d1 = 25 mm ,
Orifice dia d2 = 18.77 mm,
Measuring area in collecting tank A = 0.3 x 0.3 m2
Sl. Manomete Time for Actual Theoretical Co-eff. of
No. Manometer Reading r Head 10 cm rise Discharge Discharge discharge
(cm) H t Qa Qt Cd
h1 h2 hm = h1 - h2 m sec m3/sec m3/sec
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6
Average Cd value

GRAPH:

Draw Qa Vs Qt .
Find Cd value from the graph and compare it with calculated Cd value from table.
POST-LAB QUESTIONS
6. How do you find actual discharge?
7. How do you find theoretical discharge?
8. What do you meant by co-efficient of discharge?
9. Define vena-contracta?
10. List out the Bernoullis applications.

RESULT
The co-efficient of discharge of orifice meter = . From Calculation
The co-efficient of discharge of orifice meter = . From Graph
 Experiment No- 2

FLOW MEASUREMENT BY VENTURIMETER

AIM: To determine the co-efficient of discharge of the venturimeter

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Venturimeter test rig, Stopwatch
THEORY

Fig. Venturimeter

In a Venturi meter there is first a converging section in which the cross sectional area for
flow is reduced. Then there is a short section at the reduced diameter, known as the throat of the
meter. Then there is a diverging section in which the cross sectional area for flow is gradually
increased to the original diameter. The velocity entering the converging section is where the
pressure is P1. In the converging section the velocity increases and the pressure decreases. The
maximum velocity is at the throat of the meter where the minimum pressure P2 is reached. The
velocity decreases and the pressure increases in the diverging section. There is a considerable
recovery of pressure in the diverging section. However, because of frictional effects in the fluid,
the pressure leaving the diverging section is always less than P1, the pressure entering the meter.

PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

1. Differentiate mass flow rate and volume flow rate?

2. Which property of fluid is remains same in the incompressible flow?
3. What is meant by discharge?
4. What is the use of venturimeter?
PROCEDURE:
N.B.: Keep the delivery valve open while start and stop of the pump power supply.
1. Switch on the power supply to the pump
2. Adjust the delivery flow control valve and note down manometer heads (h1, h2) and
time taken for collecting 10 cm rise of water in collecting tank (t). (i.e. Initially the delivery side
flow control valve to be kept fully open and then gradually closing.)
3. Repeat it for different flow rates.
4. Switch off the pump after completely opening the delivery valve.

OBSERVATIONS
FORMULAE / CALCULATIONS
1. The actual rate of flow, Qa = A x h / t (m3/sec)

Where A = Area of the collecting tank = lengh x breadth (m2 )

h = Height of water(10 cm) in collecting tank ( m),
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water (sec)
2. The Theoretical discharge through venturimeter,

Qt = (a1 a2 2g H ) / (a12 a2 2 ) m3/sec

Where, H = Differential head of manometer in m of water
= 12.6 x hm x 10 -2 (m)
g = Acceleration due to gravity (9.81m/sec2)
Inlet Area of venturimeter in m2 , a1 = d12/ 4 ,
Area of the throat in m2 , a2 = d22/ 4
3. The co-efficient of discharge,

Cd = Actual discharge / Theoretical discharge = Qa/Qt

TABULATION:
Inlet Dia. of Venturimeter (or) Dia of Pipe d1 = 25 mm
Throat diameter of Venturimeter d2 = 18.79 mm
Area of collecting tank , A = Length x Breadth = 0.3 x 0.3m2
 Sl. Manometer Reading Mano- Time for Actual Theoretical Co-eff. of
No. meter 10 cm Discharge Discharge discharge
(cm) Head rise
H t Qa Qt Cd
h1 h2 h m = h1 - h2 m sec m3/sec m3/sec
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Average Cd value

GRAPH:

Draw Qa Vs Qt .
Find Cd value from the graph and compare it with calculated Cd value from table.
POST-LAB QUESTIONS
5. How do you find actual and theoretical discharge?
6. What do you meant by throat of the venturimeter?
7. List out the practical applications of Bernoullis equation?
8. What is the use of U-tube manometer?
9. What are the sections /parts in venturimeter?

RESULT
The co-efficient of discharge of Venturi meter = . From Calculation
The co-efficient of discharge of Venturi meter = . From Graph
 Experiment No-3

VERIFICATION OF BERNOULLIS THEOREM

AIM: To verify the Bernoullis theorem

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Bernoullis Theorem test set-up, Stopwatch
THEORY
Bernoullis Theorem: According to Bernoullis Theorem, in a continuous fluid flow, the
total head at any point along the flow is the same. Z1 + P1/ g +V12/2g= Z2 + P2/ g +V22/2g , Since
Z1 Z2 = 0 for Horizontal flow, h1 +V12/2g= h2 +V22/2g ( Pr. head, h = P1/ g ). Z is ignored for
adding in both sides of the equations due to same datum for all the positions in the pipe section.
PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
1. State Bernoullis theorem?
2. What is continuity equation?
3. What do you meant by potential head?
4. What do you meant by pressure head?
5. What do you meant by kinetic head?

PROCEDURE
N.B.: Keep the delivery valve open while start and stop of the pump power supply.
1. Switch on the pump power supply.
2. Fix a steady flow rate by operating the appropriate delivery valve and drain valve
3. Note down the pressure heads (h1 h8) in meters
4. Note down the time taken for 10 cm rise of water in measuring (collecting) tank.
5. Switch off the power supply.

OBSERVATIONS
FORMULAE / CALCULATIONS
1. Rate of flow Q = Ah /t.
Where , A: Area of measuring tank = Length x Breadth (m2)
h: Rise of water in collecting tank (m) .. (i.e. h = 10 cm )
t: Time taken for 10 cm rise of water in collecting tank (sec)
 2. Velocity of flow, V = Q/a ,
Where, a Cross section area of the duct at respective peizometer positions (a1 - a8)
3. Hydraulic Gradient Line (HGL): It is the sum of datum and pressure at any point
HGL = Z + h
4. Total Energy Line (TEL): It is the sum of Pressure head and velocity head
TEL = Z + h +V2/2g
TABULATIONS
Area of measuring tank = 0.3 x 0.3 m2
Assume Datum head Z = 0
Diameter at the Cross Time Dischar Veloci Velocity Piezometer Total Head
sections of the Section for 10 ge ty Head Reading i.e. Z +h+
channel Area cm rise Q=Ah/t V=Q/a V2/2g Pr. Head V2/2g
d a = d2/ 4 t (h=P/g )
m x10-3 m2 sec m3/sec m/sec m m m
d1 = 0.04295 1.448

d2 = 0.03925 1.209

d3= 0.03555 0.992

d4= 0.03185 0.796

d5 = 0.02815 0.622

d6= 0.02445 0.469

d7= 0.02075 0.338

d8= 0.01705 0.228

GRAPH
Draw the graph: Distance of channel (Locations 1-8) Vs HGL, TEL

POST-LAB QUESTIONS
1. What do you meant by velocity head?
2. What do you meant by HGL?
3. What do you meant by datum head?
4. What is the use of piezometer?
5. Define TEL?
6. What is the reason for the slight decrease in the total energy head between the
successive locations in the duct?

RESULT
The Bernoullis theorem is verified.
 Experiment no- 4

DETERMINATION OF PIPE FRICTION FACTOR

AIM: To determine the friction factor for the given pipe.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Pipe friction EQUIPMENTS, Stop watch
THEORY
The major loss in the pipe is due to the inner surface roughness of the pipe. There are three
pipes (diameter 25 mm, 20 mm and 15 mm) available in the experimental set up. The loss of
pressure head is calculated by using the manometer. The apparatus is primarily designed for
conducting experiments on the frictional losses in pipes of different sizes. Three different sizes of
pipes are provided for a wide range of experiments.

PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
1. What do you meant by friction and list out its effects?
2. What do you meant by major loss in pipe?
3. Write down the Darcy-Weisbach equation?
4. What are the types of losses in pipe flow?

PROCEDURE
N.B.: Keep the delivery valve open while start and stop of the pump power supply.
1. Switch on the pump and choose any one of the pipe and open its corresponding inlet and
exit valves to the manometer.

2. Adjust the delivery control valve to a desired flow rate. (i.e. fully opened delivery valve
position initially)

3. Take manometer readings and time taken for 10 cm rise of water in the collecting tank.

4. Repeat the readings for various flow rates by adjusting the delivery valve. (i.e. Gradually
closing the delivery valve from complete opening)

5. Switch of the power supply after opening the valve completely at the end.
OBSERVATIONS
FORMULA/ CALCULATIONS

1. The actual rate of flow Q = A x h / t (m3/sec)

Where, A = Area of the collecting tank = lengh x breadth (m2 )

h = Height of water(10 cm) in collecting tank ( m),
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water (sec)
2. Head loss due to friction,
hf = hm ( Sm Sf)/ (Sf x 100) in m
hf = hm (13.6 1 ) x 10 -2 (m)

Where, Sm = Sp. Gr. of manometric liquid , Hg =13.6 ,

Sf = Sp. Gr. of flowing liquid, H2O = 1
hm = Difference in manometric reading = (h1-h2) in cm
3. The frictional loss of head in pipes (Darcy-Weisbach formula)

4 fLV 2
hf
2 gd

Where, f = Co-efficient of friction or friction factor for the pipe (to be found)

L = Distance between two sections for which loss of head is measured-3 m

V = Average Velocity of flow = Q/a (m/s),

d2
a= Area of pipe, a
4

d = Pipe diameter = 0.015 m

g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec2

TABULATION
Length between Pressure tapping, L = 3 m
Pipe Diameter, d = 0.015 m,
Measuring tank area, A= 0.6 x 0.3m2 ,
Sl.No. Pipe Manometer Head Time Discharg Velocit Frictional
Dia Reading loss for 10 e y factor
cm rise
d h1 h2 hm = hf t Q V=Q/a f
(h1-h2)
m cm m sec m3/s m/s
1
2
3
4
5
Average friction factor, f

GRAPH
Draw the graph: Q Vs hf

POST-LAB QUESTIONS
1. What is the relationship between friction head loss and pipe diameter?
2. What is the relationship between friction head loss and flow velocity?
3. What is the relationship between friction head loss and pipe length?
5. How is the flow rate and head loss related?
6. If flow velocity doubles, what happen to the frictional head loss?

RESULT

The friction factor for the given pipe diameter of m is = __________

 Experiment No- 5

IMPACT OF JET OF WATER ON VANE

AIM: To determine the coefficient of impact of water jet on different vane

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Jet on vane apparatus, Weighing machine, Flat vane, stop watch
THEORY
Water turbines are widely used throughout the world to generate power. In the type of
water turbine referred to as a Pelton wheel, one or more water jets are directed tangentially on to
vanes or buckets that are fastened to the rim of the turbine disc. The impact of the water on the
vanes generates a torque on the wheel, causing it to rotate and to develop power. Although the
concept is essentially simple, such turbines can generate considerable output at high efficiency. To
predict the output of a Pelton wheel, and to determine its optimum rotational speed, we need to
understand how the deflection of the jet generates a force on the buckets, and how the force is
related to the rate of momentum flow in the jet. In this experiment, we measure the force generated
by a jet of water striking a flat plate or a hemispherical cup, and compare the results with the
computed momentum flow rate in the jet.

Fig. Impact of Water jet on flat vane

PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
1. What is the water jet?
2. What is the effect of water jet on vanes?
3. What do you meant by impact?
4. List out different types of vanes?
PROCEDURE
1. Switch on the power supply.
2. Open the gate valve and note down the reading from the weight balance.
3. Then note the time for h m rise in collecting tank.
4. Repeat the procedure for different gate valve openings.
5. Take readings for different vanes and nozzles also.

OBSERVATIONS
FORMULAE / CALCULATIONS
1. Actual discharge, Q = Volume of collecting tank/ time taken = A h / t

Where, A - Area of collecting tank in m2 = length x breadth

h - Water level rise in the collecting tank = 10 cm
t - Time taken for h cm rise of water in the tank in sec

2. Theoretical force Ft = ( AN V 2)/ g

Density of water, = 1000 kg/m3

Area of nozzle, AN = d2/4
Gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2

3. Velocity V = Q/ [Cc. AN]

4. Co-efficient of Impact, Ci = Fa / Ft
Where Fa = Actual force acting on the Disc shown from Dial Gauge.

TABULATION
Measuring area in tank = 0.5 x 0.4 m2
Dia of jet = 15mm
Type of vane = Flat vane / Conical vane
Co-efficient of Contraction, Cc = 0.97
Sl. Time for 10 cm Actual Theoretical Co-efficient
No. Type of Vane rise of water force, Force, of impact,
(sec) Fa in kg Ft in kg Ci = Fa/Ft
1
2
3
4
5
6

POST-LAB QUESTIONS
1. How do you compare different vanes?
2. What do you meant by co-efficient of impact?
3. How do you measure the force of the jet?
4. How do you measure actual flow rate?
5. How do you measure theoretical flow rate?

RESULT
The co-efficient of impact of the given vane = ___________
 Experiment No- 6

PERFORMANCE TEST ON GEAR PUMP

AIM: To study the performance of gear oil pump.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Gear pump test rig, Stopwatch
THEORY
A gear pump uses the meshing of gears to pump fluid by displacement. They are one of
the most common types of pumps for hydraulic fluid power applications. Gear pumps are also
widely used in chemical installations to pump fluid with a certain viscosity. There are two main
variations; external gear pumps which use two external spur gears, and internal gear pumps which
use an external and an internal spur gear. Gear pumps are positive displacement (or fixed
displacement), meaning they pump a constant amount of fluid for each revolution. Some gear
pumps are designed to function as either a motor or a pump. The gear oil pump is works based on
the squeezing action of the two meshing gears (internal or external gears). The gear pump is one
of the positive displacement pump and the reduction in volume inside the pump results in increase
in pressure of fluid.

Fig. External Gear pump

 As the gears rotate they separate on the intake side of the pump, creating a void and suction
which is filled by fluid. The fluid is carried by the gears to the discharge side of the pump, where
the meshing of the gears displaces the fluid. The mechanical clearances are small in the order
of 10 m. The tight clearances, along with the speed of rotation, effectively prevent the fluid from
leaking backwards. The rigid design of the gears and houses allow for very high pressures and the
ability to pump highly viscous fluids.

PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
1. What is the purpose of gear pump?
2. What do you meant by internal and external gears?
3. What are the applications of gear pump?
4. What do you meant by gears?

PROCEDURE
N.B. : NEVER operate the pump with closed delivery valve during start and stop of
the pump power supply.
1. The violation leads to damage of the pipe line and the pump. Ensure the complete opened
position of delivery valve.
2. Measure height of the pressure gauge above the vacuum gauge.
3. Switch on the pump. Vary the flow rate (discharge) by closing the delivery valve.
4. Adjust the delivery valve accordingly the pressure gauge reading of 1kg/cm2.
5. Note down vacuum gauges reading. Note down time taken for h cm rise of oil (10 cm)
in collecting tank. Note down the time taken for n revolutions for energy meter disc (3
rev).
6. Repeat the procedure for 1 kg/cm2 incremental by closing the delivery valve gradually,
(i.e. 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 kg/cm2 ).
7. Switch off the power supply after opening the delivery valve completely.

OBSERVATIONS
FORMULAE / CALCULATIONS
 1. Total head H = [ P + (V/760 ] x 105/( g) + Z (m)

Where, P = Pressure gauge reading in kg/cm2,

V = Vacuum gauge reading in mm Hg,
N.B.: Unit Conversion:
For V, 1 mm Hg/ 760 = 1 bar & for P, 1 bar = 1 kg/ cm2 .

