NGỮ PHÁP HỌC

Morphology is the study of word forms, of internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words
are formed.
• A word is basic unit of language.
• A word is a linguistic sign, i.e. an arbitrary union of sound (form) and meaning.
• A word is a minimal free form.
MORPHS:
Elements smaller than words
Meaningful
Constant form and constant meaning
Potentially free, obligatorily bound (dependent)
MORPHEMES:
Various sets of morphs realize the same morpheme.
Morphemes are abstract units.
Morphemes are the minimal meaningful units of a language.
Morphs like every, one, live, by, sell, some, thing are called potentially free morphs.
Morphs which cannot be word-forms by themselves but which need to be attached to other morphs are
called obligatorily bound morphs.
Various sets of morphs realize the same morphemes.
Morphemes are abstract units. They are the minimal (smallest) meaningful units of a language.
Types of MORPHEME:
• Root, base, stem
A root is a single word. Anything we attach affixes to, whether it is a root is a base. A stem is the actual
form to which an inflectional affix is attached to.
• Derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes
Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes that add new meaning to an existing word.
Inflectional morphemes are bound morphemes that are purely grammatical markers.
Free morphemes are morphemes that can stand by themselves as single words.
Bound morphemes are morphemes that must be attached to another form and cannot stand alone.
Bound morphemes include all types of affixes: prefixes and suffixes.
Morphs which realize a particular morpheme and which are conditioned are called the allomorphs of
that morpheme
Lexical categories (N, V, Adj, Adv, Prep) and functional categories (Det, Aux, Pro, Conj, C)
Word classes: Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, Pronouns, Wh-words, Minor categories
DEFINITION OF WORDS:
A word is an arbitrary union of sound form and meaning.
A word is seen as a three-part symbol: a sound/graphic form, a concept (i.e. meaning), a

syntactic/grammatical category (i.e. noun, verb, adj, adv, etc.)
TYPES OF WORD:
Simple words are those made up of only one root and cannot be broken down into smaller units.
Compound words are those made up of two or more roots.
Complex words are those made up of roots and one or more inflectional and/or derivational affixes.
The closed categories are the function words, including: pronouns, conjunctions, and determiners.
The open categories are the major lexical categories, including: nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
Derivation is the process by which a new word is built from a base through the addition of an affix (i.e.
prefix and suffix) (Một từ được biến đổi thành từ khác, Quá trình này mất một gốc từ và thêm phụ tố để
tạo ra một từ mới)
Derivation creates a new word by changing the category and/or the meaning of the base to which it
applies.
Compounding is the process of forming new words by adding one base to another (i.e. combining two
already existing words) (Ghép từ là quá trình hình thành từ mới bằng cách thêm một từ gốc vào từ gốc
khác (tức là kết hợp hai từ đã tồn tại)
Ví dụ: sunglasses, life-threatening, football stadium
The lexical category (part of speech) of the last member of the compound is the same as that of the
entire compound, e.g. steamboat (n), red-hot (adj)
The second member of the compound acts as a head of the compound while the first is its dependent.
CAR-RACE; RACE-CAR
Conversion creates a new word without the use of affixation. It is the derivational process whereby an
item changes its word class without an addition of an affix. (Chuyển đổi tạo ra một từ mới mà không cần
sử dụng tiền tố. Đây là quá trình phái sinh trong đó một mục thay đổi loại từ của nó mà không cần thêm
tiền tố.)
Clipping/abbreviation is a process of subtracting one word or more syllables from a word.
Back formation is the removal of an affix from an existing word (de-affixation). (tạo một từ bằng cách
loại bỏ các tiền tố,hậu tố)
Acronyms are words that are formed from the initial sounds or letters of a string of words. (Được trình
bày bằng cách ghép các chữ cái đầu của các từ,như tên một tổ chức hay sự giải thích có tính khoa học)
Ví dụ: AIDS, NATO, UNESCO
Blends are words that are created from parts of two already existing lexical items. (từ được tạo từ
những phần của hai từ đã có từ trước)
Ví dụ: Brunch = Breakfast + luNCH, Endutainment = EDUcation + enterTAINMENT.
REDUPLICATING: Some compounds have two or more elements which are either identical or only
slightly different.
Onomatopoeic words are those that are created to sound like the things to which they refer. They may
imitate the sound of animals, natural phenomena (mô phỏng tiếng động vật, âm thanh của hiện tượng
tự nhiên)
Grammatical (or well-formed) sentences are:
- those that conform to the rules and principles of the syntax of a language;
- acceptable by native speakers;
- based on the rules constructed unconsciously as children;
- based on the ordering of words and morphemes of a sentence;
- not necessarily dependent on the truth of the sentence;
- not necessarily meaningful.
Syntax is the study of how words are combined to form sentences in a language. Thus syntax concerns:
- Rules of sentence formation
- The internal structure of sentences and categories that constitute the sentences
- Forms/types of sentences
Relational structure
Subject – verb - object
Modifier – modified, good student
Possessor – possessed, Peter’s car
Constituent structure
NP – VP noun phrase, verb phrase
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES: Tense, Aspect, Mood, Voice, Person, Number, Gender, Case
A phrase includes a single word or group of words that do not contain ‘Subject-Predicate’ structure.
It is a syntactic unit which is built around a noun, verb, adjective, adverb, or preposition.
THE STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH PHRASES
- Head: the organisation of phrase structure

