Phrase and Clause

English আজকে আমরা যা শিখক া

❑What Is a Phrase?
❑What Is a Clause?
❑Difference between Phrases and Clauses
❑Examples of Phrases and Clauses
❑Check Your Understanding of Phrases and Clauses
 English Phrase

❖Phrase হচ্ছে একাধিক শচ্ছের সমষ্টি যাচ্ছে কখচ্ছ া ককা finite verb থাচ্ছক া। এরা আলাদাভাচ্ছে
ককা পূর্ণাঙ্গ োকয গঠ করচ্ছে পাচ্ছর া, ধকন্তু োচ্ছকযর ধেধভন্ন জায়গায় েচ্ছস একটি পূর্ণাঙ্গ োকয গঠ
করচ্ছে সাহাযয কচ্ছর।

Example:
Birds fly in the sky at large.
As soon as we saw our teacher, we stood up
 English Phrase

❑ According to the kind of function it does, it can be classified into various

types and they include the following.
1. Noun Phrase
2. Verb Phrase
3. Adverb/Adverbial Phrase
4. Prepositional Phrase
5. Adjective/Adjectival Phrase
English Classification of Phrase

Phrase Example
I don’t know how to swim.
To swim is a good exercise.
Noun Phrase
The law is now a dead letter.
Dr. Shahidullah was a man of parts.
He is as brave as a lion.
Adjective Phrase The officer is free from corruption.
Your remarks are not applicable to subject.
He stole a watch belonging to that gentleman.
Sinners suffer in the long run.
Adverbial Phrase He is in the room.
The boys read with great devotion.
He tried heart and soul to get it done.
English

Phrase Example
In spite of his illness, he attended the classes.
Prepositional He told me this in connection with my plan.
Phrase He is in the good book of his teacher.
A bridge is laid across the river.
I will come home as soon as I can.
Conjunctional
He ate as much as he wanted.
Phrase
He as well as his brother went there.
Not only he but also his brother came to school.
They called off the strike.
Verbal Phrase We ought to obey our parents.
Don’t look down upon the poor.
The kids really look up to their teachers.
 English Clause

Clause
কয শেসমষ্টিচ্ছে কমপচ্ছে একটি Subject ও একটি Finite Verb থাচ্ছক এেং ধ চ্ছজ একটি
sentence গঠ করচ্ছে পাচ্ছর ো একটি Sentence-এর অংশ ধহচ্ছসচ্ছে েযেহৃে হয়, োচ্ছক Clause
েচ্ছল।
Kinds of Clause
I. Principal Clause or Independent Clause
II. Subordinate Clause or Dependent Clause
III. Coordinate Clause
English Classification of Clause

Clause Example
Who has done this is a fool.
I forgot who told me this.
Noun Clause
This is what he said.
I know where he was born.
I know the reason why he kept silent.
He is the man who is very rich.
Adjective Clause
I ate the chocolates which you gave me.
Jerry who was an honest boy could not take the
money.
Do the work as I show you.
Adverb Clause If you want, I shall help you.
Tell us how you escaped.
Though he is rich, he is honest.
English Difference between Phrases and Clauses

Phrases Clauses
A phrase does not have a subject and A clause has a subject and a predicate
predicate.
A phrase is not complete, cannot make In some cases, a clause can look
sense or convey meaning if it stands on complete, convey meaning and make
its own. sense when separated from the sentence.
There are five types of phrases namely There are two types of clauses namely
noun phrase, verb phrase, adverb phrase, independent clause and dependent
adjective phrase and prepositional clause.
phrase.
Example: There is an unidentified Example: I am sick, so I am going to see
vehicle in front of our house. the doctor.
 English Different usages of Phrases

1. Have to/ has to/have got to/has got to/ had to

ককা েযধিচ্ছক ককা ধকছু করচ্ছে হচ্ছে েুঝাচ্ছল have to/hast to ……….েযেহৃে হয় |

Structure : Sub + have to/ has to .................. + main verb base form.
Examples:
I. I have to go or I have got to go.
II. We have to live in the society.
III. He had to work hard.
 English Different usages of Phrases