2. Discharge, Q = (A x h ) / t (m3/s) ,

Where. A = Area of tank in m2 ,

h = Rise oil level in collecting tank (m),
t = Time taken for the rise of oil 10 cm in collecting tank (sec)

3. Output, OP = g Q H / 1000 (kW)

Where , = Density of oil = 860 kg/m3

g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec2

5. Input in, IP = (n x 3600 x m ) / (Ec x T) (kW)

Where, Ec = Energy meter constant in Rev /kWh = 1200 Rev / kWh

n = Number of revolution taken in energy meter = 3
T = Time required to complete n revolution in sec
m = Efficiency of motor = 0.80

6. Efficiency, = (Output / Input ) x 100% = (OP/IP) x 100%

TABULATION
Measuring Area in collecting tank = 0.3 x 0.3 m2
Datum head Z = 0.3 m. Density of oil, = 860 kg/m3
 Sl. Time Flow Time for Input Output Efficiency
No. P V Z H for 10 rate 3 rev of
cm rise Q Energy IP OP
(t) meter (T)
kg/cm2 mm M m sec m3/sec sec kW kW %
Hg
1 1.0
2 1.5
3 2.0
4 2.5
5 3.0
6 3.5

GRAPH
Draw the graph: Discharge vs Head, Output Power, Efficiency.

POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What is the squeezing in gear pumps?

2. What is the type of gears used in gear pumps?
3. List out the different pressure heads used in gear pump?
4. What is mechanical efficiency of pump?

RESULT
The performance characteristics of the given gear oil pump is studied.
 Experiment No - 7

DETERMINATION OF MINOR LOSSES DUE TO PIPE FITTINGS

AIM: To study the various losses due to the pipe fittings

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Minor losses test rig, Stopwatch
THEORY
The various pipe fittings used in the piping applications are joints, bends, elbows, entry,
exit and sudden flow area changes (enlargement and contraction) etc. The energy losses associated
with these types of pipe fittings are termed as the minor losses due its lesser values compared to
the major loss (pipe friction) in the pipe. The loss of head is indicated by the manometer connected
across the respective pipe fitting.

PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
1. List out the various types of pipe fittings?
2. What do you meant by minor losses?
3. What are the types of losses in pipe flow?
4. What do you meant by entry loss?
5. What do you meant by exit loss?

PROCEDURE
N.B.: Keep the delivery valve open while start and stop of the pump power supply.
1. Switch on the pump. Adjust the delivery valve to a desired steady flow rate.
2. Note down the time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank.
3. Choose any one of the pipe fittings (2 bends, one enlargement and one contraction).
e.g. Bend-1
4. Open the levers (cocks) of respective pipe fitting to the manometer. Ensure other
fitting levers should be closed. e.g. Open the entry and exit levers of Bend-1( left
& right side cocks at the top of the panel)
5. Note down the manometer head levels (e.g. h1 & h2 for bend-1)
 6. Now open the other two entry and exit levers of next pipe fitting. Then close the
levers of first chosen pipe fitting. (e.g. Open the 2nd left & right levers for Bend-2
and close the top levers of Bend-1)
7. Note down the manometer for the second pipe fitting. (e.g. h1 & h2 for bend-2)
8. Repeat this procedure by opening the respective levers of sudden enlargement
fitting after closing other levers ( i.e. for sudden enlargement by opening the next
down left & right cocks of sudden enlargement and then close the previous left &
right cocks of Bend-2).
9. Repeat this procedure by opening the respective levers of sudden contraction fitting
after closing other levers ( i.e. for sudden contraction by opening the next down left
& right cocks of sudden contraction and then close the previous left & right cocks
of Sudden enlargement).
10. Ensure the readings taken for all pipe fittings and then switch off the pump.

OBSERVATIONS
FORMULAE / CALCULATIONS

1. Discharge, Q = (A x h ) / t .. (m3/s)

Where, A = Area of tank in m2 ,

h = Rise water level in collecting tank (m) = 0.10 m
t = Time taken for the 10 cm rise of water in collecting tank (sec)

2. Velocity, V = Discharge / Area of pipe = Q/A (m/s)

Where, A = d2/4 , d Dia of pipe in m

3. Actual loss of head,

hf = ( h1 h2 ) x 12.6 x 10-2 (m)

 4. Theoretical Velocity loss heads for pipe fittings

Velocity head loss for bend and elbow hv = V2 / (2g)

Velocity head loss for sudden enlargement hv = ( V1 V2 )2 / (2g)
Velocity head loss for sudden contraction hv = 0.5 (V2)2 / (2g)
Where V2= velocity of smaller pipe

5. Loss co-efficient

K = Theoretical Velocity head /Actual loss of head = hv / hf

TABULATION
Collecting Tank area, A = 0.6 m x 0.3 m, Pipe Diameter, d = 0.02 m

Manometer Time Discharge Velocity Actual Loss of head Loss co-

Reading for 10 Loss of (Theoretical) efficient
Pipe fittings (cm) cm rise (m3/s) (m/s) head, (m) K
(sec) (m)
h1 h2 hm t Q V hf hv hv / hf

Bend-1

Bend-2

Sudden
Enlarge
(20-40 mm)
Sudden
Contraction
(40-20 mm)
POST-LAB QUESTIONS
1. What is the equation for head loss due to sudden enlargement?
2. What is the equation for head loss due to sudden contraction?
3. What is the equation for head loss due to bend?
4. What is the equation for head loss at entry of pipe?
5. What is the equation for head loss at exit of pipe?
6. Which Newtons law is applicable to impulse turbine?
7. Differentiate minor and major losses in pipes

RESULT

The various minor losses in pipe fittings are determined.

 Experiment No- 8

PERFORMANCE TEST ON SUBMERSIBLE PUMP

AIM: To study the performance characteristics of submersible pump.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Submersible pump test rig, Stop watch
THEORY
A submersible pump (or electric submersible pump (ESP)) is a device which has a
hermetically sealed motor close-coupled to the pump body. The whole assembly is submerged in
the fluid to be pumped. The main advantage of this type of pump is that it prevents pump
Cavitation, a problem associated with a high elevation difference between pump and the fluid
surface. Submersible pumps push fluid to the surface as opposed to jet pumps having to pull fluids.
Submersible pumps are more efficient than jet pumps.

Fig. 4. Schematic of Submersible Pump

PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
1. What is the submersible pump?
2. What is the working principle of submersible pump?
3. What are applications of submersible pump?
4. What is the value of suction head in submersible pump?
5. Is priming necessary in submersible pump?
PROCEDURE

N.B.: NEVER operate the pump with closed delivery valve during start and stop of the
pump. The violation leads to damage of the pipe line and the pump.
1. Start the pump and run it at particular head on it.
2. Ensure the complete opening of the delivery valve provided.
3. The pressure gauge reading to be noted for the pressure of 0.5 kg/cm2.
4. The time is to be noted for collecting 10 cm rise of water in the collecting tank.
5. The time is to be noted for 3 revolution of Energy meter disc.
6. Repeat the procedure for 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 kg/cm2 delivery pressures by closing the
delivery valve.
7. Open the delivery valve completely and then Switch off the power supply.

