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    of 5

    BOOK REVIEW

    BY

    OTU, FELIX INI


    17/EG/CV/1084
    DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
    FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
    UNIVERSITY OF UYO

    SUBMITTED TO

    THE COORDINATOR
    DR. SUNDAY AKPAN
    GST211: PHILOSOPHY AND HUMAN
    EXISTENCE
    DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY
    UNIVERSITY OF UYO

    NOVEMBER, 2024
    BOOK REVIEW OVERVIEW

    Chapter: 0
    Author of Chapter 0: Prof. Elijah Okon John and Anthony Raphael
    Etul, Ph.D.
    Publishers: Robertminder International Limited
    Year of Publication: 2023
    Chapter 0 Title: Current trends in philosophy
    Number of pages for chapter 0: 14
    Reviewer:

    INTRODUCTION
    This chapter examines the various currents of thought in
    contemporary philosophy, providing a historical overview first. It
    discusses the ancient, medieval, modern, and contemporary periods,
    highlighting key figures and ideas from each. In the contemporary
    period, philosophy has moved beyond traditional methods and
    includes movements such as post-modernism, African philosophy,
    and phenomenology. These new trends emphasize diverse ways of
    thinking and focus on practical concerns that shape human life in the
    modern world.

    ORGANIZATION OF CONTENTS
    In this chapter, the authors trace the development of philosophical
    thought from ancient to contemporary times. The history of
    philosophy is divided into four periods: ancient, medieval, modern,
    and contemporary. The ancient period is marked by the metaphysical
    and cosmological inquiries of philosophers like Thales and
    Parmenides. The medieval period saw the rise of religiously
    motivated philosophy, with thinkers like St. Augustine and St.
    Thomas Aquinas attempting to reconcile faith with reason. The
    modern period, dominated by figures like Descartes and Kant,
    introduced the debate between rationalism and empiricism. The
    chapter then focuses on contemporary philosophy, which includes
    movements like post-modernism, African philosophy, and
    phenomenology. Post-modernism is characterized by a rejection of
    traditional metaphysical ideas, while African philosophy explores the
    African worldview. Phenomenology, on the other hand, focuses on
    consciousness and human experience. The chapter also discusses
    analytical philosophy, which emphasizes the linguistic analysis of
    philosophical problems. Overall, the chapter shows how philosophy
    has evolved over time and how contemporary movements challenge
    traditional approaches to understanding reality. Existentialism is a
    philosophical movement focused on individual existence, freedom,
    and choice. It asserts that truth begins with the subjective perspective
    of the individual and that existence precedes essence. This means that
    humans are not born with predefined purpose, and it is through our
    choices and actions that we give our lives meaning. Existentialist
    thinkers like Jean-Paul Sartre emphasized that humans must take
    responsibility for their choices, which have broader implications for
    all of humanity. Existentialism rejects abstract theorizing and instead
    highlights the importance of confronting real human problems. Key
    figures include Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Sartre, and Camus.

    CONCLUSION
    In summary, philosophy provides us with essential tools for
    understanding the world and our role in it. Through careful reflection
    on questions related to knowledge, existence, and morality,
    philosophy encourages critical thinking and deeper inquiry. Its
    various branches, including ethics and metaphysics, offer perspectives
    that challenge our assumptions and broaden our understanding.
    Philosophy helps us to think more clearly and make decisions based
    on reasoned analysis. By engaging with philosophical ideas, we grow
    intellectually and personally, gaining the wisdom necessary to live
    more thoughtful and meaningful lives.

    Objective of structural optimization because of the considerable


    amount of CO2 emissions in the civil engineering industry. In
    addition, some research articles on structural optimization focus on
    improving certain structural performance such as mechanical
    behavior, aerodynamic performance, and dynamic seismic
    performance in order to adapt the structures to different environments.

    To achieve the abovementioned objectives, many optimization


    methods have been proposed and developed. Recently, metaheuristic
    methods have become one of the most popular optimization methods
    in civil engineering structural optimization research because they are
    suitable for combinatorial optimization problems. However, these
    metaheuristic methods also have some shortcomings such as high
    complexity and inadequacy for high-dimensional problems.
    Therefore, there has been increasing studies that focus on improving
    the performance of optimization methods, either to enhance the
    existing metaheuristic methods or to propose novel optimization
    methods. For example, Mortazavi proposed an auxiliary fuzzy
    decision mechanism to improve the performance of interactive search
    algorithm (ISA) for structural size and topology optimization. The
    combined algorithm, namely the fuzzy tuned interactive search
    algorithm (FTISA), achieves a lower computational cost and a higher
    solution accuracy. Degertekin proposed two improved harmony
    search algorithms (i.e., efficient harmony search algorithm and
    self-adaptive harmony search algorithm) for size optimization of truss
    structures. Based on the experimental results from several cases, the
    new algorithms are proved to have lower computational cost, higher
    convergence speed, and better optimization results than the traditional
    harmony search algorithm. Furthermore, Zheng et al. presented an
    explicit topology optimization method, namely transformable
    triangular mesh (TTM) method, for structural topology optimization,
    which is able to obtain the optimal solution more effectively
    compared with other state-of-the-art algorithms.

    These abovementioned studies in the field of structural optimization


    presented the achievements and potential of structural optimization to
    improve the efficiency and sustainability of the civil engineering
    industry. However, although a substantial number of studies as well
    as survey reports were published in this domain, none of them
    achieved a comprehensive review of the research developments on
    structural optimization. Therefore, this paper aims to comprehensively
    review the state-of-the-art literature on structural optimization in the
    field of civil engineering, including the analysis of the optimization
    objectives and their temporal and spatial trends,

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