Chapter1chemfinalwithpyqs Notes

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Chemical Reactions and Equations

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CHEMICAL REACTION
• A process in which new chemical (s) are formed
• Hydrogen gas react with oxygen gas to produce water
under some condition
CHEMICAL EQUATION
• Simple representation of a chemical reaction with symbols and
formula.
• Hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen gas to produce water under
some conditions

H2 (g) + 02 (g) —--------> H2O (l)


Reactants Products
CHARACTERISTICS of a Chemical Reaction

F E C T S

State
Formation
of Evolution Colour Temperature change
precipitate of a gas change change
BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
• Number of Atoms of each element in a chemical
equation Should be the same on LHS & RHS

A2 (g) + B2 (g) --------> AB (g)

• Why Balance ??
• Conservation of mass – total mass of reactants should be
equal to total mass of products
Practice:
1. Zn + HCL —-----> Zncl2 + H2

Metals → Zn , Fe , Na , Al , Mg , Mn , Cu , Ca , Pb , Ba
Non - Metals → Cl , Br , S , N , C
O
H

2. Fe + H₂O —------> Fe₃O₄ + H₂


3. Fe₂O₃ + Al —-------> Al₂O₃ + Fe

4. BaCl₂ + Al₂(SO₄) ₃ ---------> BaSO₄ +


AlCl₃

5. Pb(NO₃) ₂ -------> PbO + NO₂ +


O₂
Q. To balance the following chemical equation the values of x
and y should respectively be (CBSE 2020)
2NaOH + x Al2O3 y NaAlO2 + H2O

Q. To balance the chemical Equation find a,b,c,d


(CBSE 2024)
a Al2O3 + b HCl c AlCL3 + d H2O

Q. In order to balance the below chemical equation the value


of x, y and z respectively are (CBSE 2023)

MnO 2 + x HCl MnCl2 + y H20 + z Cl2


TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION
Combination Reaction
• Two or More reactant combine to form a single
product

A+B AB
P+Q+R X
Mg(s) + O2(g) → MgO(s) + Heat
(White )

Imp Points
(i) Mg burns with Dazzling white flame ACTIVITY 1.1
Reaction
(Very bright light)

(ii) A white MgO powder in watch glass

(iii) Heat energy releases so

temperature increases

(iv) Combination & Exothermic

Reaction
Q.1 Why do we rub magnesium with sandpaper?
Ans. To remove any layer of magnesium oxide already present
on magnesium ribbon.

Q.2 Why to keep magnesium ribbon away from your eyes?


Ans. Because the reaction is exothermic & it emits dazzling
white light so bright that you cannot see for a short time after
looking at it.

Q. A metal ribbon X burns in oxygen with a dazzling white flame


forming a white ash Y. The correct description of X, Y and the
type of reaction are.
a) X = Ca ; Y = CaO, Type of reaction = Decomposition
(CBSE 2023)
b) X = Mg ; Y = MgO, Type of reaction = Combination
c) X = Al ; Y = Al2O, Type of reaction = Thermal decomposition
d) X = Zn ; Y = ZnO, Type of reaction = Endothermic
CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq) + Heat
(Quick lime) (Slaked lime)

Imp Points
(i) Rise in temperature (exothermic) ACTIVITY 1.4
(ii) Quick lime reacts vigorously
with water
(iii) Water added slowly because
reaction is exothermic
(iv) Combination & Exothermic Reaction
(v) Quicklime used in making cement
Q. The balanced chemical equation showing reaction
between quicklime and water is (CBSE 2023)
A. (a) 2CaO + H2O ------------------> 2CaOH + H2 + Heat
B. (b) CaO + H2O ------------------> Ca(OH)2 + H2 + Heat
C. (c) CaO + H2O ------------------> Ca(OH)2 + Heat
D. (d) 2CaO + 3H2O ------------------> 2Ca(OH)3 + O2 + Heat

White Wash Wall


OTHER EXAMPLES OF COMBINATION REACTION
1. Burning of Coal
C(s) + O2(g) --------> CO2(g)
2. Formation of water from H2(g) and O2(g)

H2(g) + O2(g) --------> H2O(l)


DECOMPOSITION REACTION
Reverse of combination ; one reactant breaks into 2 or more products

AB ------> A + B

DECOMPOSITION

HEAT ELECTRICITY LIGHT

(Thermal) (Electrochemical) (Photo chemical)


Heat
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Quick Lime
(Limestone)