OBSERVATIONS
FORMULAE / CALCULATIONS

1. Total Head, H = P x 105/ ( g) in m

Where P Pressure gauge reading in kg/cm2,

g = Gravitational acceleration = 9.81 m2/s
= Density of fluid (water) = 1000 kg/m3

2. Discharge, Q = (A x h ) / t (m3/sec)

Where A = Area of tank in m2 A = length x breadth

h = Rise of water level in collecting tank = 0.10 m
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water in the collecting tank in sec

3. Output in kW, OP = g QH / 1000

4. Input in kW, IP = (n x 3600 m ) / (N x T)

Where N = Energymeter constant in Rev /kW hr = 1200 rev / kWh

n = Number of revolution taken in energymeter
 T = Time required to complete n revolution in sec
m = Efficiency of motor = 0.8

5. Efficiency, = Output / Input x 100%

TABULATION
Measuring tank of size = 0.5 x 0.5 m2

Sl. Time for Time for 3 rev

No Pressure Total 10 cm rise Discharge of Energy Input Output Efficiency
. gauge Head of water Q Meter Disc IP OP
P H t T
kg/cm2 m sec m3/sec sec kW kW %
1 0.5
2 1.0
3 1.5
4 2.0
5 2.5
6 3.0

GRAPH: Draw the graph Q Vs H, OP and

POST-LAB QUESTIONS
1. How do you measure actual flow rate?
2. What is the output power of the pump?
3. List out the different heads used in submersible pump?
4. What is advantage of submersible pump over jet pump?
5. What is mechanical efficiency?
6. What do you meant by cavitaion?
7. How do you prevent cavitaion in pump?
8. What is advantage of submersible pump over centrifugal pump?
9. Is priming necessary in submersible pump?
10. What are the effects of cavitations?

RESULT
The performance characteristics of the given submersible pump are studied.
 Experiment No- 9

PERFORMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING PUMP

AIM: To study the performance of Reciprocating pump.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Reciprocating pump test rig, Stop watch
THEORY
A reciprocating pump is a positive plunger pump. It is often used where relatively small
quantity of liquid is to be handled and where delivery pressure is quite large. Reciprocating pumps
are now typically used for pumping highly viscous fluids including concrete and heavy oils, and
special applications demanding low flow rates against high resistance.

Fig.5 Schematic of Reciprocating Pump

PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
1. What is the working principle of reciprocating pump?
2. What is type of suction and delivery valves in reciprocating pump?
3. What do you meant by slip in reciprocating pump?
4. What do you meant by single and double acting pump?
5. List out the parts of reciprocating pump.
PROCEDURE
N.B. : NEVER operate the pump with closed delivery valve during start and stop.
Never operate the pump above the gauge pressure of 3 kg/cm2.
1. Start the pump and run it at particular head on it.
2. Ensure the complete opened position of delivery valve.
3. Vary the flow rate (discharge) by closing the delivery valve in order to maintain certain
pressure gauge reading i.e.0.5 kg/cm2.
4. Note down pressure gauge reading (0.5 kg/cm2) and vacuum gauges readings.
5. Measure height of the pressure gauge above the vacuum gauge (Datum level)
6. Note down time taken (t) for h cm rise of water (10 cm) in collecting tank.
7. Note down the time taken (T) for n revolutions for energy meter (3 rev) disc.
8. Repeat the procedure for 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 kg/cm2 in the Pressure gauge reading by
closing the delivery valve.
9. Switch off the power supply after opening the delivery valve completely.

OBSERVATIONS
FORMULAE / CALCULATIONS

1. Total head, H = [P + (V/760) ] x 105 / ( g ) + Z (m)

Where, P Pressure gauge reading in kg/cm2,

V- Vacuum gauge reading in mm Hg,
Z Datum level between Pressure gauge and Vacuum gauge in m
g = Gravitational acceleration = 9.81 m/s2
= Density of fluid (water) = 1000 kg/m3
N.B.: For V, 1 mm Hg/ 760 = 1 bar
For P, 1 bar = 1 kg/ cm2

2. Discharge, Q = (A h)/ t (m3/sec)

Where A- Collecting tank area = l x b in m2,

t - time for 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank (sec)
h Rise of water level in the collecting tank = 0.10 m
 3. Output in kW, OP = g QH / 1000

4. Input in kW, IP = (n rev of energy meter x 3600 x Efficiency of motor) /

(Energy meter constant in Rev/kW-hr x Time for n

revolutions)
= (n x 3600 x m ) / (Ec x T)
Where Ec = Energymeter constant in Rev /kW hr = 1200 rev / kWh
n = Number of revolution taken in energy meter = 3
T = Time required to complete n revolution in sec
m = Efficiency of motor = 0.8

5. Efficiency of Pump, = (Output / Input) x 100 %

TABULATION:
Area of Measuring tank A : 0.3 x 0.3 m2 , Motor Efficiency m : 0.8
Energymeter Constant : 1200 Rev/kW-hr
Z Datum level between Pressure gauge and Vacuum gauge = 0.75 m
Sl. Pressure Vacuum Total Time Discha Time Input Output Efficie
No. Gauge Gauge Head for rge for 3 Power Power ncy
reading reading H 10 cm Q rev of IP OP
P V rise EM disc
T x10-4 T
kg/cm2 mm Hg M Sec m3/sec sec kW kW %
1. 0.5
2. 1
3. 1.5
4. 2
5. 2.5
6. 3
GRAPH: Discharge Vs head, Output, Efficiency.

POST-LAB QUESTIONS
1. List out the different heads used in reciprocating pump?
2. What is the use of air vessel?
3. Why the delivery valve should be kept open always?
4. What do you meant by indicator diagram and its use?
5. What do you meant by percentage slip and negative slip?
6. In what situations, the reciprocating pump is desired?

RESULT

The performance test on reciprocating pump is conducted and the performance

characteristics are drawn.
 Experiment No -10

PERFORMANCE TEST ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

AIM: To study the performance of centrifugal pump at constant speed.

EQUIPMENTS Required: Centrifugal pump test rig, Stop watch
THEORY
A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to increase the
pressure and flow rate of a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are the most common type of pump used to
move liquids through a piping system. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the
rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward or axially into a diffuser
or volute chamber, from where it exits into the downstream piping system. Centrifugal pumps are
typically used for large discharge through smaller heads. The priming of the pump is necessary in
order to get discharge. The priming can be done by filling the impeller with water in order to
provide continuous water column from the sump water level to pump.

Fig. Centrifugal Pump

PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
1. What is the purpose of pump?
2. What do you meant by centrifugal force?
 3. What is type of flow in centrifugal pump?
4. What is the use of volute casing?
5. What do you meant by priming?

PROCEDURE
N.B.: If the pump is not delivering water output (discharge), prime the pump and then
start the motor.
1. Ensure the complete opened position of delivery valve. Start the pump power
supply.
2. Vary the flow rate (discharge) by closing the delivery valve. Note down pressure
gauge reading for 0.5 kg/cm2 and vacuum gauges readings.
3. Measure height of the pressure gauge above the vacuum gauge. (Z)
4. Note down time taken (t) for h cm rise of water (10 cm) in collecting tank.
5. Note down the time taken (T) for n revolutions for energy meter (3 rev) disc.
6. Repeat the procedure for 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 kg/cm2 in the pressure gauge reading
by gradual closing of delivery valve.
7. Switch off the power supply after opening the delivery valve completely.

