ADVANCED LEVEL MATHEMATICS

TOPIC: DIFFERENTIATION

HOMEWORK 1

dy
1. Find dx for each of the following

a) y=6 x 2 b) y=2 x
6
c) y=7 x
2

−1 3 3 −3
d) y= x e) y= 2 f) y= 4
4 2x 4x

g) y=4 x−1 h) √3 x

HOMEWORK 2

1. Find f 1 ( x) for each of the following

4 −6 5
a) f ( x )= 5 b) f ( x )= 3 c) f ( x )= 2
√x √x √x

−15
b) f ( x )= f ( x )= √ x 5
2
e) f) f ( x )=(5 x)
√5 x
−2
c) f ( x )=7 √ x h) f ( x )=x 3

HOMEWORK 3

1. Differentiate each of the following with respect to x

1
 2 2 5 3 3 3
a) y=5 x − 3 b) y=x − 3 c) y= −1+4 x
x x x

1 −1 1 2 5
d) y=3 x 3 −4 x 3 e) 2
y=4 x + 2 x−1 f) y=6 x −4 x3 2

6 1
g ¿ y= −4 √ x h) y= √ x +1+
√x √x

Derivation of (ax +b)n

dy n−1
If y=(ax +b)n , then =n(ax+ b) xa
dx

Examples

dy
1. Find dx for each of the following

a) y=(3 x+ 5) 4 [ans 12(3 x +5)3 ]

b) y=(4 x3 +5 x )6 [ans 6 ( 12 x 2+5 ) (4 x3 +5 x )5 ]

1 −3
c) y=(2−3 x ) 2 [ans ]
2 √2−3 x

12
d) y=(1−4 x)−3 [ans 4 ]
(1−4 x )

HOMEWORK 4

1. Differentiate each of the following with respect to x

a) (3 x +2) 4 b) (2 x−3)
5
c) (1−4 x )
7

2
d) (2+9 x )5 e) (3+ x )
2 5
f) 3 8
(1−x )

−3
g) (2 x 4 +1)6 h) 2
(x +5)
10
i) (1+3 x)

HOMEWORK 4 – ANSWERS

a) 12(3 x +2)3 b) 10(2 x−3)

4
c) −28(1−4 x )
6

e) 45 (2+9 x) 4 e) 10 x (3+ x )
2 4
f) 2
−24 x (1−x )
3 7

−9
g) 48 x 3 (2 x 4 +1)5 h) 2
20 x (x +5)
9
i) 4
(1+3 x)

HOMEWORK 5

1. Differentiate each of the following with respect to x

1 1 5 1
a) b) 2 c) d) 2
3+4 x 4−x 3−2 x ( x +1)

7 −1 3 −4
1
e) 2 5 f) 2 g) (5 x −4 ) h) 4 2
(2−x ) (3 x + 8) 2(5−3 x )

HOMEWORK 5 – ANSWERS

−4 2x 10 −6
a) 2 b) 2 2 c) 2 d) 3
(3+ 4 x) ( 4−x ) (3−2 x ) ( x +1)

2 3
70 x 6x −60 x 12 x
e) 2 6 f) 2 2 g) 3 −5 h) 4 3
(2−x ) (3 x + 8) (5 x −4 ) (5−3 x )

3
HOMEWORK 6

2. Find f 1 ( x) for each of the following with respect to x

1 2 −1
a) f ( x )=(6−x) 3 b) f ( x )=(x 3−2) 3 c) f ( x )=(4−x 5 ) 5

1 6
d) f ( x )= √ x 2 +3 f ( x )= f ( x )= 3
3
e) f)
√ 5−2 x √ x 2+5
3
g) f ( x )= 6
5
h) f ( x )=(5−4 √ x)
√ 4 x −7

HOMEWORK 6 – ANSWERS

−2
−1 −1
4
a) (6−x ) 3 b) 2 x 2(x 3−2) 3 c) x ¿
3

2x 1 −4 x
d) e) f)
3 √(x¿ ¿ 2+ 3) ¿ √(5−2 x ) √(x 2+5)
2 3 3 4

2 10(5−4 √ x)
4
g) 7 h)
√6 (4 x−7) √x

Gradients
 To find the gradient of a curve at a particular point, we have to differentiate the given
function and replace the given point to obtain the gradient.

Examples
1. Find the gradient of each of the following curves at the given point.

a) y=2 x 3−4 at ( 2 , 12 ) [ans 24]

b) y=5−x 2 at (−2 , 1 ) [ans 4 ]

4
c) y=3−
2
x ( )
5
at 4 , [ans ]
2
1
8
d) y=5 x−x 2 at ( 1 , 4 ) [ans 3]

HOMEWORK 7

1. Find the gradient of each of the following curves at the given point.

a) y=3 x 2−2 x at ( 2 , 20 )
b) y=5 x + x 3 at (−1 ,−6 )
c) y= ( x +1 ) (2 x +3) at ( 2 , 21 )
2 4
d) y=2 x −x + at ( 2 , 8 )
x
4
e) y=2− 2 at (−2 , 1 )
x
x +5
f) y= at (−1 ,−4 )
x
g) y=3 x +7 at (−3 ,−2 )

h) y=6 √ x +
1
2 √x
at ,( )
1 7
9 2

HOMEWORK 7 – ANSWERS

a) 34 b) 8 c) 13 d) 6

e) −1 f) −5 g) 3 h) 9/4

EXAMPLES

1. Find the coordinates of any points on the following lines where the gradients is as stated

a) y=x 2 , gradient 8 [ans ( 4 ,16 ) ]

b) y=x 2−4 x +5 , gr adient 2[ans (3 ,2 ) ]

5
 16
c) y= 2
, gradient 4[ans (−2 , 4 ) ]
x

HOMEWORK 8

1. Find the coordinates of any points on the following lines where the gradient is as stated

a) y=3 x 2 , gradient −6 b) 3
y=x +2 x−1 , gradient 29

c) y=x 3−x 2 +3 , gradient 0 d) 3 2

y=2 x −4 x +3 x +2 , gradient 1

4−x
e) y= √ x +5, gradient 1 f) y= , gradient−1
x

HOMEWORK 8 – ANSWERS

2 77
a) (−1 , 3 ) b) (−3 ,−34 ) , ( 3 ,32 ) c) ( 0 , 3 ) ,( , )
3 27

1 71 1 11
d) ( , ) ,( 1 , 3 ) e) ( , ) f) (−2 ,−3 ) , ( 2 , 1 )
3 27 4 2

HOMEWORK 9

1) Find the gradient of the curve y=x 2 +6 x−4 at the point where the curve cuts the axis

2) Find the coordinates of the points where the curve y=x 2−x −12 cuts the x-axis and
determine the gradient of y=x 2−x −12 at these points.

3) The gradient of y=x 2−4 x +6 at (3 , 3) is the same as the gradient of y=8 x −3 x 2 at (a ,b).
Find the value of a and of b .

4) Find the coordinates of the point on the curve y=x 3−3 x 2 +6 x +2 at which the gradient is 3.

6
5) Find the coordinates of the point on the curve y=2 x 3−4 x 2+ x +1 at which the gradient is -1.

2 b
6) Given that the curve y=a x + has gradient 4 at the point (1,5), calculate the value of a and
x
b.

HOMEWORK 9 – ANSWERS

1) 6 2) (−3 , 0),(4 , 0)−7 ,−7 3) 1 ,5

1 26
4) [1, 6] 5) (1,0) , ( , ) 6) a=3 , b=2
3 27

HOMEWORK 10

1) The curve C is defined by y=a x2 +b , where a and b are constants. Given that the gradient of
the curve at the point (2 ,−2) is 3, find the values of a and b .

