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UNIT-1 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER

What is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic device that is capable of performing a variety of tasks, such as
processing data, storing information, and communicating with other computers or users.
It consists of several components, including a central processing unit (CPU), memory,
storage devices, input/output devices etc.
Diagram of computer and it’s parts

What is Hardware?
Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system that can be touched,
seen, and manipulated. Examples of hardware include:

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)


2. Random Access Memory (RAM)
3. Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
4. Solid State Drive (SSD)
5. Motherboard
6. Keyboard
7. Mouse
8. Monitor
9. Printers
10. Speakers

हार्डवेयर क्या होता है?

हार्डवेयर एक कंप्यूटर या किसी अन्य इलेक्ट्रॉनिक उपकरण के शारीरिक घटकों से संबंधित होता है। इनमें सर्किट्री,
माइक्रोचिप, स्क्रीन, कीबोर्ड, प्रिंटर और सभी अन्य घटक शामिल होते हैं जो स्पर्श किए जा सकते हैं।

What is Software?
Software refers to the set of programs and instructions that tell a computer what to do.
Examples of software include:

1. Operating Systems (OS)


2. Productivity Software
3. Web Browsers
4. Antivirus Software
5. Media Players
6. Graphics Software
7. Games

What is difference between Hardware and Software?


The main difference between hardware and software is that hardware refers to the physical
components of a computer system, while software refers to the programs and instructions
that tell the hardware what to do.

Hardware includes central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage devices, input/output
devices, and various other components.

Software is a non-tangible component of a computer system that consists of programs and


instructions that tell the hardware what to do. It includes operating systems, web browsers,
antivirus software, media players, graphics software, and many other types of software
applications.
What are Input and Output devices?
Input devices are hardware components of a computer system that are used to input data
and commands into the computer.
Output devices are hardware components of a computer system that are used to display or
output the results of data processing.
Give examples of Input Devices.
Here are some examples of input devices:

1. Keyboard: This is a device used to input letters, numbers, and other characters into a
computer.
2. Mouse: This is a pointing device used to move the cursor on the computer screen
and select objects.
3. Touchpad: This is a device similar to a mouse that is integrated into the laptop.
4. Scanner: This is a device used to input images, documents, or photos into a
computer.
5. Digital Camera: This is a device used to input digital photos and videos into a
computer.
6. Microphone: This is a device used to input sound and voice into a computer.
7. Joystick: This is a device used for gaming and simulations that allows users to
control movement and actions in a game or simulation.

Give examples of Output Devices.


Here are some examples of output devices:

1. Monitor: This is a visual display unit used to output text, images, and videos from a
computer.
2. Printer: This is a device used to output text and images onto paper.
3. Projector: This is a device used to project images, videos, and presentations onto a
larger screen or wall.
4. Speakers: These are devices used to output sound and music from a computer.
5. Headphones: These are devices used to output sound to the user’s ears.
MS Word (Preview)
Introduction

Microsoft Word of MS Word is a graphical word processing program by Microsoft Corporation. The Purpose of the MS
Word is to allow the users to type and save documents, similar to other word processors, It has various helpful tools to
make documents.

Use of MS word – create professional-quality reports, documents, resumes, and letters.

How to Start MS Word


Click on Start Menu – and Find Microsoft Office – Microsoft Word 2010

Character Formatting

When you create a document, you may want some word/sections to immediately catch the reader’s eye. A word
processor enables you to select and make parts of the documents bold or italics or underlined etc.

1. Open a new document in word processor and type the paragraph.


2. Selecting the Text – for Formatting.

1. Bold – Used for to make certain text stand out (Darken) and catch the reader’s attention. Shortcut Key for Bold is Ctrl
+B

2. Underline – To Give Underline to Selected Text. Shortcut Key for Underline is Ctrl + U.

3. Italics – Used to make the selected characters italic. Shortcut Key for Italics is Ctrl + I.

4. Strike Through – This option draws a horizontal line in the middle of the text.

5. Superscript and Subscript – Superscripts are characters set above the normal line of type (e.g., in 2ⁿᵈ),
and subscripts are characters set below (e.g., in Cᵥₑₓ)

6. Change Case – The Uppercase A and lowercase a (Aa) that are situated side by side allow you to change the case
of selected case.

 Sentence Case
 lowercase
 UPPERCASE
 Capitalize Each Word
 tOGGLE cASE

7. Changing Font Name – Used to change the look of text. Example of Font Names – Calibri, Time New Roman.

8. Changing Font Size – In the Home table a fox that states the size of font. By default size is 11. Minimum of the
dropdown is 8 and Maximum is 72.

9. Font Color – In Home tab Font Group – Changing the font color is as simple as changing the font. Click on Font
Color and Change the Color whatever you want. If you want to change the back of font color use – Text Highlight Color
Button.

10. Text Alignment – As with all word processing program, you can either left, either right, center of justify your text.

 Left – Shortcut Key : Ctrl + L


 Right – Shortcut Key : Ctrl + R
 Center – Shortcut Key : Ctrl + E
 Justify – Shortcut Key : Ctrl + J
11. Bulleted List – is a series of items with a heading and a graphical bullet point next to each item.

 Bullet Library
 Numbering Library

12. Printing Documents – Ctrl + P (Short Cut Key)

You should aware below information.

 Copies – Whatever Copies you want just type the number.