OBSERVATIONS
FORMULAE / CALCULATIONS

1. Total head, H = [ P + (V/760) ] x 105 / ( g ) + Z (m)

Where P Pressure gauge reading in kg/cm2,

V- Vacuum gauge reading in mm Hg,
Z Datum level between Pressure gauge and Vacuum gauge
g = Gravitational acceleration = 9.81 m2/s
= Density of fluid (water) = 1000 kg/m3
N.B.: For V, 1 mm Hg/ 760 = 1 bar
For P, 1 bar = 1 kg/ cm2

2. Discharge, Q = (A h )/ t (m3/sec)
 Where A- Collecting tank area = l x b in m2,
t - time for 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank (sec)
h Rise of water level in the collecting tank = 0.10 m
3. Output in kW, OP = g Q H / 1000

4. Input in kW, IP = (n rev of energy meter x 3600 x Efficiency of motor) /

(Energy meter constant in Rev/kW-hr x Time for n

revolutions)
= (n x 3600 x m ) / (Ec x T)
Where Ec = Energymeter constant in Rev /kW hr = 1200 rev / kWh
n = Number of revolution taken in energymeter
T = Time required to complete n revolution in sec
m = Efficiency of motor = 0.8
5. Efficiency of Pump, = (Output / Input) x 100 %

TABULATION
Motor Efficiency m : 0.8, Energy meter Constant = 200 rev/kWh,
Height between the pressure gauges, Z = 500mm, Collecting tank Area, A = 0.5 x 0.5 m2

Pressure Vacuum Time for Time for 3 Input Output Efficie

Sl. gauge gauge 10cm rev of Head Discharge power power ncy
No. reading reading rise of energy
water meter disc
P V t T H Q IP OP
kg/cm2 mm of hg Sec Sec m m3/sec kW kW %
1. 0.5
2 1
3. 1.5
4 2
5 2.5
GRAPH: Discharge Vs Head, Output, Efficiency

POST-LAB QUESTIONS
1. What is the energy conversion across the impeller?
2. List out the different heads used in centrifugal pump?
3. What do you meant by manometric head?
4. What is the pressure inside the pump casing?
5. What do you meant by manometric efficiency?
6. What do you meant by cavitation, its effects and its prevention?

RESULT
The performance test on centrifugal pump is completed and the performance
characteristics are studied.
 Experiment No-11

PERFORMANCE TEST ON PELTON TURBINE

AIM: To study the performance of Pelton turbine.

EQUIPMENTS Required: Pelton Turbine test rig, Stop watch, Weights & Tachometer
THEORY
The Pelton wheel is an impulse turbine which is among the most efficient types of water
turbines. The Pelton wheel extracts energy from the impulse (momentum) of moving water, as
opposed to its weight like traditional overshot water wheel. The water flows along the tangent to
the path of the runner. Nozzles direct forceful streams of water against a series of spoon-shaped
buckets mounted around the edge of a wheel. As water flows into the bucket, the direction of the
water velocity changes to follow the contour of the bucket. When the water-jet contacts the bucket,
the water exerts pressure on the bucket and the water is decelerated as it does a "u-turn" and flows
out the other side of the bucket at low velocity. In the process, the water's momentum is transferred
to the turbine. This "impulse" does work on the turbine.
For maximum power and efficiency, the turbine system is designed such that the water-jet
velocity is twice the velocity of the bucket. Often two buckets are mounted side-by-side, thus
splitting the water jet in half. This balances the side-load forces on the wheel, and helps to ensure
smooth, efficient momentum transfer of the fluid jet to the turbine wheel. Because water and most
liquids are nearly incompressible, almost all of the available energy is extracted in the first stage
of the hydraulic turbine. Therefore, Pelton wheels have only one turbine stage, unlike gas turbines
that operate with compressible fluid. Pelton turbine is preferred for water source has relatively
high hydraulic head at low flow rate.
 Fig. Pelton Turbine

PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
1. What are the types of hydraulic turbines?
2. What is the purpose of turbine?
3. What is the use of nozzle?
4. Define water hammer.
5. What is the purpose of surge tank?
6. Classify the hydraulic turbines.
7. Differentiate impulse and reaction turbines.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Turbine Rating Power output 1 kW, Supply head 25 m, Normal speed
1000 rpm, Flow rate 500 lpm, runaway speed 1500 rpm.
Pump Rating: Discharge 500 lpm, Power input 5 hp, Normal Speed 2880 rpm.

PROCEDURE
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
1. Remove any weights (loads) on the turbine shaft.
2. Ensure the closed position of the delivery valve.
3. After starting, check the cooling water supply to the turbine
4. Avoid running turbine without cooling water to the brake drum.
 5. Keep away from the rotating shaft and avoid touching the shaft by hand
6. Avoid pressure more than 2.5 kg/cm2 to the turbine for stability reasons.
7. Avoid any disturbances to the manometer tubes.
8. Pressure gauge valves should also be closed before pump shut down.

OPERATIONAL (PROCEDURAL) STEPS

1. Prime the pump and start it with closed gate valve. The spear in the turbine inlet and
should also be in the closed position while starting the pump in order to avoid sudden
falling of water and its impact on the turbine blades.
2. After starting the pump, Run the turbine at full spear opening by opening the spear
gradually.
3. Keep the constant head acting on the turbine as 1.0 kg/cm2 by adjusting the delivery
valve just above the turbine. The flow rate (can be found by Venturimeter pressure
heads (p1,p2) ) and head are maintained constant during the testing of turbine.
4. Load the turbine from no load to 8 kg with 2 kg incremental weights.
5. Note the following:
a. Turbine speed (N) by torching on the shaft sensor strip with the non contact digital
tachometer,
b. Brake weight (Dead wt. + hanger and rope wt.) (W1 )
c. Spring balance reading(W2).
6. Increase the weights from 0 kg as 0, 2 , 4, 6, 8 kg and note down the speed and spring
balance readings. No need to vary the flow rate and head.
7. First remove all the dead weights on the hanger. Close the delivery valve and then
switch off the pump power supply in order to stop the turbine.

OBSERVATIONS
FORMULAE / CALCULATIONS

1. Input Power, IP = g Q H (W)

 Where g = Specific weight of water = 9.81 kN/m3
Q = Discharge in m3/sec
Q = K h = 3.183 x 10-3 h (h in m )

Size of Venturimeter : 50mm and Throat Diameter : 29.58mm

Where K Value = (a1 a2 2g ) / (a12 a2 2 = 3.183 x 10-3

Where h = Venturimeter head in m of water

h = p x105/ g = (p1 p2) x105/ (g) (m)

H = Supply head in m = Input total head in m

H = P x105/ (g )

2. Output (Brake) Power, OP = 2 N T / 60 (W)

Where N = Turbine speed in RPM.,

T = W Re g = Torque in N-m

Brake drum dia D =0.2m ,

Rope dia d =0.015m
Effective radius of Brake Drum, Re = (D/2 )+d) = 0.115m

Weight of rope & hanger = 1kg.

Brake drum Net load W =(W1 + weight of rope hanger) W2 kg
= ( 5+1) 2 = 4 kg

3. Efficiency of turbine, = (OP/IP ) x 100%

 TABULATION

Sl Pressure Pressure Gauge Venturi Dischar Brake Spring Net Speed Input Out Effici
N gauge reading -meter ge Weight balance Load put ency
reading Head on reading
P p1 p2 P h hanger W2 W N IP OP
= Q W1
p1-
p2
kg/cm2 kg/cm2 m m3/sec kg kg kg rpm kW kW %
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

GRAPH: Speed Vs Output, Efficiency

POST-LAB QUESTIONS

1. What do you meant by impulse turbine?

2. How do you regulate the flow of water to the turbine?
3. What is the energy conversion from nozzle to turbine?
4. Why is braking jet used?
5. What is the spear and nozzle?
6. What is the pressure inside the turbine casing?
7. What is mechanical efficiency?
8. What do you meant by volumetric efficiency?

RESULT:
The performance of Pelton turbine is studied.
 Experiment No-12

PERFORMANCE TEST ON KAPLAN TURBINE TEST RIG

AIM: To study the performance of Kaplan turbine.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: The test rig mainly consists of (1) Kaplan Turbine, (2) A Supply
pump unit to supply water to the above Kaplan Turbine, (3) Flow Measuring unit consisting of a
Venturimeter and pressure gauge, (4) Piping system and (5) Sump.