2) Given that the curve with equation y= A x 2 +bx , has gradient 7 at the points (6 , 8), find the
values of the constants A and B.

a
3) A curve whose equation is y= + c, passes through the point (3 , 9) with gradient 5. Find the
x
values of the constants a and c .

4) Given that the curve with equation y=a √ x +b , has gradient 3 at the points (4 , 6), find the
values of the constants a and b.

5) The gradient of the curve y=3 x 2 + x−3 at the point P is 13. Find the coordinates of point P.

HOMEWORK 10 – ANSWERS

7
 3 17 −13
1) a= , b=−5 2) a= , b= 3) a=−45 ,c =24
4 18 3

4) a=12 , b=−18 5) P (2 , 11)

SECOND DERIVATIVES

( )
2
dy d dy d y
 The derivative of , that is is denoted by 2 and is called the second derivative
dx dx dx dx
of y with respect to and is called the second derivative of y with respect to x .
 The derivative of f ' ( x) is denoted by f ' ' ( x ) and is called the second derivative of f (x) with
respect to x .

EXAMPLES

1) Given that f ( x )=x + , find f ' ( x) and f ' ' ( x )

1 ' 1 '' 2
[ ans f ( x )=1− 2 ,
f ( x )= 3 ]
x x x

2) If y=4 x 3, find ( )
2 2 2
dy d y d y dy
and . Hence show that y satisfies 3y −2 ≡0
dx dx
2
dx
2
dx

2
dy 2 d y
[ ans =12 x , 2 =24 x ]
dx dx

HOMEWORK 11

2
d y
1) Find 2 for each of the following
dx

1
a) y=3 x 3 +5 x b) 2
y=x −4 x
6
c) y=
x

8
 2 2
d) y= −x e) y= −√x f) y= √ x−x
3 3
x
2
√x

g) y=x 3 ( x 2 +5) h) y=( x2 −1 ) (2 x+3)

HOMEWORK 12

2
d y
1) Find 2 for each of the following
dx

y= √
2
x −1 x+ 5 6 x−5
a) y= b) c) y=
x √x x
2

5 x−4
d) y=
3√x

2
1 d y dy
2) Given that y= , show that 2 x 2 +3 ≡0
√x dx dx

3) Given that y=x 4 , show that ( )( )

2 2
4y d y dy
2
− ≡0
3 dx dx

4) Given that y= ( )( )
2 2
1 d y dy 3
2 , show that y 2
+ −10 y ≡ 0
x dx dx

5) Given that y= ( ) ( )
2
x +1 d y 4 dy 2
2 , show that 2
+ + y≡0
x dx x dx x 2

TANGENTS

EXAMPLES

1. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y=x 2 at the point P (3 , 9). [ans y=6 x−9]

9
 1
2. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve f ( x )=2 at the point P (−1 , 1).Find the
x

( )1
coordinates of the point where this tangent meets the curve again.[ans y=2 x +3 , , 4 ]
2

3. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y=x 2 +3 , where x=2.

HOMEWORK 13

1. Find the equation of the tangent to each of the following curves at the point indicated by the
given value of x .

8
a) y=5− 2 , where x=−2 b) y=6 √ x , where x =4
x

c) y=x 3−x 2 +2, where x=1 d) 2

y=x −10 x +30, where x=5

x +4
e) y= , where x=−2 f) 2
y=x ( x −3) , where x=2
x

HOMEWORK 13 – ANSWERS

a) y=−2 x−1 b) 2 y−3 x=12 c) y=x +1

d) y=5 e) y=− x−3 f) y=9 x −16

HOMEWORK 14

1. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y=x 2−3 x +1 at the point where the curve cuts
the y-axis.

2. Find the equation of the two tangents to the curve y=x 2−5 x +4 at the points where the
curve cuts the x-axis. Find also the coordinates of the point of intersection of the two
tangents.

10
3. The two tangents to the curve y=x 2 at the points where y=9, intersect at the point P. Find the
coordinates of P.

4. Find the values of x for which the gradient of the curve y=x 3−3 x 2−9 x +10 is 15. hence
find the equations of the tangents to the curve which have gradient 15.

5. Find the equation of the tangent, t, to the curve y=x 2 +5 x+ 2 , which is perpendicular to the
line l, with equation 3 y + x=5. find also the coordinates of the point t where meets l.

6. The tangent to the curve y=a √ x−5 at the point (4 , b) is parallel to the line y=2 x +1. Find
the values of the constants a and b.

HOMEWORK 14 – ANSWERS

1. y=−3 x +1. 2) y=−3 x +3 , y=3 x−12 , ( 52 , −92 ) 3) (0 ,−9)

4. −2 , 4 , y=15 x +38 , y=15 x−70 5) y=3 x +1 , ( 15 , 85 )

6. a=8 , b=11

Normal
 The normal to a curve at appoint P is the straight line through P which is perpendicular to the
tangent at P.
 Since the tangent and normal are perpendicular to each other, if the gradient of the tangent is
−1
m, the gradient of the normal is
m

11
EXAMPLES

1. Find the equation of the normal to the curve y=3 x 2 +7 x−2 at the point P where x=−1
[ans y=−x−7]

2. Find the equation of the normal to the curve y=x 2−3 x at the point P where x=2
[ans y=−x]

3. Find the equation of the normal to the curve y=x 3 + 4 at the point P where x=−1
[ans 3 y + x=8]

4. Find the equations of the normals to the curve y=x 3−3 x 2 +4 which are perpendicular to the
line y−24 x=1.
−1 193 −1 121
[ans P (−2 ,−16 ) , eqn y= x− ,Q ( 4 , 20 ) , eqn y= x+ ]
24 12 24 6

HOMEWORK 15

1. Find the equation of the normal to the curves at the point indicated by the given value of x .

1
a) y=6− 2 , where x=1, b) 3 2
y=x +2 x −3 , where x =−2
x

x−3
c) y=x 4−9 x 2, wher e x=3 d) y= 2
, where x =−1
x

36
e) y= √ x ( x 2−2 ) , where x =1 f) y=3− 2 , where x=−3
x

4+ x
2
1 1
g) y= , where x=−2 h) y=3 √ x + , where x=
x √x 4

HOMEWORK 15 – ANSWERS

a) 2 y + x=11 b) 4 y + x+14=0 c) 54 y + x=3

12
d) 7 y−x +27=0 e) 3 y +2 x+1=0 f) 8 y−3 x=1

g) x=−2 h) 4 y−4 x=13

HOMEWORK 16

1
1. The normal to the curve y=2 x + , at x=2 cuts the x -axis at A. Find the coordinates of A.
x

8
2. The normals to the curve y=2 x + , at x=1∧x=4 intersect at the point P. Show that the
x

coordinates of P is(17 52
,
5 5
.)
3. Find the equation of the normal to the curve y=x 3−8 at the point where the curve cuts the x-
axis.

4. The normal to the curve y=x 2 +5 x−2 at the point where x=−3 , and the tangent to the same
curve at the point where x=1, meet at the point Q. Find the coordinates of Q.

5. Find the equation of the normal at the point (2 , 3) on the curve y=2 x 3−12 x 2+23 x−11.
Find also the coordinates of the points where the normal meets the curve again.

1
6. The normal to the curve y=x 3 +cx at the point (2 , d) has gradient . Find the values of the
2
constants c and d.