Used in making cement


THERMAL DECOMPOSITION - Thermolysis
Heat
FeSO4(s) Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)
Ferrous sulphate Ferric oxide

Imp Points
ACTIVITY 1.5

Green Dirty White Brown

& acidic in nature

Thermal Decomposition & Endothermic Reaction


FER
RA
RI
Hea
Pb(NO3)2(s) t PbO(s) + NO2(g) + O2(g)
Lead nitrate (white) Lead Oxide (yellow) Brown fumes

ACTIVITY 1.6 Imp Points


I. Cracking sound

A paris of
II. Brown fumes → NO2(g) – irritating
tongs
Heating of
lead
Boiling Tube smell
Lead
Nitrate and
emission of
nitrate
III. Yellow solid residue → PbO(s)
nitrogen
dioxide Burner
IV. NO2 gas is acidic in nature & turns
moist blue litimus red
Thermal Decomposition &
Endothermic Reaction
Q. The emission of brown fumes in the given experimental setup is
due to: (CBSE 2023)

Q. The products obtained when lead nitrate is heated in a boiling


tube are: (CBSE 2024)
(a) PbO,N2O and O2 (b) NO, PbO and O2
(c) Pb(NO2)2 and O2 (d) NO2, PbO and O2
ELECTROLYTIC DECEMPOSITION / ELECTROLYSIS
Electric Current
H2O(l) H2(g) + O2(g)
ACTIVITY 1.7

P A O
Imp Points (i) Volume of gas H2 : O2 = 2 : 1
(ii) Burning candle near

H2(g) i) Pop sound & candle extinguish


ii) Combustible but not supporter of combustion

i) Candle burns more brightly


O2(g) ii) Not Combustible but supporter of combustion

(iii) Pure water is poor conductor of electricity so a few


drop of acids is added, which acts as electrolyte &
conducts electricity
PHOTOCHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION / Photolysis

ACTIVITY 1.8
Sunlight
AgCl(s) Ag(s) + Cl2(g)
(White) (Grey)

Sunlight
AgBr(s) Ag(s) + Br2(g)

This is why AgCl & AgBr are kept in Black


colour bottles to protect from sulight

(used in black and white Photography )


Q. Select the following a decomposition reaction in which source of
energy for decomposition is light: (CBSE 2024)
(a) 2FeSO 4 ------->Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3
(b) 2H2O -------> 2H2 + O2
(C) 2AgBr -------> 2Ag + Br2
(d) CaCO3 -------> CaO +CO2

Q. What is observed when silver chloride is exposed to sunlight?


Give the type of reaction involved: (CBSE 2023)
Q. Silver chloride kept in a china dish turns grey in sunlight
A. Write the colour of silver when it was kept in the china dish (CBSE 2023)

B. Name the type of chemical reaction taking place and write the chemical
equation for the reaction

C. State one use of reaction . Name one more chemical which can be used for
the same purpose
DISPLACEMENT REACTION:
More reactive element replaces a less reactive element from its compound

A + BC → AC + B

REACTIVITY
SERIES
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq)

Pb(s) + CuSO 4(aq)

Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq)
Light green
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) →

ACTIVITY 1.3
OBSERVATIONS
Cork
(i) H 2 gas is colorless & odorless, burn with
pop sand & extinguishes burning candle
Glass Tube
(ii) Temp increases, reaction is highly
exothermic

Conical Flask (iii) Dilute acid is used as reaction is highly


exothermic and conc acid can lead to
Dilute Sulphuric Acid more exothermic and dangerous
reaction
Zinc granules
Q. Study the diagram given below and identify the gas formed in
the reaction (CBSE 2022)

A. Carbon dioxide which


extinguishes the burning
candle
B. Oxygen due to which the
candle burns more brightly
C. Sulphur dioxide which
produces a suffocating smell
D. Hydrogen which while burning
produces a popping sound
DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT REACTION
Exchange of ions between reactants
AB
+ –
+ C D → AD + BC
+ –

Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → BaSO4(s) + NaCl(aq)


Colourless Colourless white ppt
ACTIVITY 1.10 OBSERVATIONS
(i) White insoluble substance (precipitate) of
BaSO4 is formed.
Test tube
Containing solution (ii) Double Displacement & precipitation reaction.
of sodium sulphate

Precipitation Reaction – When two aqueous soluble


Test tube
Containing solution soluble solutions react to form a semi soluble /
of barium chloride
insoluble salt , the salt is called precipitate & such
reaction is called precipitation reaction
Lead nitrate(aq) + Potassium iodide(aq)

Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + KI(aq) → PbI2 ↓ + KNO3


Colourless Colourless Yellow ppt
( Insoluble in water)

(i) Yellow insoluble substance (precipitate) of PbI2 is


formed.
(ii) Double Displacement & precipitation reaction.
Q. When potassium iodide solution is added to a solution of lead
(II) nitrate in a test tube, a precipitate is formed
(CBSE 2019)
(i) What is the colour of this precipitate? Name the compound precipitated.
(ii) Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
(iii) List two types of reactions in which this reaction can be placed.
HEAT in REACTIONS
A + B → C + Heat Exothermic

EXAMPLES:
1. Respiration

Carbohydrates

C6H12O6 Glucose

Glucose + Oxygen → CO2 (g) + H20(l) + Energy


C6H12O6
2. Burning Of Natural Gas :
CH4(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g) + Heat

3. Decomposition of vegetable into compost


Heat
A -----> B + C Endothermic

EXAMPLES:
Decomposition of:
Heat
FeSO4 Crystal FeSO4 ---->
Heat
CaCO3 (s) CaCO3 ---->
Heat
Pb(NO3)2(s) Pb(NO3)2 ---->
Heat
AgCl (s) AgCl ---->
Heat
AgBr (s) AgBr ---->
Heat
H2O(I) H2O ---->
Q. Select endothermic reaction from the following:
(CBSE 2023)
A. Decomposition of vegetable matter into compost.
B. Decomposition of calcium carbonate to form quick lime and carbon dioxide.
C. Burning of a candle.
D. Process of respiration.
OXIDATION & REDUCTION
Oxidation: If a chemical (A) Reduction: If a chemical (B)

→ Gains oxygen → Gains Hydrogen


→ Loses Hydrogen → Loses Oxygen
It is called oxidation of A. It is called reduction of B.
A is said to be oxidised. B is said to be reduced.
ZnO + C → Zn + CO

CuO + H2 → Cu + H2 O

REDOX REACTIONS
Q. MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2 (CBSE 2024)

A. MnO 2 is oxidised and HCL is reduced.


B. HCl is oxidised.
C. MnO 2 is reduced.
D. MnO 2 is reduced and HCl is oxidised
Q. Which of the following statements about the reaction given
below are correct? (CBSE 2022)
MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
i) HCL is oxidised to Cl2
ii) MnO 2 is reduced to MnCl2
iii) MnCl2 , acts as an oxidizing agent
iv) HCl acts as an oxidizing agent

(a) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (b) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (ii) only (d) (iii) and (iv) only
Oxidation Of Copper
Heat
Cu(s) + O2(g) CuO(s)
Reddish/Brownish Black colour

ACTIVITY 1.11
OBSERVATIONS
(i) Reddish/Brownish copper metal changes to black
colour CuO(s)

(ii) If H2(g) is passed over CuO, black colour changes


to brown.

Heat
CuO(s) + H2(g) Cu(s) + H2O
Corrosion :
When a metal is attacked by substances around it such as
moisture ( water vapour + oxygen ) , acid etc., it is said to
corrode and this process is called corrosion.
Examples -

1) Rusting of Iron

Iron Hydrated (Reddish Brown)


Iron oxide (Rust)
.
2) Tarnishing of copper

3) Tarnishing of silver

NOTE : CORROSION is an example of Oxidation


PREVENTION OF CORROSION CHAPTER 3
Rancidity:
The taste or smell of food material containing fat/oil changes when it is left
exposed to air for a long time.

Oxidation Of Fat / Oil present in food material causes Rancidity


⇒ Prevention:

Antioxidants Air tight container Bag of chips


(Flushed with Nitrogen gas)
CHEMICAL CHANGE
• A chemical reaction happened.
• Shape, size, color, etc. may also change.
• New chemicals are formed.

Burning Of Paper Fermentation of grapes Souring Of Milk Curd from milk is left in Rusting of iron
a room during summer

Food Digestion Food Cooking Respiration Chemical Battery Usage Baking a cake
PHYSICAL CHANGE
• No chemical reaction happens.
• Shape, size, state, etc. may change.
• No new chemical is formed.

Boiling water from Melting of ice to Melting of wax Crushing a paper cup Crystallization
the evaporating dish give water
1. Which of the following is a physical change? (CBSE 2020)
CBSE -2020
A. Formation of curd from milk
B. Ripening of fruits
C. Getting Salt from sea water
D. Burning of wood

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