2. Would rather
ককউ ককা ধকছুচ্ছক অ য ধকছু কথচ্ছক কপচ্ছে ো করচ্ছে অধিকের পছন্দ করচ্ছল would
rather েযেহার করচ্ছে হয়।
Structure 1: Sub + would rather + verb base form + than + verb 4 base form
Examples:
1. I would rather starve than beg.
2. I would rather die than surrender.
Structure 2: Sub + would rather + verb base form + ১ম noun / noun phrase
+ than +২য় noun / noun phrase
Examples: I would rather buy a book than a shirt .
 English Different usages of Phrases

3. Had better
Had better is used to give advice. উপচ্ছদশ ধদচ্ছে had better েযেহৃে হয়।
Structure : Sub + had better/ had better (not) + main verb এর base form .......
Examples:
1. It is raining. You had better carry an umbrella.
2. You had better not go without an umbrella.
English Poll Question 01

➢ You __________ hurry, lest you miss the bus.

a) had better
b) let alone
c) lest
d) would rather
 English Different usages of Phrases

4. What if
What if এর অথণ হচ্ছলা োহচ্ছল ধক হচ্ছে। ভধেষ্যচ্ছে ককা খারাপ ধকছু ঘটচ্ছে পাচ্ছর েুঝচ্ছে What if
েযেহৃে হয়। োচ্ছকযর কশচ্ছষ্ “ ? ” েচ্ছস ।
Examples:
1. What if the train is late?
2. What if you do not pass the exam ?
 English Different usages of Phrases
5. As if/ As though
আমরা ককা ধকছু সম্ভে ধেশ্বাস কধর া েুঝাচ্ছে as if/ as though েযেহার কধর।

Structure 1: Sub + Present simple + as if/as though + sub + past simple.

Example: He orders me as if/as though I were his servant.

Note: As if / as though এর পর be verb এর past form ‘were’ হয় ।

Structure 2: Sub + Past simple + as if/as though + sub + pas perfect.
Example: He behaved as if he had known everything.
 English Different usages of Phrases
6. Let alone
Let alone এর অথণ হচ্ছলা দূচ্ছরর কথা। কয কযচ্ছহেু ককা েযধির পচ্ছে ককা সহজ কাজ করা সম্ভে য়
কসচ্ছহেু োর ধ কট ককা কঠি কাজ প্রেযাশা করা যায় া।
Structure 1 : Sub + Negative verb + ... + Let alone + noun/ noun phrase.
Examples:
1. He cannot swim a kilometer let alone ten kilometers.
Structure 2 : Sub + Negative verb + Let alone + verb ....
Examples:
1. The girl cannot sing let alone dance.
English Poll Question 02

➢ He can’t afford a bicycle, __________ buy a car.

a) lest
b) let alone
c) had better
d) for fear
 English Different usages of Phrases

7. As soon as
As soon as এর অথণ হচ্ছলা খুে সংধেপ্ত সমচ্ছয়র পর
Structure: As soon as + sub + verb… + sub + verb….
Example:
1. As soon as he got the news, he left the place.
2. As soon as he entered the class, everybody become silent.
 English Different usages of Phrases

8. Lest
Lest শেটি ‘এই ভচ্ছয় কয ‘ প্রকাশ করচ্ছে েযেহৃে হয়। এই conjunction দ্বারা কয clause টি গঠ
করা হয় োচ্ছক Sub-ordinate clause েলা হয়। প্রথম clause ো Principal clause এর subject
এেং lest দ্বারা গঠিে clause এর subject একই হচ্ছে। lest এর পর should/might েচ্ছস এেং
এটার পর কখচ্ছ া negative শে েচ্ছস া।
Structure : 1 Subject + verb ....... + Iest + subject + should/might + verb a base form.
Example: Read attentively lest you might/should fail the exam.