HOMEWORK 16 – ANSWERS

1. ( 798 , 0) 3) 12 y+ x=2 4) ( −13 ,− 163 ,)

5. y=x +1 b) (1 , 2),(3 , 4 ) 6) c=−14 , d=−20

13
PRODUCT RULE

dy dv du
If y=uv , where uand v are both functions of x , then =u + v
dx dx dx

EXAMPLES

1. Find
dy
for each of the following functions
dx

a) (6+ x )(5−x)
b) (x +4 )( x 2−2 ¿
c) (3 x−5)( x 2−2 x+7 ¿
dy
d) y=x ¿
2
[ ans =x ¿ ]
dx
dy
e) y= ( x +2 )3 ¿ [ ans =−8 x ¿ ]
dx
2 2
dy 7 x (3 x −2)
f) y=7 x ¿) 2
[ans = ]
dx √ x 2−1

HOMEWORK 17

1. Use the product rule to differentiate the given function with respect to x

2
a) (2 x+ 5)(x −7) b) ( x +6)( x −3 x+ 3)

c) (5 x ¿¿ 3−3)¿ ¿ x 2+ 4 x−1 ¿ d) 3x ¿
2

d) 5 x 2 ¿ f) 3
x ¿

HOMEWORK 17 – ANSWERS

2 4 3 2
a. 4 x−9 b) 3 x + 6 x −15 c) 25 x +80 x −15 x −6 x−12

d. 6 x (2 x+5)(4 x +5) e) 20 x ( 2−x 3 ) (1−2 x 3)

14
 2
f. x ¿

HOMEWORK 18

1. Use the product rule to differentiate the given function with respect to x

a. ¿ b) ¿

c. ¿ d) x √ x +1

e. (2 x−1) √ x+ 3 f) √ x 2−2 √6 x−1

g. √ x¿ h) √ ( x−1 ) (2 x+ 1)

HOMEWORK 18 – ANSWERS

a. (5 x−4)(x+ 2)¿ b) −(107+315 x)(3+5 x )¿

3 x +2
c. 4 (32 x 2−35 x−18)¿ d)
2 √ x +1

2
6 x+ 11 9 x −x−6
e. f)
2 √ x +3 √( x −2 ) (6 x−1)
2

( 25 x −1 ) (5 x−1) 4 x−1
g. h)
2 √x 2 √ ( x−1 ) (2 x +1)

QUOTIENT RULE

du dv
u v −u
 If y= , where u and v are functions of, then dy dx dx
v =
dx v
2

EXAMPLES

15
Differentiate with respect to x
3 x+ 2 dy −1
a. y= [ans = ]
2 x+ 1 dx ¿ ¿

x
b. y=
x−2

4 x +3
c. y=
2 x−1

2
x dy −(4−5 x )
d. y= [ans = ]
¿¿¿ dx ¿¿

HOMEWORK 19

1. Use the quotient rule to differentiate the given function with respect to x

2
5x 1+3 x x
a. y= b) y= c) y=
x +2 2−5 x 4−x

3 5 3
x x (5 x +1)
d. y= e) y= f) y=
2 x−3 3−x √x

HOMEWORK 19 – ANSWERS

10 11 x ( 8−x )
a. b) c)
( x+2 )2 ( 2−5 x )2 ( 4−x )2

2 4 2
x ( 4 x −9 ) x (15−4 x ) (5 x +1) ( 25 x−1 )
d. e) f)
(2 x−3 )2 (3−x )2 2 √ x3

HOMEWORK 20

16
1. Use the quotient rule to differentiate the given function with respect to x

y= √
2 2
x x x +1 3 x−2
a. y= b) y= c) y= d)
2 x−1 2−x 3 x−1 √ x−3

5+2 √ x
4 4

e. y=
√x f) y=
(3 x ¿¿ 2+2)
¿ g) y= h) y=
(2−3 x)
2 x−1 √2 x−1 (5−4 x)3 √ 1−x 2

HOMEWORK 20 – ANSWERS

−1 x ( 4−x ) 2
3 x −2 x−3
a. b) c) d)
( 2 x−1 )2 ( 2−x )2 ( 3 x −1 )2
−7
y=
2 √ (x−3)3 √ 3 x−2

2 3
−2 x+1 (45 x ¿¿ 2−24 x−2)(3 x + 2)
e. y= f) y= ¿
2 √ x √(2 x−1) √(2 x−1)3
2

−5(4 x +12 √ x +1) (3 x ¿¿ 2+2 x−6)(2−3 x )

g. y= h) y= ¿
√ x (5−4 x )
2
√(1−x 2)3

DIFFERENTIATION OF TRIG FUNCTIONS

Result

dy
1. If y=sinx , then =cosx ,
dx
dy
2. If y=cosx , then =−sinx ,
dx

EXAMPLES

a) y=cos 3 x [ans−3 sin 3 x ]

17
b) y=sin ( x2 +2 ) [ans 2 xcos ( x 2+ 2) ]

−1
1
c) y=cos √ x [ans− x 2
sin √ x ]
2

DIFFERENTIATION OF sin n x∧cos n x

EXAMPLES

dy
Find for each of the following
dx
a) y=cos3 x [ans −3 cos 2 xsinx ]

b) y=sin4 x [ans 4 sin3 xcosx]

c) y=¿ [ans 5 ¿]

d) y=cos3 2 x [ans −6 cos 2 2 xsin 2 x ]

EXAMPLES

dy
Find for each of the following
dx

a) y=xsinx [ans xcosx+ sinx ]

b) y=sin2 xcos 2 x [ans sin 2 x (cos 2 x−2 sin2 x )

sinx
c) y=
cosx

HOMEWORK 21

18
 dy
1. Find for each of the following
dx

1
a. y=sin 4 x b) y=cos ⁡( π −2 x ) c) y=sin ⁡( x + π)
2

1
d. y=2cos 7 x e) y=sin x f) y=cos ⁡( x+3)
2

π
g. y=3 sin ⁡(x + ) h) y=−2cos ⁡(4 x−7)
4

HOMEWORK 21 – ANSWERS

1 1
a. 4 cos 4 x b) 2 sin ⁡(π −2 x ) c) cos ( x+ π )
2 2

1
d. −14 sin 7 x e) 4 cos x f) −sin ⁡(x+ 3)
2

π
g. 3 cos (x+ ) h) 8 sin ⁡(4 x−7)
4

HOMEWORK 22

dy
1. Find for each of the following
dx

a. y=cos ⁡( x2 +1) b) 2
y=sin ⁡(2 x +1) c) 3
y=sin ⁡(x )

d. y=2cos ⁡( x 2−1) e) 3
y=3 sin ⁡(2 x +3) f) y=6 cos ⁡(4−3 x )
4

g. y=sin ⁡(x 3−3 x 2) h) y=sin √ x

19
HOMEWORK 22 – ANSWERS

a. −2 xsin ⁡(x 2+ 1) b) 2
4 xcos ⁡(2 x +1) c) 2
3 x cos ⁡( x )
3

d. −4 xsin ⁡( x 2−1) e) 2
18 x cos (2 x +3)
3
f) 3
72 x ⁡(4−3 x )
4

3 cos √ x
g. ⁡3 (x2 −2 x )cos ⁡( x 3−3 x 2 ) h)
√x

HOMEWORK 23

dy
1. Find for each of the following
dx

a. y=sin2 x b) y=cos x
3
c) y= √ cosx

2 3
d. y=sin4 5 x e) y=sin (6 x+ 1) f) y=cos (3−2 x )

HOMEWORK 23 – ANSWERS

2 −sinx
a. 2 sinxcosx b) −3 sinx cos x c)
2 √cosx

2
d. 20 cos 5 xsin3 5 x e) 6 sin ⁡(12 x +2) f) 6 cos (3−2 x )sin( 3−2 x)