 Printer – Select the Printer whose connected.
 Settings – Print All Pages or Odd or Even
 Page on One Side or Both Side
 Collated – 1,2,3 Uncollated – 1,1,1
 Orientation – Portrait and Landscape
 Page – Letter, A4, Legal
 Margin – Normal, Narrow, Custom
 Page Per Sheet – 1 to 16
Remember Key Points of this Chapter

1. MS Word is a graphical word processing program.


2. Alignment arranges the text to line up at one or both margins of in center between margins.
3. The general arrangement of text is known as formatting.
4. Bulleted lists are also called unnumbered or unordered lists.
5. Numbered List are called ordered lists.
6. Short cut keys for left, right, center, and justify are Ctrl + L, Ctrl + R, Ctrl + E, and Ctrl + J respectively.
MS Word (Advanced)
Let’s talk about the Paragraph Formatting.

Paragraph Formatting

 MS Word includes many featured designed to assist you placing text on the page just the way you want it.

Aligning Text –

 Align Text Left – The text align at left margin. This is the default choice.
 Center – The text centers evenly between the left and right margin.
 Align Text Right – The text aligns along the right document magin.
 Justify – The text fills with micro spaces so it aligns evenly on both the left and tight margins.

Shading Text –

 Shading helps you to give shade or highlight to selected text.


 Home – Paragraph – Shading.

Indenting Text –

 The distance between page margins and text is called indent and the process of giving indent is called
indentation.
 For Apply Indent – Click on Home Tab – Select Paragraph Group – Select Increase (One half inch) or
Decrease (One half inch) Indent.

Page Formatting –

 Formatting your pages makes them look more attractive and makes them easier to read.
o Page Margin – Page Margin are the white space around the top, bottom, left, and right of your
document. Example Like – Normal, Narrow, Moderate, Wide, Mirrored, Custom Margin
o Orientation – Potraite and Landscape
o Size – Page A4, Legal, Letter, Envelope
o Columns – One, Two, Three, Left and Right

Spelling and Grammar – (Ctrl + F7)

 Autocorrect – A word processor also provides another way to change a spelling mistake.
 Position the cursor on any part of the misspelt word (the word with red line)
 Right click on the mouse
 Select the Autocorrect.

Insert Table

 To insert table you can go through the Insert Menu – Click on Table
 You get the Options to Insert Table
o Select Row and Column to Insert Table
o Typing the Number of Rows and Number of Columns Insert Table
o Draw Table

Introduction with PowerPoint


Definition

Microsoft PowerPoint is a software that help us to create attractive presentation by using text animation, transition,
images, audio, videos etc.

Microsoft PowerPoint is part of the Microsoft Office Suite of programs.

Or

MS PowerPoint is a part of Microsoft Office Suite that offers you to create, design and present slides on a screen.

You can design slides by creating a background, add visuals such as pictures or videos and add your content.

Microsoft PowerPoint is a complete presentation Graphics package. It gives everything that we nned to produce a
professional looking presentation.

Feature in PowerPoint

1. Slide
2. Transition
3. Animation
4. Design Template
5. Picture
6. Video

Also You can Write the Menus of the MS PowerPoint.

Command Description

Save This allows you to save a new file.

Save As Allows you to specify the file name and the file type before saving the file

Open Allows you to open Existing PowerPoint file

Close Allows you to close an existing file

Info Displays the information about the current file


Command Description

Recent allows you to see the recently created or Viewed files

New Allows you to create a new file using blank or pre-defined template

Print Allows you to select the printer setting and print the presentation.

Save & Send Allows you to share your presentation with larger audience via email.

Help Provides access to PowerPoint Help.

Options Allows you to set various options related to PowerPoint program

Exit Close the presentation and exit the program

Threats to Computer Security

What do we mean by a threat ?

A threat is something that may or may not happen, but has the potential to cause serious damage. Threats can lead to
attacks on computer systems, networks and more.

A threat can be either “Intentional” or “Accidental”.

Virus – A virus is a small piece of software that piggybacks on real programs. For example, a virus might attach itself to
a program such as a spreadsheet program. Each time the spreadsheet programs runs, the virus runs.

Email Virus – An email virus travels as an attachment to email messages, and usually replicates itself by automatically
mailing itself to dozens of people in the victim’s email address book. Some email virus don’t even require a double click.
They launch automatically via email software.

Trojan Horse – A Trojan Horse is simply a computer program. The program claims to do one thing but instead does
damage when you run it. (It may erase your hard disk). Trojan Horses have no way to replicate automatically.

Worms – A worm is a small piece of software that uses computer networks and security holes to replicate itself. A copy
of the worm scans the networks for another machine that has a specific security hole. It copies itself to the new machine
using the security pole.

How to Protect your System

 Keep the Operating System Updated.


 Use a Firewall
 Anti-virus software is crucial for preventing virus attacks, but this strategy only works if users update their
software.
 Know that the only way a virus spreads is either by launching an infected file or by booting an infected disks.
You cannot get a virus by simply being online or by reading mail.
 Anti-Virus Software – Avast, Avira, McAfee, Nortan, Quickheal, Net Protector and manymore.
Computer Ethics

 Computer Ethics is set of more principles, that regulate the use of computers. Some common issues of
computer ethics include intellectual property rights (such as copyrighted electronic content), privacy concerns,
and how computers affect society. Some common thins of concern are
1. Yo shall not use a computer to harm other people.
2. You shall not interfere with other people’s computer work
3. You shall not snoop around in other people’s computer files.
4. You shall not use a computer to steal
5. You shall not use a computer to bear falsewitness.
6. You shall not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid.
7. You shall not use other people’s computer resources without authorization or proper compensation.
8. You shall not appropriate other people’s Intellectual output.

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