IME Study Mtl M-3
IME Study Mtl M-3
IME Study Mtl M-3
TO
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
STUDY MATERIAL
PREPARED BY
1. Dr. T. P. Mohapatra (Course Co-ordinator)
2. Dr. R. R. Chand
3. Dr. S. Mozammil
4. Dr. B. C. Behera
5. Dr. S. K. Rout
MODULE-3
C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (IME)
Module-3
Truss: - It is a system of uniform bars or members (circular c/s, channel section etc.) joined
together at their ends by riveting or welding and contracted to support loads. The members of a
truss are straight members and the loads are applied only at the joints. Every members of a truss
is a two force member.
Frame: - It is a structure consisting of several bars or members pinned together and in which one
or more than one of its members is subjected to more than two forces. They are designed to
support loads and stationary structures.
Machine: - Machines are structure designed to transmit and modify forces and contains some
moving members. Here we will discuss only the plane structure that is the structures whose
member lies in one plane.
(a) (force applied at joint only) (b) (force applied anywhere on the member)
fig6.1
The term rigid, with reference to the truss, is used in the sense that, truss is the non collapsible
when external supports are removed
m=5
j=4
m+3 = 2 j
m =4
j=4
m+3 < 2j
For a truss t the rigid or perfect, the relationship between its members of joint
m+3 = 2j
m= number of members in the truss.
j= no of joints in the truss.
If m+3 > 2j; It means that the truss contains more members than required to be just rigid and is
over rigid or statically indeterminate.
If m+3 < 2j; It means that the truss contains less members than required to be just rigid and is
collapsible or under rigid.
(a) (b)
(c) fig6.2
(Representation of compression in the members EB. Arrows point towards the joint E & B.)
(Representation of tension in the member AC. Arrows point away above from the joint A and C)
(pull at the joint)
(1) Steps for analysis:
1. Draw the free body diagram of the entire truss showing only external forces acting on it.
2. Find the reactions at the supports (Roller and hinge). By considering the equilibrium of
the whole truss as a rigid body, take moments of the external forces or loads applied on
the truss and use the method of moment.
Note: incase of cantilever truss (fixed to the wall) where no roller support exists, it is not
necessary to determine. Support reaction as above.
3. Assume and mark the directions of the axial forces in the members on the diagram.
C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (IME)
Module-3
4. 1st select a joint where only two unknowns are there, so that only two unknown can be
determine.
5. Write the equations of equilibrium by using ∑ Fx = 0, ∑Fy = 0 and solve them to
determine the unknown forces. On evaluation, if on axial force turns out to be positive,
the assumed direction is correct, if the axial force turnout to be negative, the assumed
direction is incorrect. Then the direction of axial forces should be reversed.
6. Then proceed towards a joint in such a manner where two unknowns are there.
7. Finally write down all the axial forces as determined above in a tabular form with their
magnitude as well as nature (Tension & compression).
1. When two members meeting at a joint are not collinear and there is no external force
acting at the joint, then the forces in both the members is zero, as shown in fig. 6.3.
fig6.3
2. When there are three members meeting at a joint, of which two are collinear and the
third be at an angle and if there is no load at the joint the force in the 3rd member is
zero, as shown in fig. 6.4.
fig6.4
C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (IME)
Module-3
Joint A
∑ Vy = 0
FAB sin 60° = RA = 72.5
FAB = 83.7158 KN (Comp)
∑ Fx = 0
F+B cos 60° = FAE
=> FAE = 83.7158 cos 60° = 41.8579 KN ()
Joint D
∑ Fy = 0
FDC sin 60° = RD = 77.5
FDC= 89.4893
∑ Fx =0
FDE – 87.4839 cos60° = 0
FDE = 44.7446 KN
Joint B
∑ Fy = 0
FBE sin60° + 40 =0
FBE =
C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (IME)
Module-3
= 37.5278 (Tension)
∑ Fx = 0
FBC FAB cos60° FBE cos60° = 0
FBC = (83.7158+37.5274) 0.5
FBC = 60.6218 (comp.)
Joint C
∑ Fy = 0
FCE sin60° + 50 FDC sin60° = 0
FCE = = 31.75 (Tension)
Now all the forces in all members are known.
Q: Determine the axial forces in all the bars of the plane truss loaded as shown in fig.2.
Ans. This is a cantilever type turns whose one end is fixed to the wall at point D and E and
another end A is free. It is convenient to the free end A for the analysis.
Fig. 2
C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (IME)
Module-3
Joint A
∑ Fy = 0
S2 sinθ p = 0
S2 = = = P
=> 2.236P = 2.236P (compression)
Fx = 0
-S1-S2 cosθ =0
S1 = ( 2.236P) = 2P. (Tension)
Joint B
∑ Fy = 0
S2 sinθ + S3 = 0
S3 = S2 sinθ = ( ) P ( ) = P (Tension).
∑ Fx =0
S2 cosθ – S4 =0
S4 = S2 Cosθ = ( )P = 2P = 2P (Compression)
Joint C
∑ Fy = 0
S6 sinθ – S3 – S5 sinθ =0
=> = S3
=> = P _________(1)
S6 S5 = P
∑ Fx = 0
S1 S6 cosθ – S5 cosθ = 0
=> S5+S6 = = 2P = P--------------(2)
Summary
• Truss is a system of uniform bars or members (circular c/s, channel section etc.) joined
together at their ends by riveting or welding and contracted to support loads. The
members of a truss are straight members and the loads are applied only at the joints.
Every members of a truss is a two force member.
• In a truss, there may be one or more members which do not carry any load. These
members are called zero force members.
• Determination of axial forces in the members
i. Method of joints.
ii. Method of sections
Important formulae
• The equations of equilibrium for general cases of forces acting in one plane are
=0
2. The section should divide the truss into two clearly separate and unconnected
portions.
3. A section should cut only three members since only three unknowns can be
determined from the three equation of equilibrium. However, in special cases more
than three members may be cut by a section.
4. When using the moment equation, the moment can be taken about any convenient
point which may or may not lie on the section under consideration.
Solved example
1. Using the method of sections, find the axial force in each of the
bars1, 2, 3 of the plane truss as shown in fig. 3
Fig. 3
ΣMD= 0,
S3 DE + P AE=0
P AE − Pa
S3 = − = = − 3P = 3P (compn)
DE atan30
ΣMB= 0,
S1 sin30 x BA –P x BA- P x BE=0
S1
2a = P 2a + P a
2
S1 = 3P (Tension)
Taking the vertical forces on RHS
ΣFy= 0,
S1 sin30 – S2 sin30 –P - P=0
S S
1 − 2 = 2P
2 2
S 3P
S 2 = 1 − 2P = − 2P = −0.5P
2 2
S 2 = − P = P (Comp n )
C. V. Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Introduction to Mechanical Engineering (IME)
Module-3
Ans.
Section mn is taken cutting the members 1, 2 and AE.
Taking moment about E
ΣME= 0 Fig.4
S 2 ED + 5 AE = 0
− 5 AE − 5 3
S2 =
ED
=
1.5
= −10KN = 10KN (Comp )
n
S 2 3 + S3 cosθ 3 + 5 6 = 0
− 10 3 + S3 cosθ 3 + 30 = 0
S3 cosθ = 0
S3 = 0
AB
FG = GC
AC
3.6
= = 1.8
9.6
P 2.4= 0
4.32 S3 = 7.2P
S3= 1.67P = 1.67 (compn)