HOMEWORK 24

dy
1. Find for each of the following
dx

a. y=¿ b) y=¿ c) y=¿

d. y=¿ e) y= √ 1−6 s inx f) y=¿

20
HOMEWORK 24 – ANSWERS

a. 2 cosx(1+ sinx) b) 4 sinx ¿ c) −18 sinx ¿

−3 cosx
d. 3(cosx−2 sin 2 x )¿ e)
√1−6 sinx

f. 3 sin 2 x ¿

HOMEWORK 25

dy
1. Find for each of the following
dx

2 2
a. y=xsinx b) y=x sinx c) y=x cos 3 x

3 5
d. y=sin3 xcosx e) y=x sin 6 x f) y=x sin x

g. y=3 x 2 cos 4 2 x h) 3
y=sin x cos 3 x

HOMEWORK 25 – ANSWERS

2 2
a. sinx+ xcosx b) 2 xsinx+ x cosx c) 2 xcos 3 x−3 x sin 3 x

2
d. 3 cos 3 xcosx−sin 3 xsinx e) 3 x (sin 6 x+2 xcos 6 x )

f. sin 4 x (sinx+5 xcosx) g) 3

6 x cos 2 x (cos 2 x−4 xsin 2 x )

h. 3 sin2 xcos 4 x

HOMEWORK 26

dy
1. Find for each of the following
dx

21
 sin 2 x x cos 2 x 1
a. y= b) y= c) y= d) y=
x
2
sinx x +1 1+ sinx

4
1+sin 2 x x 1+ sinx cos x
e. y= f) y= 2 g) y= h) y=
cos 2 x 1+cos x 1+cosx x
2

HOMEWORK 26 – ANSWERS

sinx−xcosx −2 ( x +1 ) sin 2 x +cos 2 x

a. b) 2 c)
x ¿¿

−cosx 2(1+sin 2 x ) 1+ 2 xsinxcosx +cos x

2
d. e) f)
¿¿ cos 2 2 x ¿¿

3
1+ sinx+ cosx −2 cos x(2 xsinx +cosx )
g. h)
¿¿ x3

HOMEWORK 27

1. Show that (
d cosx +sinx
)≡
2
dx cosx −sinx 1−sin 2 x

dy
2. Given that y=sinx+ 3 cosx ,show that cosx + ysinx ≡1
dx

dy 2
3. Given that y=sin2 x−2 cosx , show that tanx − y ≡ sin +2 secx
dx

2
d y
4. Given that y=cos 4 x ,show that 2
≡−16 y
dx

22
 2
d y
5. Given that y= Asin 3 x + Bcos 3 x ,where A and B are constants, show that 2
+9 y ≡0
dx

2
d y dy
6. Given that y=sinx+ 3 cosx ,show that −3 +2 y ≡10 sinx
dx
2
dx

DIFFERENTIATION OF tanx

Result

dy 2
If y=tanx ,then =sec x
dx

EXAMPLES

dy
Find for each of the following
dx

a. y=tan 3 x

b. y=tan 2 x

c. y=tan ⁡( x+2)

HOMEWORK 28

dy
1. Find for each of the following
dx

a. y=2 tan ⁡( x 4 ) b) 2
y=tan ⁡( x +3) c) 2
y=tan x

2 3
d. y=−tan2 5 x e) y=(1+tanx) f) y=(3−tan 2 x)

g. y= √ 1−tanx h) y=tan √ x

23
HOMEWORK 28 – ANSWERS

a. 8 x 3 sec 2 ( x 4 ) b) 2 2
2 x sec ( x +3) c) 2
2 sec xtanx

2
d. −10 sec 2 5 xtan5 x e) 2 sec x (1+tanx) f) 2
−6 sec 2 x ¿

−sec 2 x sec 2 √ x
g. h)
2 √ 1−tanx 2 √x

HOMEWORK 29

dy
1. Find for each of the following
dx

1
a. y=xtanx b) y= c) 5
y=x tan 3 x
1+tanx

tanx 3 x−1
d. y= e) y=xtan x
2
f) y=
x tanx

HOMEWORK 29 – ANSWERS

2
2 −sec x 4 2
a. tanx+ x sec x b) 2 c) x (5 tan 3 x +3 x sec 3 x )
(1+tanx)

2
x sec x−tanx 2 2
d. 2 e) 2 x tanx sec x + x tan x
x

2
3tanx +(3 x−1) sec x
f.
tan2 x

TANGENTS AND NORMALS

24
HOMEWORK 30

1. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y=x + sinx at the point where x=
π
3

2. Find the equation of the tangent and of the normal to the curve y=xcosx at the point where
x=π

3. Find the equation of the tangent and normal of the curve y=3+ xcosx at the point (0 , 3) on
the curve.

4. Find the equation of the tangent and the normal to the curve y=
1
at the point where
1+2 sinx
π
x= .
3

5. The normals to the curve y=cos 2 x at the points A ( π4 , 0) and B( 34π , 0) meet at the point C.
Find the coordinates of the point C, and the area of the triangle ABC.

HOMEWORK 30 – ANSWERS

1. 6 y−9 x =3 √ 3−π 2) y=− x , y=x−2 π

3. y=x +3 , y=3−x 4) 24 y +6 √ 3 x=12+ √ 3 π , 6 √ 3 y−24 x=3 √ 3−4 π

5. ( )
π π π2
, ,
2 8 32

GRADIENTS

HOMEWORK 31

25
1. The equation of a curve is y=tan(x +1). Find to 2 d . p, the gradient of the normal to the
curve at the point where x=0 .

π
2. A curve has the equation y=5 (1−cos 2 x ) and is defined for 0 ≤ x ≤ radians. Find the
2
π
gradient of the curve when x= .
4

3. Find the gradient of the tangent to the curve y=xcosx at the point where x=0.5 , giving your
answer to 2 d . p.

4. For each of the following find the coordinates of any points on the curve where the gradient
is as stated for which 0 ≤ x ≤ π .

a) y=sin2 x , gradient 1
b) y=3 sinx−sin3 x , gradient 1

HOMEWORK 31 – ANSWERS

2. −0.29 2) 10 3) 0.64

4) ( π6 , √23 ) ( 56π , −2√ 3 ) b) ( π3 , 98√3 )

IMPLICITY FUNCTIONS

 Some curves are defined by implicit functions.

 That is, functions which are not expressed in the form y=f (x ).
 For example, x 2+ 3 xy =4 , is an implicit function.
 Many implicit functions cannot be expressed in the form y=f ( x ). for example, the implicit
function

2 3
x + 3 xy −4 y =7

26
 Cannot be expressed n the form y=f ( x )

 For this reason, we must have a technique for differentiating implicit functions.

EXAMPLES

dy
1. Find in terms of x and y if:
dx

dy −x
a) x 2+ y 2=7 [ans = ]
dx y

dy 2 x−6
b) y 3 +6 x=x 2 [ans = ]
dx 3y
2

2
dy 3 x − y
c) 3 y 2 +2 y+ xy =x 3 [ans = ]
dx x +6 y +2

EXAMPLES

dy
1. Find in terms of x and y if:
dx

dy 2x
a) x 2−6 y 3 + y=0 [ans = ]
dx 18 y 2−1

dy 5−2 xy
b) x 2 y =5 x +2 [ans = ]
dx x
2

dy 14 x
c) (x + y )5 −7 x 2=0 [ans = ]
dx 5 ¿ ¿

3 2
x dy 3 x −2
d) =2 [ans = ]
x+ y dx 2

27
e) Find the equation of the tangent and the normal to the curve 3 x 2−xy−2 y 2 +12=0 at the
point (2 , 3).