Structure : 2 Subject + verb.... + lest + object ধহচ্ছসচ্ছে েযেহৃে subject + should/might

+ be verb এর past participle form. (passive voice এর কেচ্ছে)
Examples: He ran very fast lest he should/might be caught.
English Poll Question 03

➢You __________ apologize, __________ they take serious

action against you.
a) had better, let alone
b) let alone, lest
c) had better, lest
d) lest, let alone
 English Different usages of Phrases

9. It is high time/It is time

It is high time/It is time দ্বারা (ককা কাজ করার উপযুি সময় পার হচ্ছয়চ্ছছ এেং আর কদধর করা
ঠিক য় ) েুঝায়। এরপর একটি পূর্ণাঙ্গ clause েচ্ছস। Clause টির verb সে সময় past form এ থাচ্ছক
এেং ককা connective word েচ্ছস া। এখাচ্ছ মচ্ছ রাখচ্ছে হচ্ছে কয clause টির verb past form
হচ্ছলও সমগ্র sentence টির অথণ Present Tense এর অথণ প্রকাশ কচ্ছর।

Structure : It is time/It is high time + subject + verb past form + ........

Examples:
1. It is high time you entered the hall.
2. It is time we changed our eating habits.
English Different usages of Phrases

10. I wish I fancy/I like/would that/oh that

I wish/fancy/ l like/ would that/ oh that অপূর্ণ ইো প্রকাচ্ছশর কেচ্ছে েযেহৃে হয়। এচ্ছেচ্ছে
ধদ্বেীয় clause টি ‘be’ verb সেণদা were হচ্ছে। অ যা য Verb এর Past form
হচ্ছে।

Examples: I wish I were a bird.

 English Different usages of Phrases

11. In spite of/despite/notwithstanding

In spite of/despite/notwithstanding এর অথণ হচ্ছলা সচ্ছেও। এটা noun/noun phrase, gerund এর
পূচ্ছেণ েচ্ছস। এটা পর কয clause েযেহৃে ো ধেপরীে অথণ ধ চ্ছদণশ কচ্ছর।
Structure : In spite of/despite/notwithstanding + noun/noun phrase/gerund + ধেপরীে
অথণ প্রকাশক clause.
Examples:
In spite of his illness, he attended the meeting.
Despite his poverty. the tries to help the poor with money.
Notwithstanding his being popular, he was not elected trainman.
Note : শ পরীত অর্থ প্রোিে Clause াকেের শুরুকত সকে in spite of, despite এ ং
notwithstanding এর পুক থ (,) েমা শিহৃ সক না । াকেের শিকে সকে উক্ত শিহ্ন কস না।
Examples: He could continue his studies in spite of his poverty.
 English Different usages of Phrases

12. In case of
ককা ধকছুর কেচ্ছে ককা ধকছু হচ্ছল েুঝাচ্ছে in case of েযেহার কচ্ছর োর পচ্ছর noun/noun phrase
েযেহার করচ্ছে হয়। োর পর অথণ অ ুসাচ্ছর েযেহার কচ্ছর োকয কশষ্ করচ্ছে হয়।
Structure : In case of + noun/noun phrase .... ........ + clause. Or, Clause + In case of .......
Examples:
1. In case of rain, we will not start our journey.
Or, We will not start our journey in case of rain.
2. In case of his failure he should try again.
Or, He should try again in case of his failure.
 English Different usages of Phrases

13. Cannot but = না েকরই পারা যায় না এমন

Structure : Subject + cannot but could not but + verb এর base form ................
Examples:
1. I cannot but do the work.
2. He could not but go there.
 English Different usages of Phrases

14. Cannot help = না েকরই পারা যায় না এমন

Structure: Subject + cannot help could not help + verb এর সাথে ing.......
Examples :
i. I cannot help doing the work.
ii. He could not help going there.