Chemical

1.
1 CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Activity 1.1 can be described as – when a magnesium ribbon is burnt in oxygen, it gets
converted to magnesium oxide.
–
Magnesium + Oxygen  Magnesium oxide (1.1)
(Reactants) (Product)
The word-equation for Activity 1.3 may be represented as –
Zinc + Sulphuric acid  Zinc sulphate + Hydrogen
The above word-equation may be represented by the following chemical equation –
Zn + H2SO4  ZnSO4 + H2 (1.3)
Let us try to balance the following chemical equation –
Fe + H2O  Fe3O4 + H2 (1.4)
3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g)  Fe3O4(s) + (1.11)

4H2(g) (1.10)
3 40 a tm
CO(g) + 2H (g)      CHOH(l)
2
S un lig ht
6CO2(aq) +12H2O(l)      C6H12O6 (aq) + 6O2(aq) + 6H2O(l) (1.12)
Chlorophyll (Glucose)
Q U E S T I O N S
1. Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning in air? Write the balanced equation for the fo
2. Hydrogen + Chlorine  Hydrogen chloride
?
Barium chloride + Aluminium sulphate  Barium sulphate +
Aluminium chloride
Sodium + Water  Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen
Write a balanced chemical equation with state symbols for the following reactions.
Solutions of barium chloride and sodium sulphate in water react to give insoluble barium sulphate and th
Sodium hydroxide solution (in water) reacts with hydrochloric acid solution (in water) to produce sodium
3.
1.2.1 Combination Reaction
Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to produce slaked lime (calcium hydroxide)
releasing a large amount of heat.
CaO(s) + H2O(l)  Ca(OH)2(aq) (1.13)
(Quick lime) (Slaked lime)
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)

(Calcium (Calcium
hydroxide) carbonate)
Let us discuss some more examples of combination reactions.
(i) Burning of coal
C(s) + O2(g)  CO2(g) (1.15)
(ii) Formation of water from H2(g) and O2(g)
2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(l) (1.16)
Other examples of exothermic reactions are –
(i) Burning of natural gas
CH4(g) + 2O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g) (1.17)
(ii) Do you know that respiration is an exothermic process?
C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(aq)  6CO2(aq) + 6H2O(l) + energy (1.18)
(Glucose)
(iii) The decomposition of vegetable matter into compost is also an example of an

exothermic reaction.
1.2.2 Decomposition Reaction
Have you noticed that the green colour of the ferrous sulphate crystals has changed? You can
also smell the characteristic odour of burning sulphur.
2FeSO4(s) Heat Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g) (1.19)
(Ferrous sulphate) (Ferric oxide)
. When a decomposition reaction is carried out by heating, it is called thermal decomposition.
CaCO3(s) Heat CaO(s) + CO2(g) (1.20)
(Limestone) (Quick lime)
Another example of a thermal decomposition reaction is given in Activity 1.6.
You will observe the emission of brown fumes. These fumes are of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2). The
reaction that takes place is –
2Pb(NO3) 2(s) Heat 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O 2(g) (1.21)

(Lead nitrate) (Lead oxide) (Nitrogen (Oxygen)
dioxide)
You will see that white silver chloride turns grey in sunlight. This is due to the decomposition
of silver chloride into silver and chlorine by light.
2AgCl(s) Sunlight  2Ag(s) + Cl2(g) (1.22)
Silver bromide also behaves in the same way.

2AgBr(s) Sunlight  2Ag(s) + Br2(g) (1.23)
The above reactions are used in black and white photography.
1.2.3 Displacement Reaction
Q U E S T I O NS
?
1. A solution of a substance ‘X’ is used for white washing.
Name the substance ‘X’ and write its formula.
Write the reaction of the substance ‘X’ named in (i) above with water.
Why is the amount of gas collected in one of the test tubes in Activity
1.7 double of the amount collected in the other? Name this gas.
2.
Why does the iron nail become brownish in colour and the blue colour of copper sulphate
solution fade?
The following chemical reaction takes place in this Activity–
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq)  FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s) (1.24)
(Copper sulphate) (Iron sulphate)
In this reaction, iron has displaced or removed another element, copper, from copper sulphate
solution. This reaction is known as displacement reaction.
Other examples of displacement reactions are
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq)  ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s) (1.25)
(Copper sulphate) (Zinc sulphate)
Pb(s) + CuCl2(aq)  PbCl2(aq)
Cu(s) (1.26)
(Copper chloride)
+
(Lead chloride)
Zinc and lead are more reactive elements than copper. They displace copper from its
compounds.
1.2.4 Double Displacement Reaction