[ ans tangent 14 y =9 x+24 normal 9 y +14 x=55

HOMEWORK 32

dy
1. Find in terms of x and y if:
dx

a) 2 x 2+ y 2 =4 x b) 2 3
6 x + 2 y =8 x+ 4 y

c) 2 x3 −5 y 2+ 6 x −10 y=6 d) 2 2
2 x +2 y +3 x=10+7 y

e) x 2+ xy+ y 2=0 f) 3
x +3 xy − y =6
2

g) 2 x3 +3 xy 2− y3 =0 h) 2 2
3 x + 2 y −5 x + xy +6 y=8

HOMEWORK 32 – ANSWERS

2(1−x ) 2(2−3 x ) (x ¿¿ 2+1)

a) b) c) 3 ¿
y 3 y 2−2 5( y +1)

e) f)
2
4 x +3 −(2 x + y) 3 (x + y )
d)
7−4 y (x +2 y) (2 y−3 x )
e)

h)
2 2 ¿ 5−6 x− y
g) 2 x + y ¿ y ( y−2 x)
6+ x +4 y

HOMEWORK 33

1. Find the gradient of the curve at the point specified

28
a) x y 2−6 y=8 at (2 ,−1) b) 4 3
x − y =2 at (1 ,−1)

b) 3 y 4 −7 x y 2−12 y=5 at (−2 , 1) d) 3 2

xy − yx =6 at (3 , 2)

2
x
e) (x + y )2−4 x + y +10=0 at (2 ,−3) f) at (8 , 2)
x− y

2 5 1
f) + =2 xy at ( , 5) h) 4
(x +2 y) =1 at (5 ,−2)
x y 2

HOMEWORK 33 – ANSWERS

1 4 1 4
a) b) c) d)
10 3 4 27

−1
e) -6 f) 0 g) −15 h)
2

HOMEWORK 34

1. For the questions (a) to (c), find the equation of (a) the tangent and (b) the normal to the
curve at the given point on the curve.

a) 5 y 2−3 x 2−x + y=0 at the point (1 ,−1)

b) 3 x 2−2 xy + y 2=9 at the point (−2 ,−3)

c) x 3 +3 x 2 y= y 2 at the point (−1 , 1)

2. Find the equations of the tangents to the curve x 2 y −x y 2=12 at the point where y=3.

HOMEWORK 34 – ANSWERS

29
a) 9 y +7 x +2=0 , 7 y=9 x −16

b) y +3 x+ 9=0 ,3 y=x −7

c) y +3 x+ 2=0 , 3 y=x +4

2. 15 x−8 y=36 ,7 y −15 x =36

PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS

 In some cases, y is defined as a function of x by expressing of a third variable known as a

parameter.
 Such equations are called parametric equations.
 For example, the pair of equations
2
x=t +1 , y =t

Are examples of parametric equations, with the parameter being t.

 In fact, these parametric equations define the parabola with equation y=x 2−2 x +1

EXAMPLES

1. Find the Cartesian equation for each of the following parametric forms

a) x=√ t , y=2t 2−1 [ans 4

y=2 x −1]

1 3
b) x= , y=3 t−1 [ans y= −1]
t x

1 3 3x
c) x= , y= [ans y= ]
2−t 1+2 t 5 x−2

DIFFERENTIATION OF PARAMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Consider the parametric equations

30
 2
x=t +1 , y =t

dx dy
=1 , =2 t
dt dt

dy dx dy
= x
dx dt dt

¿2t

EXAMPLES

dy
1. Find in terms of the parametric t if
dx

dy 4
a) x=2 t 3 , y=4 t 2+ 1 [ ans = ]
dx 3 t

3 dy −t 3
b) x= , y= √(1+t )
2
[ ans = ]
t dx 3 √(1+ t¿¿ 2)¿

EXAMPLES

dy
2. Find in terms of the parametric t for each of the following
dx

dy
a) y=3 t 2 +2t , x=1−2 t [ ans =−3 t−1]
dx

dy
c) y=¿ [ ans =2 ¿ ¿ ]
dx

HOMEWORK 35

1. Find the Cartesian equation for each of the following parametric forms

31
a) x=2 t 2+3 , y=4−t 2 b) x=3+2 t , y =4 t −9
2

1 1
b) x=3 t+ 2 , y =( t+3 ) (t−2) d) x= , y=
t−1 t+1

t t
e) x= , y= f) x=2 sinθ , y=cosθ
2t−1 t+3

g) x=sin 2 θ , y=cosθ h) x=sinθ+2 cosθ , y=2 sinθ+ cosθ

HOMEWORK 35 – ANSWERS

a) x +2 y=1 b) 2
y=x −6 x c) 9 y= ( x +7 ) (x−8)

x
d) y= e) x +3 y=7 xy f) 2 2
x + 4 y =4
2 x+1

e) x 2=4 y 2 (1− y 2 ) h) 2 2
5 x +5 y −8 xy =9

HOMEWORK 36

1. Find the Cartesian equation for each of the following parametric forms

a) x=2 t−1 , y =12t 2−5 b) x=2 √ t , y=8t 2 +5

4 2 3
c) x=t , y = d) x= , y=
t √t 1+t

1
e) x=3 t 2+ 2, y=1−t 2 f) x= , y=t (1+ t)
1+t

1 t t t
g) x= , y= h) x= , y=
1+2t 1+2 t 1−3 t 1+ 2t

HOMEWORK 36 – ANSWERS

32
 1 4 4
a) y=3 x 2 +6 x−2 b) y= x +5 c) y=
4 x

2
3x 5−x 1−x
d) y= e) y= f) y= 2
2
x +4 3 x

1−x x
g) y= h) y=
2 5 x+ 1

HOMEWORK 37

dy
1. For each of the curves below, find an expression for in terms of t.
dx

a) x=6 t−5 , y=(2 t−1)3 b) x=4 t (t−2) , y=(t−1)

3

1 2
c) x=4 √ t−t , y=t 2−2 √ t d) x= , y=t +4 t−3
t

2 2
e) x= , y= √ t f) x= 3 , y= √3 6 t +1
3+ √ t √ 3t−4

HOMEWORK 37 – ANSWERS

2 √t −1
3
2 3(t−1)
a) (2 t−1) b) c)
8 2− √ t

2
d) −2 t (t +2) e) −¿ ¿ ¿ f) −
√ (3 t−4) 4
(6 t+ 1)2

HOMEWORK 38

1. Find the gradient of the stated curve at the point defined by the given value of the
parameter t.

a) x=t +5 , y=t 2−2t where t=2 b) 6 3

x=t , y =6 t −5 where t=−3

33
c) x=(t −2)2 , y=(3 t + 4)3 wheret =0

d) x=(2t 3−5)2 , y =(1−3 t)3 wheret=1

1 3
e) x=√ t−1 , y=1/t where t=10 f) x= , y= 2 , where t=5
√ t−4 √t −9

HOMEWORK 38 – ANSWERS

−1
a) 2 b) c) -36
9

−3 15
d) 1 e) f)
50 32

HOMEWORK 39

1. For the following curves, each of which is given in terms of a parameter t, find an
2
dy d y
expression for and 2 in terms of t.
dx dx

1 2
a) x= , y=(t−2) b) 2 2
x=t + 3 t , y=t −4
t

1
c) x=t 2 ( 2 t+ 3 ) , y =3 t 4 + 4 t 3 +1 d) x=4− , y=(t+ 3)2
t

1 1 t+ 1 1
e) x= , y= f) x= , y=
1+t t−1 t−1 t−1

HOMEWORK 39 – ANSWERS

34
 2t 6
a) 2 t 2 ( 2−t ) ,2 t 3 ( 3 t−4 ) b) ,
2t +3 (2 t+ 3)3

1
c) 2 t , , d) 2 3
2 t ( t+3 ) ,6 t ( t +2 )
3 t (t+ 1)

( ) ( )
t+ 1
2
t +1
3
−2 4
e) ,4 f) 2
, 3
t−1 t−1 (t−1) (t−1)

HOMEWORK 40

1. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve x=3 t 2 , y=7 +12t , at the point where t=2.