THEORY
The Kaplan Turbine consists of spiral casing, an outer bearing pedestal and rotor assembly
with runner shaft and brake drum all mounted on a suitable sturdy base plate. A Straight conical
draft tube is provided for the purpose of regaining the kinetic energy from the exit water and also
facilitating easy accessibility of the turbine due to it locating at a higher level than the tailrace. A
Transparent hollow perspex cylinder is provided in between the draught bend and the casing for
the purpose of observation of flow at exit of runner. A rope brake arrangement is provided to load
the turbine. The output of the turbine can be controlled by adjusting, the gate valves for which a
hand wheel and a suitable link mechanism are provided. The net supply head on the turbine is
measured by a pressure and vacuum gauge. An Optimum size of sump is provided to store
sufficient water from independent circulation through the unit for experimentation. Make sure
before starting that the pipelines are free from foreign matter. Also note whether all the joints are
watertight and leak proof. Prime the pump and start it with closed gate valve. The turbine bearings
and bush bearings in the units are properly lubricated. Then slowly open the gate valve and open
the cock fitted to the pressure gauge and so that the pump develops the rated head. If the pump
develops the required head, slowly open the turbine gate valve through suitable link mechanism
until the turbine attains the normal rated speed. Run the turbine at the normal speed (1000) RPM
for about one hour and carefully note the following:
a. Operation of the bearings, temperature rise, noise etc.,
b. Vibration of the unit.
c. Steady constant speeds and speed fluctuations if any.
In addition to this, one pump side notes the operation of the stuffing box. The stuffing box should
show an occasional drip of water. If the gland is over tightened the leakage stops but the packing
will heat up burn and damage the shaft.

CONSTRUCTIONAL SPECIFICATION
1. SPIRAL CASING: Is of close grained cast iron with integral legs.
2. RUNNER: Is of Gunmetal designed for efficient by a hand
wheel through a link mechanism.
3. SHAFT: Is of steel accurately machined and provided with gunmetal sleeve at the stuffing box.
4. BALLBEARINGS: Is of double a row deep groove rigid type in the casing and double row
self-aligning type in the bearing pedestal both of liberal size.
5. DRAUGHT BEND: Is provided at the exit of the runner with a Transparent cylindrical window,
for observation of Flows pass the runner. To the bend is connected a Straight conical draught tube
of mild
steel Fabrication.
6. BRAKE ARRANGEMENT: Consists of a machined and polished cast iron brake drum,
cooling water pipe, discharge pipe, internal water scoop, dead weights, spring balance rope brake
etc arranged for loading the turbine.
7. OBSERVATION WINDOW: A transparent perspex hollow cylinder window for observation
of flow passage, through the runner is provided in between the casing and the draught tube.
8. FINISH: Is of high standard suitable for laboratory use in technical institution.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
I. KAPLAN TURBINE (REACTION TURBINE)
1. Power output: 2HP
2. Brake Drum diameter: 300 mm.
3. Rope diameter: 15 mm.
II. SUPPLY PUMPSET
1. Power required: 7.5 HP
2. Type: Centrifugal
 III FLOW MEASURING UNIT
1. Size of Venturi meter : 100 mm.
2. Diameter of inlet: 100mm
3. Diameter of throat: 59.16 mm
4. Venturi meter constant: K =0.013 (Q = k h ) where h in meter of water.

EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE:
1. If the operation of the above parts is normal, load the turbine slowly and take readings.
To load the turbine standard dead weights are provided with figures stamped on them
to indicate their weights.
2. Open the water inlet valve and allow some cooling water through the brake drum when
the turbine runs under load, so that the heat generated by the brake drum is carried away
by the cooling water. Do not suddenly load the turbine, load the turbine gradually and
at the same time open the valve to run the turbine at normal speed.
3. Water turbines are tested in the Hydraulic laboratory to demonstrate how test on small
water turbines is carried out, on study their construction, and to give the students a clear
knowledge about the different types of turbines and their characteristics.
4. Turbines shall be first tested at constant net supply head by varying the load, speed and
guide vane setting. However, the net supply head on the turbines tested in which case
the power developed by the turbine and the best efficiently speed will also be reduced.
5. The output power from the turbine is calculated from the readings taken on the brake
and the speed of the shaft. The input power supplied to the turbine is calculated from
the net supply head on the turbine and discharge through the turbine. Efficiency of the
turbine being the ratio between the output and input.
6. The discharge is measured by the 100 mm Venturimeter and with the Pressure Gauges.
Supply Head is measured with the help of the pressure gauge After starting and running
the turbine at normal speed for the sometime, load the turbine and take readings.
7. Note the following: -
a. Net supply head (pressure & vacuum gauge readings plus height of the pressure
gauge over vacuum gauge).
b. Discharge (Manometer readings)
 c. Turbine shaft speed.
d. Brake Weight (Dead weights plus hanger and rope weight)
e. Spring Balance reading.
8. First run the turbine at light load and then gradually load it, by adding dead weights on
the hanger. The net supply head on the turbine shall be maintained constant at the rated
value and this can be done by adjusting the gate valve fitted just above the turbine.
9. Increase the weights from 0, 2 , 4, 6 and 8 kg with constant supply of head/ Increase
the head from 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 0.1 kg/cm2 with constant load and note down the
Pressure gauge readings, spring balance readings and speed.
10. First remove all the dead weights on the hanger. Close the delivery valve and then
switch off the pump power supply in order to stop the turbine.

OBSERVATIONS
FORMULAE / CALCULATIONS

1. Net Supply Head (H)

H hs hd in meter
P
Where, Suction head, hs X 105 in m
g
Pvaccum X 13.6 1
Delivery head, hd in m
1000

2. Input Power (I/P)

IP QH in Watts
Where Specific weight of water, g = 9.81 kN/m3

Discharge, Q K h in m3/sec

a1a2 2 g
K
a1
2
a2 2

a1 = Area of inlet pipe = 7.854x10-3 m2

a2 = Area of throat = 2.748x10-3 m2

 K= 0.01299 Round off 0.013
P
Venturimeter head, h X 105 in m of water
g
3. Output/Brake Power (O/P)
2 NT
OP in Watts
60
Where, Torque, T= W Re g in N
Weight of rope & hanger = 1kg.
Brake drum Net load, W = [(W1 + weight of rope hanger) W2] in kg
Diameter of Brake drum, D= 0.30 m
Diameter of rope, d = 0.015 m
Effective radius of the brake drum, Re = (D/2 )+d) = 0.165 m
4. Efficiency, ( )
BP
X 100 %
IP

TABULATION
S. Pressur Pressure Gauge Net Discharg Weight Spring Net Spee Inp Outp Efficien
N e reading Suppl e on balanc Load d ut ut cy
gauge y hanger e
reading Head, W1 readin W
p1 p2 P
, H Q g N IP OP
=
P W2
p1-
p2
kg/cm2 kg/cm2 m m3/sec kg kg kg rpm kW kW %
1.

2.

3.

4.
GRAPHS
The following graphs can be drawn from the observed readings,
1. Discharge Vs Efficiency
2. Speed Vs Brake power
3. Speed Vs Efficiency

RESULT:
The performance of Kaplan turbine is studied.
 Experiment No- 13

PERFORMANCE TEST ON FRANCIS TURBINE

AIM: To study the performance of Francis turbine.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Francis turbine test rig, Stop watch, Weights, tachometer.
THEORY
The Francis turbine is an inward-flow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow
concepts. Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. They operate in a head
range of 10 m 650 m and are primarily used for electrical power production. The power output
ranges from 10 to 750MW. Runner diameters are between 1 and 10 meters. The speed range of
the turbine is from 83 to 1000 rpm. Medium size and larger Francis turbines are most often
arranged with a vertical shaft. The Francis turbine is a reaction turbine, which means that the
working fluid changes pressure as it moves through the turbine, giving up its energy.

Fig. Francis Turbine

The inlet is spiral shaped. Guide vanes direct the water tangentially to the turbine wheel,
known as a runner. This radial flow acts on the runner's vanes, causing the runner to spin. The
guide vanes (or wicket gate) may be adjustable to allow efficient turbine operation for a range of
water flow conditions.
PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
1. What are the types of hydraulic turbines?
2. What is the use of draft tube?
3. What is the flow direction in reaction turbine?
4. What is the use of guide vanes?
5. Which Newtons law is applicable to reaction turbine?