You will observe that a white substance, which is insoluble in water, is formed. This insoluble
substance formed is known as a precipitate. Any reaction that produces a precipitate can be
called a precipitation reaction.
Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq)  BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq) (1.27)
(Sodium (Barium (Barium (Sodium
sulphate) chloride) sulphate) chloride)
1.2.1 Oxidation and Reduction
The surface of copper powder becomes coated with black

copper(II) oxide. Why has this black substance formed?
This is because oxygen is added to copper and copper
oxide is formed.
Heat 2CuO (1.28)
2Cu + O2
If hydrogen gas is passed over this heated material (CuO), the black coating on the surface
turns brown as the reverse reaction takes place and copper isobtained.
H e at (1.29)
CuO + H     Cu +HO
2 2
If a substance gains oxygen during a reaction, it is said to be oxidised. If a substance loses

oxygen during a reaction, it is said to be reduced.
(1.30)
Some other examples of redox reactions are:
ZnO + C  Zn  CO (1.31)
MnO  4HCl  MnCl  2H O  Cl (1
2 2 2 2
Write a C program
to read N numbers (positive integers) and find the second largest number among them (without
using arrays and functions).
Write a C program to display the sum of n numbers entered by the

user. Terminate if the user enters a negative number
Write a
complete C program using an if-else control structure to compute an employee's income tax as per
the tax rates and salary range given in the table.
Write a C program to read a 1D array of size n and delete prime numbers from the array. Display
the modified array.
Write a C program to accept a word (string) from the keyboard and print the letters in the word in
alphabetical order
Write a C program to read a matrix of order M X M and Display the same in matrix form in the main
function.
Write a C program to read and display the 1D integer array.
Write a C program to read and display a 2D integer array.
Develop a Sales Report Generation System in C using an array of structures.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Write a C program to check if the entered character
is a vowel or consonant using else if ladder statement
Write a C program to read 'n' from the user and display the following pattern for given 'n'.
Write a C Program to input a number and express that number as sum of two prime numbers.
Write a C program to sort a 1D array in descending order.
Write a C program to input a 2D array of size MXN and display the number of zeros in the matrix.
Write a function in C to convert a decimal number to binary.
Write a complete C program that demonstrates the use of pointer arithmetic to

calculate the sum of the first, third, and fifth elements of the array and display the result
Write a C program to find all smallest positive integers that are divisible by two or more given
integers.
Write a C program to check if a year (input by the user) is a leap year or not using Conditional
Operators by considering all the conditions
Develop a C program to convert the given Octal number to decimal and further convert it to binary
value and display it.

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1.

3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g)  Fe3O4(s) + (1.11)

1.2.1 Combination Reaction

Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)

(iii) The decomposition of vegetable matter into compost is also an example of an

1.2.2 Decomposition Reaction

Another example of a thermal decomposition reaction is given in Activity 1.6.

2Pb(NO3) 2(s) Heat 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O 2(g) (1.21)

Silver bromide also behaves in the same way.

1.2.4 Double Displacement Reaction

1.2.1 Oxidation and Reduction

The surface of copper powder becomes coated with black

If a substance gains oxygen during a reaction, it is said to be oxidised. If a substance loses

Write a C program to display the sum of n numbers entered by the

Write a C program to read and display the 1D integer array.

Write a C program to read and display a 2D integer array.

Develop a Sales Report Generation System in C using an array of structures.

Write a C program to sort a 1D array in descending order.

Write a function in C to convert a decimal number to binary.

Write a complete C program that demonstrates the use of pointer arithmetic to

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