2. Find the equations of the tangents to the curve x=t 2, y=6 t−7 , at the points where x=1.

3. Find the equation of the tangent and the normal to the curve x=6 t 2, y=t 3−4 t , at the point
where t=−1.

4. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve x= , x=t −3 t+2 , at the points where the
4 2
t
curve crosses the x−axis .

5. Find the equation of the tangents to the curve x=8 t +1 , y =2t 2, at the points (9 , 2) and
(−31 , 32).

b) Show that these tangents are perpendicular, and find the coordinates of the point of
intersection of the tangents.

2
t x dy
6. Given that the curve x= , y= , show that =t(t+2).
1+t 1+t dx

b) Hence find the points on the curve where the gradient is 15.

HOMEWORK 40 – ANSWERS

1. y=x +19 2) y=3 x−4 , y +3 x+ 10=0

35
3. 12 y−x=30 , y +12 x =75 4) y + x=2 , 4 y−x+ 4=0

5. 2 y−x +5=0 , y +2 x +30=0 b) (−11,−8)

6. ( 34 , 94 ), ( 54 , −254 )

Maximum, Minimum and Point of Inflexion

dy
 A point on a curve at which the gradient is zero, i.e. where =0 is called a stationary point.
dx
 At a stationary point, the tangent to the curve is horizontal and the curve is ‘flat’.
 There are three types of stationary points and you must know how to distinguish one from
another.

1. Minimum point
 In this case the gradient of the curve is negative to the left of point P.
 To the right of point P, the gradient of the curve is positive.

2. Minimum point
 In this case, the gradient of the curve is positive to the left of point P.
 To the right of point P, the gradient of the curve is negative.

3. Point of Inflexion
 In this case, the gradient has the same sign each side of the stationary point.
 A point of inflexion which has zero gradient is called a horizontal point of inflexion.

Example
Find the coordinates of the stationary points on the curve y=x 3 +3 x 2+ 1 and determine their
nature.

[ ans (0 , 1)min ,(−2, 5)max point ]

Second Derivative
 Consider the graph of some function y=f(x) which possesses a maximum, a minimum and a
point of inflexion.
1. At the maximum point P, the gradient of the derived function is negative.

36
 2
d y
that is 2
<0 at a maximum .
dx

2. At the point of inflexion, the gradient of the derived function is zero.

2
d y
that is 2
=0
dx

3. At the maximum point P, the gradient of the derived function is positive.

2
d y
that is 2 >0 at a minimum .
dx

More examples on stationary points

a) Find the coordinates of the stationary points on the curve f ( x )=x 3−6 x2 −15 x +1 and using
the second derivative to determine their nature.

[ ans (5 ,−99)minimum point ]

b) Find the coordinates of the stationary points on the curve f ( x )=x 3−6 x2 −15 x +1 and
determine their nature.

[ ans ( −23 , 1 1327 ) max point ,(2 ,−8)minimum point ]

c) Find the coordinates of the stationary points on the curve f ( x )=x 4+ 2 x 3 and determine their
nature. Sketch the curve

(
1
[ ans −1 ,−1
2
11
16 )
min point , ( 0 , 0 ) inflexion point ]

d) Find the coordinates of the stationary points on the curve f ( x )=5 x 6−12 x 5 and determine
their nature.

[ ans ( 2,−64 ) min point , ( 0 ,0 ) inflexion point ]

37
HOMEWORK 41

1. Find the coordinates of the stationary points on the given curves and determine their nature.

a) y=2 x 2−8 x b) y=18 x−20−3 x

2
c) 3
y=x −x −x +7
2

b) y=1−3 x+ x 3 e) 3
y=x −3 x +3 x−1
2

c) y= ( x −1 ) (x 2−6 x+ 2) g) 3 2
y=x +6 x +12 x +12

HOMEWORK 41 – ANSWERS

a) Min at (2 ,−8) b) max at(3 , 7)

c) max at ( −13 , 7 275 ) , min at ( 1 , 6) d) max at (−3 , 22 ) , min at ( 1,−10 )

e) max at (−1 ,3 ) , min at (1 ,−1 ) f) inflexion at ( 1 , 0 )

g) max at , (
2 14
3 27 )
, min at ( 4 ,−18 ) h) inflexion at ( 1 , 0 )

HOMEWORK 42

1. Find the coordinates of the stationary points on the given curves and determine their nature.

1 2 16 1 3
a) y=x + b) y=x + c) y= − 2
x x x x

2 3
2 1 12 x −1 2−x
d) y= 3
− 2 e) y= 3 f) y= 4
x x x x

HOMEWORK 42 – ANSWERS

38
 1
a) Max at (−1 ,−2) , min at (1 ,2) b) Max at (2 ,12), min at(6 , )
12

1 1
c) Max at (6 , ) d) Min at (3 ,− )
12 27

−1 1 3
e) Min at ( ,−16), max at ( ,16) f) Min at (2 ,− )
2 2 8

HOMEWORK 43

1. Given that the curve x=2 t 2−5, y=t 2−8 t +3,derive the results

2
dy t−4 d y 1
(i) = (ii) = 2
dx 2t 2
d x 2t

Hence find and classify the stationary points on the curve.

2. Given the curve x=t 3 +3 t+1 , y=t 2+ 4 t−4,derive the results.

2
dy 2(t +2) d 2 y 2(t + 4 t−1)
(i) = (ii) =
dx 3 (t 2 +1) d x2 9¿¿

Hence find and classify any stationary values on the curve.

2
3 t−1 t +4
3. For the curve x= , x= , show that
t t

2
dy 2 d y 3
(i) =t −4 (ii) =2 t
dx dx
2

Hence find and classify any stationary values on the curve

HOMEWORK 43 – ANSWERS

a) (27 ,−13)min b) (−13 ,−8)min

39
 7 5
b) ( ,−4 )max , ( , 4 )min ,
2 2

Problems on Maxima and Minima

HOMEWORK 44

1. A piece of string which is 40cm long is cut into two lengths. Each length is laid out to form a
square. Given that the length of the sides of one of the square is xcm, find expressions in
terms of x:

a) The length of the sides of the other square.

b) The total area enclosed by the two squares.

c) Given also that the sum of the two areas is a minimum, calculate the value of x.

2. A stick of length 24cm is cut into three pieces, two of which are of equal length. The two
pieces of equal length are then each cut into four equal lengths and constructed into squares
of side x cm. The remaining piece is cut and constructed into a rectangle of width 3cm. Find
expressions, in terms of x, for

a) The length of the rectangle

b) The total area enclosed by the three shapes.

c) Given also that the sum of the three areas is a minimum. Calculate the value of x.

3. A rectangular enclosure is formed from 1000m of fencing. Given that each of the two
opposite sides of the rectangle has length x metres.

a) Find, in terms of x, the length of the other two sides.

b) Given also that the area enclosed is a maximum, find the value of x, and hence calculate the
area enclosed.

4. A rectangular pen is formed from 40m of fencing with a long wall forming one side of the
pen, as shown in the diagram below.

40
 wall

x x

Given that the two opposite sides of the pen which touch the wall each have length x metres

a) Find in terms of x, the length of each of the other two sides.

b) Given also that the area enclosed is a maximum, find the value of x and hence calculate the
area enclosed.