- Specifiers: attached to the left of the head, mark the phrase (determiner, auxiliary, degree
word)
- Complements are attached to the right of the head in English
- S -> NP VP
- NP -> Det N
- VP -> V NP PP
- PP -> Prep NP
A sentence can be defined as a string of words put together by the grammatical rules of a language.
A sentence can be simple or complex.
A clause is a group of words with its own subject and predicate if it is included into a larger
sentence. A clause forms a sentence (=independent clause, simple sentence), or part of a sentence
(dependent clause) and often functions as noun, adjective, or adverb.
Declarative sentence (câu trần thuật)
Interrogative sentence (câu nghi vấn)
Imperative sentence (câu cầu khiến)
A simple sentence is a sentence that contains only one clause, a main clause.
Complex sentences are formed by joining a number of simple sentences together. Complex sentences
are classified into two types: coordinate and subordinate.
The embedded relation, a kind of subordination, is when a clause functions as a constituent of another
clause.

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Morphology is the study of word forms, of internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words

• A word is basic unit of language.

• A word is a minimal free form.

Elements smaller than words

Constant form and constant meaning

Potentially free, obligatorily bound (dependent)

Various sets of morphs realize the same morpheme.

Morphemes are abstract units.

Morphemes are the minimal meaningful units of a language.

Various sets of morphs realize the same morphemes.

• Root, base, stem

• Derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes

A word is an arbitrary union of sound form and meaning.

A word is seen as a three-part symbol: a sound/graphic form, a concept (i.e. meaning), a

Compound words are those made up of two or more roots.

Ví dụ: sunglasses, life-threatening, football stadium

Clipping/abbreviation is a process of subtracting one word or more syllables from a word.

Ví dụ: AIDS, NATO, UNESCO

Ví dụ: Brunch = Breakfast + luNCH, Endutainment = EDUcation + enterTAINMENT.

Grammatical (or well-formed) sentences are:

- acceptable by native speakers;

- based on the rules constructed unconsciously as children;

- based on the ordering of words and morphemes of a sentence;

- not necessarily dependent on the truth of the sentence;

- not necessarily meaningful.

- Rules of sentence formation

Subject – verb - object

Modifier – modified, good student

Possessor – possessed, Peter’s car

NP – VP noun phrase, verb phrase

THE STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH PHRASES

- Head: the organisation of phrase structure

Declarative sentence (câu trần thuật)

Interrogative sentence (câu nghi vấn)

Imperative sentence (câu cầu khiến)

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