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
FRANCIS TURBINE: Rated Supply Head: 10 meters, Discharge: 1000 LPM, Rated
Speed: 1250 rpm
Power Output: 1 kW, Runaway Speed: 1750RPM
Runner diameter: 160mm
PUMPSET: Rated Head: 10m, Discharge: 1200 lpm,
Normal Speed: 1440 rpm, Power input: 5 HP

PROCEDURE
1. Prime the pump and start it with closed gate valve. The spear in the turbine inlet and
should also be in the closed position while starting the pump.
2. After starting and running the turbine at normal speed for some time, load the turbine
and take readings. Note the following: Net supply head, Discharge (pressure gauge
readings), Turbine shaft speed, Brake weight (Dead Weights plus hanger and rope
weight) (1kg) and Spring balance reading.
3. Before switching off the supply pump set, first remove all the dead weights on the
hanger.

OBSERVATIONS
FORMULAE / CALCULATIONS

1. Input Power, IP = g Q H (W)

Where g = Specific weight of water = 9.81 kN/m3

Q = Discharge in m3/sec
Q = K h = 9.11 x10-3h(h in m )
 Inlet Dia. of Orificemeter: 80 mm , Orificemeter dia. : 60 mm
Where K Value = (a1 a2 2g ) / (a12 a2 2 = 9.11 x10-3

Where h = Orificemeter head in m of water

h = p x105/ g = (p1 p2) x105/ (g) (m)

H = Supply head in m = Input total head in m

H = P x105/ (g )

2. Output (Brake) Power, OP = 2 N T / 60 (W)

Where N = Turbine speed in RPM.,

T = W Re g = Torque in N-m

Brake drum dia D =0.23m,

Rope dia d =0.015m
Effective radius of Brake Drum, Re = (D/2 )+d) = 0.145m

Weight of rope & hanger = 1kg.

Brake drum Net load W =(W1 + weight of rope hanger) W2 kg
= ( 5+1) 2 = 4 kg

3. Efficiency of turbine, = (OP/IP ) x 100%

 TABULATION

Sl Pressur Pressure Orific Disch Weigh Spring

. e Gauge e arge Spee t on balanc Net Outp Input Efficien
N gauge Reading meter d hanger e load ut cy
o. reading head readin
g
P.S kg/cm2 h Q N W1 W2 W OP IP
kg/cm2 p1 p2 dp m m3/se RP kg kg kg kW kW %
c M
1
2
3
4
5

GRAPH: Discharge Vs Speed, output, Input, Efficiency

POST-LAB QUESTIONS
1. What is the energy conversion across the turbine?
2. Differentiate stator and rotor vanes or blades?
3. What do you meant by runner?
4. What is the pressure inside the turbine casing?
5. What do you meant by reaction turbine?
6. List out different component efficiencies used?
7. What do you meant by brake power?
8. What do you meant by cavitation?
9. What are the methods to avoid cavitation?

RESULTS
The performance test on Francis turbine is conducted and its characteristic curves are
drawn.
 Experiment No- 14

PERFORMANCE TEST ON JET PUMP

AIM: To study the performance test on the jet pump

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Jet pump test rig, stop watch
THEORY
Jet pumps, also referred to as ejectors, are devices for the conveyance, compression or
mixing of gases, vapours, liquids or solids in which a gaseous or liquid medium serves as the
motive force. They operate by the conversion of pressure energy into velocity in suitable nozzles.
They are "pumps without moving parts." The basic principle of jet pumps consists in the liquid or
gas jet being emitted by a nozzle at high speed entraining and accelerating the surrounding liquid,
gas or solid matter. The result of this action is a mixture of the driving and entrained (sucked)
fluids, the velocity of which is reduced and the pressure increased in a second nozzle.

Fig. Jet Pump

PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
1. What is the purpose of jet pump?
2. What is the working principle of jet pump?
3. What are applications of jet pump?
4. List out the parts of jet pump.
PROCEDURE
1. Start the pump and run it at particular head on it.
2. Ensure the complete opened position of delivery valve.
3. Vary the flow rate (discharge) by closing the delivery valve in order to maintain
certain pressure gauge reading i.e.0.5 kg/cm2.
4. Note down pressure gauge reading (0.5 kg/cm2).
5. Measure height of the pressure gauge above the vacuum gauge (Datum level)
6. Note down time taken (t) for h cm rise of water (10 cm) in collecting tank.
7. Note down the time taken (T) for n revolutions for energy meter (3 rev) disc.
8. Repeat the procedure for 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 kg/cm2 in the Pressure gauge reading
by closing the delivery valve.
9. Switch off the power supply after opening the delivery valve completely.

OBSERVATIONS
FORMULAE / CALCULATIONS
1. Total Head, H = P x 105/ ( g) in m

Where P Pressure gauge reading in kg/cm2,

g = Gravitational acceleration = 9.81 m2/s
= Density of fluid (water) = 1000 kg/m3

2. Discharge, Q = (A x h ) / t (m3/sec)

Where A = Area of tank in m2 A = l x b

h = Rise of water level in collecting tank = 0.10 m
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water in the collecting tank
 3. Output in kW, OP = g QH / 1000

4. Input in kW, IP = (n x 3600 m ) / (N x T)

Where N = Energymeter constant in Rev /kW hr = 1200 rev / kWh

n = Number of revolution taken in energymeter
T = Time required to complete n revolution in sec
m = Efficiency of motor = 0.8

5. Efficiency, = Output / Input x 100%

TABULATION
Energy meter constant N = 1200 Rev/kW-hr
Measuring Area in collecting tank=0.3 x0.3m2

Pressure Total Time for 10 Discharge Time for 3 Input Output Efficiency
Sl. gauge Head cm rise rev of EM
No.
P H t Q T IP OP

kg/cm2 M sec m3/sec sec kW Kw %

1 0.5

2 1.0

3 1.5

4 2.0

5 2.5
GRAPH:
Draw Q Vs H, OP and

POST-LAB QUESTIONS
1. How do you measure actual flow rate?
2. What is the output power of the pump?
3. List out the different pressure heads used in jet pump?
4. What is mechanical efficiency?
5. What is overall efficiency?

RESULT
The performance of the given jet pump is studied.
 Experiment No- 15

FLOW MEASUREMENT USING PITOT TUBE

AIM: To determine the velocity at the pipeline by using prandle type pitot tube
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: The apparatus consists of (1) Pitot tube (2) Piping system (3)
Supply Pump set (4) Measuring Tank (5) U tube Manometer (6) Sump.
PREPARATION
THEORY
The Closed Circuit Self-sufficient portable package system for study of prandle type pitot
tube is primarily designed to study the velocity at the pipeline. Prandle type pitot tubes are provided
at inlet, so that the velocity head can be determined. This prandle pitot tube consisting of two
coaxial tubes and one coming within the other and both bend in the L shape so, that when interred
inside the pipe. The tubes are parallel to the axis of the pipes at the place of measurements. The
inner tube has a facing up stream and hence measure the total head including both pressure and
velocity. The outlet tube has holes at the sides so, that it measures only the pressure head, thus the
difference between the two given the velocity a head separately Hence, the inner and outer tubes
are connected to a differential manometer to indicate the velocity head.

