IME Study Mtl M-3

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INTRODUCTION

TO
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
STUDY MATERIAL

PREPARED BY
1. Dr. T. P. Mohapatra (Course Co-ordinator)
2. Dr. R. R. Chand
3. Dr. S. Mozammil
4. Dr. B. C. Behera
5. Dr. S. K. Rout

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING


C. V. RAMAN GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BHUBANESWAR
C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (IME)
Module-3

MODULE-3
C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (IME)
Module-3

Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (ME131)


Module 3 (7 hrs)
Basic Structural Analysis: Plane truss, Difference between truss and frame, Perfect and
imperfect truss, Assumptions and analysis of plane truss, Zero force members, Analysis of
perfect plane trusses by the method of joints, method of section.
C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (IME)
Module-3

3.1 Introduction to Engineering structures: - These may be defined as any system of


connected members built to support or transfer forces acting on them and to safely with stand
these forces. Structure

Trusses frames Structures

Space truss plane truss

1) Tripod stand 1) roof truss


2) Transmission tower 2) bridge truss

Truss: - It is a system of uniform bars or members (circular c/s, channel section etc.) joined
together at their ends by riveting or welding and contracted to support loads. The members of a
truss are straight members and the loads are applied only at the joints. Every members of a truss
is a two force member.

Frame: - It is a structure consisting of several bars or members pinned together and in which one
or more than one of its members is subjected to more than two forces. They are designed to
support loads and stationary structures.

Machine: - Machines are structure designed to transmit and modify forces and contains some
moving members. Here we will discuss only the plane structure that is the structures whose
member lies in one plane.

(a) (force applied at joint only) (b) (force applied anywhere on the member)

fig6.1

Rigid or Perfect truss


C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (IME)
Module-3

The term rigid, with reference to the truss, is used in the sense that, truss is the non collapsible
when external supports are removed

m=5
j=4
m+3 = 2 j

m =4
j=4
m+3 < 2j

For a truss t the rigid or perfect, the relationship between its members of joint
m+3 = 2j
m= number of members in the truss.
j= no of joints in the truss.

If m+3 > 2j; It means that the truss contains more members than required to be just rigid and is
over rigid or statically indeterminate.

If m+3 < 2j; It means that the truss contains less members than required to be just rigid and is
collapsible or under rigid.

Statically Determinate: A truss is statically determinate if the equations of static equilibrium


alone are sufficient to determine the axial forces in the members without the need of considering
their deformations.
C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (IME)
Module-3

Basic Assumption for the perfect truss of a truss.


1. The joints of simple truss are assumed to be pin connection and fiction less. The joints
therefore cannot resist moments.
2. The loads on the truss are applied at the joint only.
3. The members of trusses are straight two force members with forces acting co-linear with
the centre line of the members.
4. The weights of the members are negligible.
5. The truss is statically determinate.

3.2. Determination of axial forces in the members of a truss.


i. Method of joints.
ii. Method of sections.

3.2.1. Method of joints:

(a) (b)

(c) fig6.2
(Representation of compression in the members EB. Arrows point towards the joint E & B.)
(Representation of tension in the member AC. Arrows point away above from the joint A and C)
(pull at the joint)
(1) Steps for analysis:
1. Draw the free body diagram of the entire truss showing only external forces acting on it.
2. Find the reactions at the supports (Roller and hinge). By considering the equilibrium of
the whole truss as a rigid body, take moments of the external forces or loads applied on
the truss and use the method of moment.
Note: incase of cantilever truss (fixed to the wall) where no roller support exists, it is not
necessary to determine. Support reaction as above.
3. Assume and mark the directions of the axial forces in the members on the diagram.
C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (IME)
Module-3

4. 1st select a joint where only two unknowns are there, so that only two unknown can be
determine.
5. Write the equations of equilibrium by using ∑ Fx = 0, ∑Fy = 0 and solve them to
determine the unknown forces. On evaluation, if on axial force turns out to be positive,
the assumed direction is correct, if the axial force turnout to be negative, the assumed
direction is incorrect. Then the direction of axial forces should be reversed.
6. Then proceed towards a joint in such a manner where two unknowns are there.
7. Finally write down all the axial forces as determined above in a tabular form with their
magnitude as well as nature (Tension & compression).

