Chemistry Project (1).PDF.pdf

CHEMISTRY
PROJECT
NAME - MADHAV PATEL
CLASS - 12 A
ROLL NO - 17
SUBMITTED TO - MRS PUNAM
TANEJA
I am deeply grateful to Mrs.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Punam Taneja for her invaluable
guidance and support
throughout this project. Her
expertise and encouragement
were essential to my success.
I would also like to thank my

peers for their helpful feedback
and collaboration, which greatly
improved the quality of my work.
Lastly, I am sincerely thankful to

my parents for their constant
encouragement and support.
INTRODUCTION
2 EXPERIMENT
3 THEORY
INDEX
4 PROCEDURE
5 OBSERVATION
6 CONCLUSION
7 BIBLOGRAPHY
Dyeing is the process of adding color
to textile products like fibers, yarns,
and fabrics.
Dyeing is normally done in a special
solution containing dyes and
particular chemical material.
After dyeing, dye molecules have
INTRODUCTION
uncut chemical bond with fiber

molecules.
The temperature and time controlling
are two key factors in dyeing.
There are mainly two classes of dye:
• Natural
• Man-made
The primary source of dye,
historically, has generally been
nature, with the dyes being extracted
from animals or plants.
Since the mid-19th century, however,
humans have produced artificial dyes
to achieve a broader range of colors
and to render the dyes more stable to
resist washing and general use.
Different classes of dyes are used for
different types of fiber and at
different stages of the textile
production process, from loose fibers
through yarn and cloth to complete
garments.
Types of Dyes (Major types) :
Acid dyes:
These are azo dyes and are
characterized by the presence of
acidic groups.
Basic dyes:
These dyes contain organic basic
groups such as NH2 or NR2.
Direct dyes:
These are also azo dyes and are used
to dye the fabrics directly by placing
in aqueous solution of the dye.
Disperse dyes:
These dyes are applied in the form of
a dispersion of minute particles of the
dye in soap solution in the presence
of phenol or benzoic acid.
Vat dyes:
These dyes are water-insoluble and
before dyeing these are reduced to
colourless compounds in wooden
vats by alkaline reducing agents.
Aim:
To dye wool and cotton clothes with
malachite green.
• Requirements:
500 ml beakers, tripod stand, wire
gauze, glass rod, spatula, wool cloth
EXPERIMENT
and cotton cloth.

Sodium carbonate, tannic acid,
tartaremetic acid and malachite
green dye.
Cotton fibres show good durability
and utility. It is a stable material; it
stays undamaged even in the
conditions of high exposure of weak
acids and alkalis.
It has high water absorbing
capacity. Cotton fabrics are easy to
dye, they have very low elasticity
characters. They are easy washable
and can be ironed even at very high
THEORY
temperatures.
Woolen fibres are high moisture
absorbers too.
They take up moisture in vapour
form.
It generates heat when it absorbs
moisture.
Each wool fibre is a molecular coil-
spring, making the fibre remarkably
elastic.
They have highly durablility and
resilience.
Nature has folded the chemical
polypeptide chains back upon
themselves in such a way that they
act like a coiled spring which
elongates when it is extended and
retracts when it is released.
Malachite Green is an organic
compound that is used as a
dyestuff and controversially as
an antimicrobial in aquaculture.
Malachite green is traditionally
used as a dye for materials such
as silk, leather, and paper.
Although called malachite green,
this dye is not prepared from the
mineral malachite - the name just
comes from the similarity of
colour.
Chemical formula:
[C6H5C(C6H4N(CH3)2)2]CI
Common Name: Triarylmethane
dye.
Preparation of sodium carbonate
solution:
Take about 0.5g of solid sodium
carbonate and dissolve it in 250ml of
water.
Preparation of tartaremetic
solution:
PROCEDURE
Take about 0.2g of tartaremetic and

dissolve it in 100ml of water by stirring
with the help of glass rod.
Preparation of tannic acid solution:
Take 100ml of water in a beaker and
add about 1.0g of tannic acid to it. Heat
the solution. On heating a clear
solution of tannic acid is obtained.
Preparation of dye solution:
Take about 0.1g of malachite green dye
and add to it 400ml of water. Warming
results in a clear solution of the dye.
Dyeing of wool:
Take about 200ml of dye solution and
dip in it the woolen cloth to be dyed.
Boil the solution for about 2 minutes.
After that remove the cloth and wash
it with hot water 3-4 times, squeeze
and keep it for dyeing.
Dyeing of cotton:
Cotton does not absorb malachite
green readily, therefore it requires the
use of a mordant. For dyeing a cotton
cloth dip it in sodium carbonate
solution for 10 minutes and then rinse
with water.
Then put the cloth in hot tannic
solution for about 5 minutes. Now
take out the cloth from tannic acid
solution and keep it in tartaremetic
solution for about 5 minutes. Remove
the cloth and squeeze it with spatula
to remove most of the solution. Now
place the cloth in boiling solution of
the dye for about 5 minutes. Remove
and wash the dyed cloth thoroughly
with water, squeeze and keep it for
drying.
Dyeing of cotton directly:
Take another piece of cotton cloth
and put it directly into boiling
solution of the dye. Keep it dipped for
about 2 minutes. Remove the cloth,
wash it with water, squeeze and keep
it for drying.
The colour of wool cloth
directly by dipping in hot
solution of malachite green
dye is fast.
OBSERVATION
The colour of cotton cloth

dyed directly (without using
mordant) by dipping in hot
solution of malachite green
is not fast to washing and is
of low intensity.
The colour of cotton cloth
dyed indirectly by using
mordant and then by
dipping in hot solution of
malachite green is fast to
washing and is of high
intensity.
Let the Malachite Green
solution boil properly for about
8-10 minutes to get better
results.
While dyeing cotton directly,
PRECAUTIONS
let the cotton cloth be present

in the dye for more than or
equal to 2 minutes but not less.
Using of solutions such as
tartaremetic solution, tannic
acid solution must be eminent.
Usage of gloves is preferable to
ensure tidiness.
DYE FABRIC RESULT
MALACHITE
WOOL FAST
GREEN
CONCLUSION
NOT FAST TO
MALACHITE
COTTON WASHING .
GREEN
LOW INTENSITY
SODIUM
CARBONATE
SOLUTION
TARTAREMETIC
FAST TO
SOLUTION
COTTON WASHING
HIGH INTENSITY
TANNIC ACID
SOLUTION
MALACHITE
GREEN
The above table clearly shows the

variation in results by using various
mordant dyes (indirect dyeing) or by
using only malachite green (directs
dyeing).
This gives the conclusion to the
experiment-
"Dyeing of wool and cotton cloths with
malachite green."
1. WEBSITE
www.wikipedia.com
www.google.com
BIBLOGRAPHY
www.yahoo.com
2. BOOKS
COMPREHENSIVE
PRACTICAL MANUAL
NCERT CLASS XII

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CHEMISTRY

I would also like to thank my

Lastly, I am sincerely thankful to

uncut chemical bond with fiber

and cotton cloth.

Take about 0.2g of tartaremetic and

The colour of cotton cloth

let the cotton cloth be present

The above table clearly shows the

NCERT CLASS XII

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