5. An open metal tank of square base has volume of 108m3. Given that the square base has sides
of length x metres, find expressions in terms of x, for

a) The height of the tank.

b) The surface area of the tank.

c) Given also that the surface Area is a minimum, find the value of x.

6. A silver bar of volume 576cm3is cuboidal in shape, and has a length which is twice its
breadth, given that the breadth of the bar is x cm, find expressions in terms of x, for\

a) The length of the bar.

b) The height of the bar
c) The surface area of the bar
d) Given also that the surface area is a minimum, find the value of x.

HOMEWORK 44 – ANSWERS

1. (a) (10−x)cm b) ¿ c) 5

2. (a) (9−4 x )cm b) ( 2 x 2−12 x +27 ) c m2 c) 3

41
 2
3. (a) (500−x) m b) 250 , 62500 m

2
4. (a) (40−2 x)m b) 10 , 200 m

5. (a)
108
x
2
m b) ( x + 432x ) m
2 2
c) 6

6. (a) 2x cm b)
288
x
2
cm c) ( 4 x + 1728
2
x )
cm
2
d)

Problems on Maxima and Minima

HOMEWORK 45

1. A cylindrical can (with lid) of radius r cm is made from 300cm2 of thin sheet metal.
2
150−π r
a) Show that its height, h cm, is given by h= .
πr
b) Find r and h so that the can will contain the maximum possible volume and find this
volume.

2. The length of a closed rectangular box is 3 times its width as shown by the diagram below. If
its volume is 972 cm2, find the dimensions of the box if the surface area is to be a minimum.

3. Triangle ABC is isosceles with AB= AC=20 cm and BC=24 cm as shown below. A rectangle
PQRS is drawn inside the triangle with PQ on BC, and S and R on AB and AC respectively.

42
 8 x (12−x )
a) If PQ=2 x cm , show that the area A cm2 of the rectangle is given by A=
3

b) Hence find the value of x for which A is a maximum.

4. A can is in the shape of a closed cylinder with a hemispere at one end. Its volume is 45
3
πc m . taking r cm as the radius of the cylinder and h cm as its height show that

3
2r
a) r 2 h+ =45
3
2
5 π r 90 π
b) The external surface area A of the can is given by A= + .
3 r
c) Hence find the value of r for which A is a minimum and find the minimum value of A.
3
4πr 2
(Volume of a sphere= , surface area of a sphere=4 π r ¿
3

5. A piece of wire 48cm long is divided into two parts. One part is formed into the shape of
a circle of radius r cm while the other part is formed into a square of side x cm.

43
 24−2 x
a) Show that r =
π
b) Find an expression in terms of x for the total area A of the two shapes and hence calculate
the value of x for which A is a minimum.

6. A rectangular box has a square cross-section and the sum of its length and the perimeter
of this cross-section is 2m. If the length of the box is x cm, show that its volume V m3 is
2
x (2−x )
given by V = . Hence find the maximum volume of the box.
16

HOMEWORK 45 – ANSWERS

1. r =4 cm, h=8 cm ,V =402 cm3 2) 18 cm by 6 cmby 9 cm

2
3. x=6 4) 3 ; 45 cm

2
576−96 x +( π +4) x 2 3 2
5. , 6.72 cm 6) m [ x= ]
π 27 3

RATES OF CHANGE

Examples

a) The rate of increase of the radius

1. The circumference of a circle is increasing at the rate of 3 cm s−1. Find

b) The rate of increase of the area at the instant when the radius is 100 cm .

[ (a) 0.477cm s−1 b) 300 c m s

2 −1
]

2. The radius r cm of a sphere is increasing at a constant rate of 2 cm s−1. Given that the volume
4 3
of a sphere of radius r is π r , find in terms of π , the rate at which the volume is increasing
3
at the instant when the volume is 36 π c m3.

3 −1
[ (a) 72 π c m s ]

44
3. A sector of a circle of radius r has an angle of
π
radians. Given that r is increasing at a
6
constant rate of 5 cm s−1, calculate, correct to two decimal places, the rate of increase, when

a) The area of the sector

r =6 cm of

b) The perimeter of the sector

2 −1
[(a) 15.71 c m s b) 12.625 cm s−1]

HOMEWORK 46

1. The height of a cone remains constant at 4 cm. the radius of the base increases by 0.1 cm/s .
When the radius is 10cm, calculate the rate at which
a) the volume of the cone is increasing
b) the curved surface area A is increasing
Assume that A= πr √ r 2 + 42 where r is the radius of the base. Leave your answer in terms of π .

2. A container is such that when the depth of liquid in it is x cm, the volume is V c m3 /s, where
1 5 3
V = ( x +10 x + 45 x ). Find the area of the surface of the liquid when the depth is 3 cm.
5
Water is poured into the container at a constant rate of 720 c m3 /s. Find the rate at which the
depth is increasing when the area of the surface of the water is 540 c m2 .

3. The area of a circle is increasing at the uniform rate of 5 c m2 /min . Calculate the rate, in
cm/min at which the radius is increasing when the circumference of the circle is 40 cm.

4. The breadth of a certain rectangle is increasing at the rate of 2cm/s, and its length is always
three times its breadth. When the breadth is 5 cm, at what rate is the area increasing?

5. Sand is poured on to a horizontal floor at a rate of 4 c m3 / s, and forms a pile in the shape of a
right circular cone, of which the height is three-quarters of the radius. Calculate the rate of
change of the radius when the radius is 4 cm.[leave answer in terms of π ]

6. A metal cube is being expanded by heat. At the instant when the length of an edge is 2cm,
the volume of the cube is increasing at the rate of 0.012c m3 /s. At what rate is the length of
the edge increasing at this instant?

45
HOMEWORK 46 – ANSWER

8π 3 54 π 2
1. (a) cm /s b) cm / s
3 5 √29

1
2. (a) 144cm2 b) 1 cm/ s
3

1
3. (a) cm/min 4 60cm2 /s
8

5. (a)
1
cm/s 6. 0.001 cm/s
3π

HOMEWORK 47

1. A container initially empty, is being filled with liquid; t seconds after filling has begun the
depth of liquid in the container is x cm and the volume contained is V c m3, where
πx
V = (x +2). Given that V increases at a constant rate, and that x=10 when t=15, find
2
dy
a) in terms of π
dx
b) the rate at which x is increasing at the moment when x=7

2. Under a heating process, the length, x cm, of each side of a metal cube increases from an
initial value of 9.9 cm at a constant rate of 0.005 cm s−1. Express the volume, V c m3, and the
dV dA
surface area, A c m2, of the cube in terms of x. write down expressions for and ,
dx dx
hence find
a) The rate at which V is increasing when the cube has been heated for 20 seconds.
b) The approximate increase in A as x increases from 10 to 10.001cm.

3. When the height of a liquid in a tub is x metres the volume of liquid is V m3, where V =0.05 ¿
.
dV
a) Find an expression for . the liquid enters the tub at a constant rate of 0.081 m3 s−1
dx
b) Find the rate at which the height of liquid is increasing when V =0.95

46
 π
4. The variable y is given in terms of x by y=cos2 x−0.5, where 0 ≤ x ≤ . Given that x is
2
increasing at 0.5 radians per second, find the rate of change of y with respect to time when
π
x= .
2
5. The volume, V cm3, of liquid in a bowl, when the depth of liquid is x cm, is given by V =2¿ .
Given that liquid enters the bowl at a rate of of 50 c m3 s−1, find
a) The rate of increase in the depth of liquid when x=16
b) The value of x when the rate of increase of the depth of liquid is 0.8 cm s−1 .
5
(3 x −4)
6. A curve has the equation y= . Find
16
dy
a) An expression for
dx
b) The equation of the tangent to the curve at the point where x=2.
c) A particle P moves along the curve. When P is at the point where x=2, the x-coordinate
of P is increasing at the rate of 0.02 units per second. Find the corresponding rate of
change of the y-coordinate of P.