(2) Special Condition:

1. When two members meeting at a joint are not collinear and there is no external force
acting at the joint, then the forces in both the members is zero, as shown in fig. 6.3.

fig6.3
2. When there are three members meeting at a joint, of which two are collinear and the
third be at an angle and if there is no load at the joint the force in the 3rd member is
zero, as shown in fig. 6.4.

fig6.4
C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (IME)
Module-3

(3) Zero force members:


In a truss, there may be one or more members which do not carry any load. These members are
called zero force members. These are used to increase the stability of the truss during
construction and to provide support if the applied loading is changed. The above special
conditions are the examples of zero force members.
Q: Determine the forces in all the members of the truss shown
in fig. 1 and indicate the magnitude and nature of forces on
the diagram of the truss. All inclined members are at 60° to
horizontal and length of each member is 2 m.

Ans: We cannot find a joint with only two unknown forces


without finding reactions. Consider the equilibrium of the
entire from.
∑ MA = 0
=> RD 4 – 40 1 – 60 2 – 50 3 0 Fig. 1
=> RD = 77.5 KN.
∑ FX = 0
Relation at A is vertical only.
∑ Fy = 0
RA + 77.5 = 40+50+60
= >RA = 72.5 KN.

Joint A
∑ Vy = 0
FAB sin 60° = RA = 72.5
FAB = 83.7158 KN (Comp)
∑ Fx = 0
F+B cos 60° = FAE
=> FAE = 83.7158 cos 60° = 41.8579 KN ()

Joint D
∑ Fy = 0
FDC sin 60° = RD = 77.5
FDC= 89.4893
∑ Fx =0
FDE – 87.4839 cos60° = 0
FDE = 44.7446 KN

Joint B
∑ Fy = 0
FBE sin60° + 40 =0
FBE =
C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (IME)
Module-3

= 37.5278 (Tension)
∑ Fx = 0
FBC FAB cos60° FBE cos60° = 0
FBC = (83.7158+37.5274) 0.5
FBC = 60.6218 (comp.)

Joint C
∑ Fy = 0
FCE sin60° + 50 FDC sin60° = 0
FCE = = 31.75 (Tension)
Now all the forces in all members are known.

Force Analysis Table

Member Magnitude(kN) Nature


AB 83.71 Compressive
AE 41.85 Tensile
CD 89.48 Compressive
ED 44.74 Tensile
BE 37.52 Tensile
BC 60.62 Compressive
31.75 Tensile

Q: Determine the axial forces in all the bars of the plane truss loaded as shown in fig.2.

Ans. This is a cantilever type turns whose one end is fixed to the wall at point D and E and
another end A is free. It is convenient to the free end A for the analysis.

From geometry Δ ABC tan θ = = =


sinθ = , cosθ = .

Fig. 2
C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (IME)
Module-3

Joint A
∑ Fy = 0
S2 sinθ p = 0
S2 = = = P
=> 2.236P = 2.236P (compression)
Fx = 0
-S1-S2 cosθ =0
S1 = ( 2.236P) = 2P. (Tension)

Joint B
∑ Fy = 0
S2 sinθ + S3 = 0
S3 = S2 sinθ = ( ) P ( ) = P (Tension).

∑ Fx =0
S2 cosθ – S4 =0
S4 = S2 Cosθ = ( )P = 2P = 2P (Compression)
Joint C

∑ Fy = 0
S6 sinθ – S3 – S5 sinθ =0
=> = S3

=> = P _________(1)
S6 S5 = P

∑ Fx = 0
S1 S6 cosθ – S5 cosθ = 0
=> S5+S6 = = 2P = P--------------(2)

Subtracting equation (1) from (2)


S5+S6 S6+S5 = P- P
=> S5 = 0
From equation (2) S6 = P (Tension)
C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (IME)
Module-3

Force Analysis Table

Member Magnitude Nature


1 2P Tensile
2 2.236P compressive
3 P Tensile
4 2P Compressive
5 0 --
6 P tensile

