CHEMISTRTY_ HABER PROCESS

CHEMISTRY: HABER
PROCESS
The Haber process, also called the Haber Bosch process, is the main
industrial procedure for the production of ammonia. A catalyst, in chemistry, is any substance
that increases the reaction rate without itself being consumed. Enzymes are naturally occurring
catalysts responsible for many essential biochemical reactions.
Factors That Affect The Equilibrium
Concentration
● An increase in the concentration of reactants will increase the formation of products. An
increase in the concentration of products will favor reactant formation.
Temperature
● An increase in temperature favors endothermic reactions. A decrease in temperature
favors exothermic reactions.
Pressure
● An increase in pressure favors the side with fewer molecules. A decrease in pressure
favors the side with more molecules.
Proper Conditions For The Production Of Ammonia

● The conditions required for the Haber process to occur include high pressure, high
temperature, and the presence of a catalyst.
Metals are shiny because they have a lot of free (i.e. delocalized) electrons that form a cloud of
highly mobile negatively charged electrons on and beneath the smooth metal surface in the
ideal case. Metals appear shiny because they contain vacant electrons. When these loose
electrons come in contact with the light energy, they start vibrating and moving randomly in
every direction in the metal. So, The light energy incident upon it gets reflected. Thus, metals
appear shiny and lustrous.
Ductility is the physical property of the metal which means if we pull the metal it's going to
stretch rather than break. In other words, a material's ability to undergo significant plastic
deformation under tensile stress before rapture is called the ductile properties of the material.
Reaction Of Alkaline/Alkali Metals With Water
Alkali metals react with water to form metal hydroxides and liberate hydrogen gas.
Ex: If sodium is the metal it will form sodium hydroxide and liberate hydrogen gas.
2 Na + 2 H20 - 2 NaOH + H2(g)
The formation of sodium hydroxide in the reaction mixture can be identified by using an
indicator( phenolphthalein). Phenolphthalein is pink in color and basic/ base medium. There will
be an explosion during this reaction because of the formation of hydrogen gas which is highly
flammable. As we move down the alkali metals the reaction gets more vigorous. Reaction gets
more vigorous as we go down the group.
When a metal reacts with acid it produces hydrogen gas and salt.
2 Zn + 2 HCl —> H2 + 2 ZnCl
Tranistion Metals
The transition elements are found in groups 3 - 12 to the periodic table. While the proprerties of
element in groups such as the alkali metal ( group 1) and the halogens ( group 17) follow
patterns that can be predicted, the properties of transition elements are less predictable.
However they have some common characteristics including:
● they are all metals, which is why they are often called transition metals
● they form colourful compounds
● they can be used as catalysts - a catalyst speeds up the rate of a reaction , but is not
consumed in the reaction
● many can form ions with different charges, for example chromium can form Cr+2 and
Cr+3 ions( as well as others).
What Are Noble Gases?

The noble gases are found in group 18/ group 8 of the periodic table. They are naturally
inert(non reactive) giving them stablity and they tend not to form ions naturally.
Tips : Grpno : number of volume electrons
Optic rule : 2 - 8 - 2
He - Helium Ne - Neon Ar - Argon Kr - Krypton Xe - Xenon Rn - Radou
Why these Gases are Unreactive?

● Noble gases have eight electrons in their balanced shell except He (has two balanced
shell)
● According to optic rule every atom has a tendancy to have eight electrons in their
balanced shell.
● In conclusion due to it following the optic rule and have eight electrons it doesnt need to
react that is the reason why it is inert/ non reactive.
Extraction of Noble Gases
Noble gases are present in air and can be extravted by liquefying air and then separting out the
noble gases using fractional distillation. They have a wide range of application inclidng
lightning, refrigreration, air ships and ballons, as well as in industrial welding. Another
application is storing food proucts for the packaging.
What are Fossil fuels ?

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbob-containing compunds. Organic compunds are one
of the most important groups of chemicals. They include Fossil fuels are the product of
decompostiton of carbon-based-life forms such as marine animals and plants that captured the
Sun’ s energy millions of years ago. Globally there are three main fossil fuel which we have
become dependent on which include oil , coal and natural gas. They take million of years to
develop and therefore are classified as non renewable energy source.

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CHEMISTRY: HABER

Factors That Affect The Equilibrium

Proper Conditions For The Production Of Ammonia

2 Na + 2 H20 - 2 NaOH + H2(g)

2 Zn + 2 HCl —> H2 + 2 ZnCl

What Are Noble Gases?

He - Helium Ne - Neon Ar - Argon Kr - Krypton Xe - Xenon Rn - Radou

Why these Gases are Unreactive?

What are Fossil fuels ?

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