HOMEWORK 47 – ANSWERS

1 −1
1. (a) 4 π b) cm s
2

2 dV 2 dA
2. V =x 3 , A=6 x , =3 x , =12 x , (a) 1.5 cm3 /s (c) 0.12cm2
dx dx

−1
3. (a) 0.45 ¿ (b) 902 m s

4. 0.433 unit/sec

5 −1 5
5. (a) cm s (b) 11
8 8

6. (a)
dy
=15 ¿ ¿ (b) y=15 x−28 (c) 0.3 u nit / sec
dx

HOMEWORK 48

47
1. Water is emptied from a cylindrical tank of radius 20cm at the rate of 2.5 litres s−1 and fresh
water is added at the rate of 2 litres s−1 . At what rate is the water level in the tank changing?

2. A hollow circular cone is held upside with its axis vertical. Liquid is added at the constant
rate of 20 c m3 s−1 but leaks away through a small hole in the vertex at the constant rate of 15
3 −1
c m s . At what rate is the depth of the liquid in the cone changing when it is 12cm?

3. A hemispherical bowl contains liquid as shown in the diagram below. The volume V c m3of
1 2
liquid is given by V = π h (24−h) where h is the greatest depth of the liquid in cm. if liquid
3
is poured into the bowl at the rate of 100 c m3 s−1, at what rate is the greatest depth of the
liquid increasing when it is 2 cm? (Leave answer in terms of π ).

48
4. Sand falls on to level ground at a rate of 1000 c m3 s−1and piles up in the form of a circular
cone whose vertical angle is 60° .
a) Given that tan30 °= , show that the radius r of the base is given by r =
1 h
where h is the
√3 √3
height.

b) Show that the volume V of the pile is

3
πh

c) Hence find the rate at which the height of the pile is increasing when h=20 cm.
9

5. ABC is an isosceles triangle where AC=BC =13 cm and AB=10 cm . PQ moves towards AP
at a steady rate of 0.5 cm s−1 keeping parallel to AB. If PQ is x cm from C, show that
5x
a) PQ= cm
6
5 2 2
b) the shaded area= (144−x )cm
12
c) hence find the rate at which the shaded area is decreasing when PQ is halfway towards
AB from C.

6. A water trough 100cm long has a cross section in the shape of a vertical trapezium ABCD as
shown below. AB=30cm and AD and BC are each inclined at 60° to the horizontal. The
trough is placed on level ground and is being filled at the rate of 10 litres s−1 .

49
a) Given that tan60 ° =√3 , show that the volume Vcm3 of water in the trough when it is x cm
x
deep is given by V =100 x (30+ ).
√3
b) Hence calculate the rate at which the water level is rising when x=15 cm .

HOMEWORK 48 – ANSWERS

25 −1
1. 0.4 c m s−1 2. 0.28c m s−1 3. c ms
7π

4. 2.39 c m s−1 5. 2
2.5 cm /s 6. 2.11c m s−1

Small Increments and Approximations

 Let ∆ x and ∆ y be the change in the value of x and the change in the value of y respectively.
 They are to be positive if the change is an increase and negative if the change is a decrease.
 They may also be written as δx∧δy

EXAMPLES

1. Given that y=5−

3 p
and that the value of y increases from 4 by a small amount , use
x 25
calculus to determine, in terms of p.

a) The approximate change in x.

b) The approximate percentage change in x.

50
 [ans δx= (b) percentage change in x=4 p % ]
3p
25

2. Given that y=x 4−2 x3 , use calculus to find, in terms of p, the approximate increase in y
when x increases from 2 to 2+ p where p is small.

[ans 8 p ]

3. Given that y=(3 x+ 1)−1 , find the value of

dy
when x=3. hence find an expression, in terms
dx
of p, for the approximate change in y as x increases from 3 to 3+ p, where p is small.
[ans ]
−3 p
δy=
100

HOMEWORK 49

1. Given that y= √ 1+ x 3, find . Use your answer to calculate the approximation for the
dy
dx
increase in y when x increases from 2 to2.015 .

2. If y=
x
, calculate the approximate increase or decrease in the value of y when x is
tanx
1 1
decreased from π to 99% of π . you may leave your answer in terms of π .
4 4

3. A closed circular cylinder has height 16 cm and radius r cm. The total surface area is Ac m2.
dA
Prove that =4 π (r + 8) . Use this result to calculate an approximation for the increase in
dr
area when the radius increases from 4 to 4.02 cm , the height remaining constant. You may
leave the answer in terms of π .

4. Write down an expression for the total surface area of a right circular cone of base radius r
cm and slant height l cm. Given that l=10 , calculate the approximate increase in the total
surface area when r increases from 5 to 5.01 .

51
5. Verify that, when x=3 , the value of y for the function y=
3
2 x +5 dy
is nearly 6. Find and
2
x +1 dx
hence, or otherwise, find the approximate increase or decrease in the value of x which would
increase y to 6. Give your answer correct to 2 significant figures.

HOMEWORK 50

1. Differentiate (3 x +1)2 with respect to x, and find the value of the differential coefficient
when x=3. Hence find the approximate increase or decrease in the value of (3 x +1)2 when x
increases from 3 to 3.01.

2. The diagram shows a metal plug consisting of a cylinder of length 6 cm and a hemispherical
2 3
cap of radius r cm, so that the volume of the plug is 6 π r 2+ π r cm3. Prove that, when r=4
3
a) A small increase of x cm in the radius will cause an approximate increase of 250 x cm3in the
volume.
b) A small increase of y % in the radius will cause an approximate increase of 2.3 y % in the

3. A vessel in the shape of an inverted cone. The radius of the top is 5 cm and the height is 8cm.
volume.

Water is poured in to a height of x cm. Show that, if the volume of the water is V cm3, then
25 π 3 dV
V= x . Write down and hence find the approximate increase in V when x increase
192 dx
from 4 to 4.08.[ the volume, V of a cone of base radius r and height h is given by the formula
1 2
V = π r h.
3

4. Given that
dy
=6 x−4 , calculate the approximate change in y when x increases from −2 to
dx
−1.97 .

5. The efficiency E of an engine is given by E=100(1−r 4 ) where r is the compression ratio.

−1

Use the calculus to determine the approximate change in efficiency due to change in the
compression ratio from 625 to 635.

HOMEWORK 51

52
 dy
1. The equation of a curve is y=2 x 3−7 x 2 +15. write down an expression for and hence find
dx
the approximate change in y as x increases from 2 to 2.03 stating whether this is an increase
or decrease.

2. A container is being filled with water. After t seconds the depth of water, x cm in the
container is increasing at the rate of 1.44 t cm/s . Find the approximate increase in x as t
increase from 4.0 to 4.1 .

−1 dy
3. Given that y=x 2 , find the value of when x=100 . Hence determine
dx
1 1
a) The approximate change in x as y changes from to
√100 √101
1
b) An approximate value of
√103

c dy
4. A curve has the equation y= 2 where c is constant. Obtain an expression for .
(1+ 2 x ) dx
a) When x increases from 1 to 1+ p, where p is small, the corresponding change in y is
−8 p
approximately . Find the value of c .
3

5. Use calculus to determine, in terms of p, the approximate change in the radius of a circle
when the area of circle increase from 900 π to (900+p) π , where p is small.

53