Fig. Pitot tube

CONSTRUCTIONAL SPECIFICATION
1. PITOT TUBE:
A prandle type Pitot tube is provided for conducting experiment.
2. PIPING SYSTEM:
Consists of a set of G.I. Piping of size 25mm fitted with a prandle type pitot tube and a flow control
valve.
3. SUPPLY PUMPSET:
Is rigidly fixed on sump. The mono block pump with motor, operating on single phase 220/240
volts, 50Hz AC supply. Prime the pump before starting.
4. MANOMETER:
U tube Manometer of 0.5 m range with 1mm scale graduations to measure the differential head
produced by the pitot tube.
5. SUMP:
Sump to store sufficient water for independent circulation through the unit for experimentation
and arranged within the floor space of the main unit.
PROCEDURE:
N.B.: Keep the delivery valve open while start and stop of the pump power supply.
1. Switch on the power supply to the pump
2. The velocity heads at different position from center of the pipe can be measured by lowering
and increasing the height of the pitot tube using the scale and the indicator provided.
3. At different center height of the pitot tube the velocity heads are noted from the manometer
observation.
4. Repeat it for different flow rates to adjust the delivery flow control valve and note down
manometer heads (h1, h2).
5. Switch off the pump after completely opening the delivery valve.
OBSERVATIONS
FORMULAE / CALCULATIONS
The Velocity finds out formula,

V Cv 2 gH
Where,
V = Velocity m/sec
Cv = co-efficiency of Velocity 0.98
g = Accelerations due to gravity 9.81 m/sec2
H = Pitot tube height in meter.
= 12.6 x hm x 10 -2 (m)
TABULATION
The readings noted are tabulated as follows:
S.No Manometer reading (cm) Actual velocity (m/sec)

h1 h2 h

RESULT
Actual velocity of the given pipeline ofm= ___________
 Experiment No- 16

STUDY OF CAVITATION TEST RIG APPARATUS

AIM
The cavitation Test Rig in Venturimeter is primarily designed to study and show the formation of
cavitation.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
1. Venturimeter
2. Piping system
3. Measuring Tank
THEORY -PIPING SYSTEM:
Piping System size: 25mm diameter with control valve.
Manifold : upstream and down stream pressure feed pipes are provided for the measurement of
pressure heads with control valves situated on a common place for easy operation.
Measuring Tank Size: 0.5 x 0.3 x 0.4 metre, With overflow arrangement, gauge glass, scale
arrangement and a drain valve.
SPECIFICATIONS:
o Pipe line: 25mm
o Throat dia: 6mm
CAVITATION
Cavitations is the formation of vapour cavities in a liquid i.e. small liquidfree zones
("bubbles" or "voids") that are the consequence of forces acting upon the liquid. It usually occurs
when a liquid is subjected to rapid changes of pressure that cause the formation of cavities where
the pressure is relatively low. When subjected to higher pressure, the voids implode and can
generate an intense shock wave.
PROCEDURE
1. Close all the valves (Venturimeter pipe line )
2. Switch on the pump and open the inlet valve.
3. Open the needle valves of the Venturimeter, and increase the flow by adjusting the
control valve.
 4. When the flow from the control valve is increased, at a particular stage the cavitation
will formed in the throat of the venturimeter.
5. Due to rapid changes in pressure, the bubbles are formed in the throat area, that is
cavitation.
6. After completing the experiment close the inlet valve and open all the gate valves &
needle valves then make them closed. Drain the water from measuring tank after
completing the experiment

RESULT:
The flow visualization test is conducted and studied the formation of cavitation.
.
 Experiment No- 17

FLOW VISUALIZATION - REYNOLDS APPARATUS

AIM: To demonstrate the flow visualization laminar or turbulent flow.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: Reynolds Experimental set up, stop watch
THEORY:
The flow of real fluids can basically occur under two very different regimes namely laminar
and turbulent flow. The laminar flow is characterized by fluid particles moving in the form of
lamina sliding over each other, such that at any instant the velocity at all the points in particular
lamina is the same. The lamina near the flow boundary move at a slower rate as compared to those
near the center of the flow passage. This type of flow occurs in viscous fluids , fluids moving at
slow velocity and fluids flowing through narrow passages. The turbulent flow is characterized by
constant agitation and intermixing of fluid particles such that their velocity changes from point to
point and even at the same point from time to time. This type of flow occurs in low density fluids,
flow through wide passage and in high velocity flows.

Fig. Reynolds Experimental Set-up

Reynolds conducted an experiment for observation and determination of these regimes of

flow. By introducing a fine filament of dye in to the flow of water through the glass tube ,at its
entrance he studied the different types of flow. At low velocities the dye filament appeared as
straight line through the length of the tube and parallel to its axis, characterizing laminar flow. As
the velocity is increased the dye filament becomes wavy throughout indicating transition flow. On
further increasing the velocity the filament breaks up and diffuses completely in the water in the
glass tube indicating the turbulent flow. There are two different types of fluid flows laminar flow
and Turbulent flow. The velocity at which the flow changes laminar to Turbulent is called the
Critical Velocity.

Fig. Types of internal (pipe) flow

Reynolds number determines whether any flow is laminar or Turbulent. Reynolds number
corresponding to transition from laminar to Turbulent flow is about 2,300.

PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
1. What do you meant by fluid?
2. What are the types of flow?
3. Define Reynolds number?
4. What is laminar flow?
5. What is turbulent flow?

PROCEDURE
1. Switch on the power supply. Adjust the water inflow slowly by flow control valve (
delivery valve).
2. Inject a filament of dye into the water stream by opening the value from dye tank.
3. When the flow is laminar, the colored stream of dye does not mix with the stream of
water and is apparent long the whole length of the pipe. Increase the velocity of the stream
gradually by opening the flow control valve, to see the turbulent flow. The stream of dye
 begins to oscillate and then diffused. This velocity of water in the pipe is Critical
Velocity.

OBSERVATIONS
FORMULAE / CALCULATIONS
1. Discharge, Q = (A h )/ t (m3/sec)

Where A- Collecting tank area = l x b in m2,

t - time for 10 cm rise of water level in the collecting tank (sec)
h Rise of water level in the collecting tank = 0.10 m

2. Reynolds number for pipe flow, Re = ( V D)/

Where V= Velocity of the fluid (m/s),

D= diameter of the pipe (m)
= Kinetic viscosity of the fluid (m2/s)

TABULATION
Internal plan area of collecting tank = 0.3 x 0.3 m2
Diameter of pipe D = 32 mm ,
Kinematics viscosity of fluid (water) = 1.01 x 10-6 m2/sec
Sl. No. Time taken Discharge Velocity Reynolds Remarks
for 10 cm Q V number (Laminar/
rise m3/sec m/s Re Turbulent
t flow)
sec
1
2
3
4

POST-LAB QUESTIONS
 1. What do you meant by stream and streak lines?
2. Mention the Reynolds no for laminar and turbulent flow?
3. What do you meant by steady and unsteady flow?
4. What do you meant by path line?
5. 14.6.5 What do you meant by uniform and non-uniform flow?

RESULT
The flow visualization test is conducted and the type of flows is identified.
 Experiment No- 18

FREE AND FORCED VORTEX FLOW APPARATUS

AIM
To obtain the surface profile of forced vortex and find the depth of the forced vortex curve.
THEORY
Forced vortex flow is an example of rotational flow and can be generated by rotating a
cylinder of fluid about its axis or by rotating a paddle in a large volume of fluid. Under steady
conditions, each particle will move with the same angular velocity and there will not be
concentriccircles and the total energy is constant along a streamline but varies from one streamlines
to another.
THE EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The setup consists of an open transparent cylinder which is free to rotate about its vertical
axis. The cylinder is suitably mounted on a variable speed motor. Suitable arrangements for water
supply traveling of pointer gauge.
PROCEDURE
1. Fill the cylinder with water to about one half its heights.
2. Rotate the cylinder with constant and reasonably fast speed. The free surface of the water takes
the from of a forced vortex.
3. When conditions become steady, take the surface profile reading by traversing the water surface
along a radius of the cylinder.
4. Draw the surface profile for different speeds.
5. EOR different speed finds out the depth of the parabola.
FORMULA USED
Depth of the vortex curve,
2 R2
Z
2g
2 N
Where, rad / sec
60
R Radius of Transparent cylinder.
g - Acceleration due to gravity 9.81 m/ s2.
 N Speed in Rpm.

TABULATION

Radius Height of Speed in Depth of

S.No Rad/sec
In mm water in mm RPM Parabola

GRAPH:

RESULT:
The surface profile of forced vortex and the depth of the forced vortex curve are obtained.