Summary

• Truss is a system of uniform bars or members (circular c/s, channel section etc.) joined
together at their ends by riveting or welding and contracted to support loads. The
members of a truss are straight members and the loads are applied only at the joints.
Every members of a truss is a two force member.
• In a truss, there may be one or more members which do not carry any load. These
members are called zero force members.
• Determination of axial forces in the members
i. Method of joints.
ii. Method of sections
Important formulae
• The equations of equilibrium for general cases of forces acting in one plane are
=0

3.2.2 Method of Section


In this method, the equilibrium of a portion of the truss is considered which is obtained by
cutting the truss by some imaginary section.
Consider a truss as shown in fig. Cut the truss into two separate portions by passing an imaginary
section through those members in which force are to be determined. The section mn cuts the
members EF, BF and BC and the internal force in these members becomes external forces acting
on the two portions of the truss.
➢ The equilibrium of the truss would also be in equilibrium.
➢ Therefore, three equations of equilibrium.
= 0, = 0 and =0
can be written for any one portion of the truss and can be solved to determine the three
unknowns.

Following points should be noted while using the method of section.


1. The section should be passed through the members and not through the joints.
C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (IME)
Module-3

2. The section should divide the truss into two clearly separate and unconnected
portions.
3. A section should cut only three members since only three unknowns can be
determined from the three equation of equilibrium. However, in special cases more
than three members may be cut by a section.
4. When using the moment equation, the moment can be taken about any convenient
point which may or may not lie on the section under consideration.
Solved example
1. Using the method of sections, find the axial force in each of the
bars1, 2, 3 of the plane truss as shown in fig. 3

Ans. Since it is a cantilever plane truss, there is no need to find the


support reactions at B and C.

Fig. 3

Taking moment about D

ΣMD= 0,
S3 DE + P AE=0
P  AE − Pa
 S3 = − = = − 3P = 3P (compn)
DE atan30

ΣMB= 0,
S1 sin30 x BA –P x BA- P x BE=0

S1
 2a = P  2a + P  a
2
 S1 = 3P (Tension)
Taking the vertical forces on RHS
ΣFy= 0,
S1 sin30 – S2 sin30 –P - P=0
S S
 1 − 2 = 2P
2 2
S 3P
 S 2 = 1 − 2P = − 2P = −0.5P
2 2
 S 2 = − P = P (Comp n )
C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (IME)
Module-3

2. Using the method of sections, find the axial forces in each of


bars 1, 2, 3 of the plane truss as shown in fig 4.

Ans.
Section mn is taken cutting the members 1, 2 and AE.
Taking moment about E

ΣME= 0 Fig.4
S 2  ED + 5  AE = 0
− 5  AE − 5  3
 S2 =
ED
=
1.5
= −10KN = 10KN (Comp )
n

Taking all vertical forces acting on the section


ΣFv= 0,
S1 5 =0
S1= 5KN (Tension)

The second section is line pq intersecting the bars 2, 3, CE


Taking moment about C,
ΣFc=0

S 2  3 + S3 cosθ  3 + 5  6 = 0
− 10  3 + S3 cosθ  3 + 30 = 0
 S3 cosθ = 0
 S3 = 0

3. Using the method of sections, find the axial forces in each of


bars 1, 2, 3 of the plane cantilever truss as shown in fig6.9

Ans. Considering the equilibrium of section 1, 2, 4


fig.6.9
The R.H.S
AB DE
=
BC EC
3.6
 DE =  7.2 = 2.7m.
9.6
Considering equilibrium of R.H.S
ΣMD=0
C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (IME)
Module-3

S1 2.7 + P 2.4 + P 4.8 + P 7.2 =0


S1= 5.33P= 5.33P (Compn)

Taking moment about C ΣMC= 0


S2 2.7 P 7.2 P 4.8 P 2.4 =0
S2=2P (Tension)

AB
FG =  GC
AC
3.6
= = 1.8
9.6

ΔEFG, (tanθ ) = 1.8


2.4
 θ = 36.56

Taking moment about C, ΣMC=0


S3 cos36.86 1.8 +S3 sin 36.86 4.8+ P 4.8 +

P 2.4= 0

 4.32 S3 = 7.2P
 S3= 1.67P = 1.67 (compn)

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