THEME 4: GEOMETRY

1 3 ww
UNDERSTANDING SHAPES
ww
1/to02
131 PAIRS OF RELATED ANGLES
1. Adjacent Angles: A pair of angles that satisfies the three conditions given below is called
a pair of adjacent angles.
Both the angles have the same vertex.
.Both the angles have a
common arm.
Both the angles are on the opposite sides of the B
Common arm.

In Fig. 13.1, the two angles CAB and DAB form a pair
of adjacent angles. Fig. 13.1

2. Linear Pair: A pair of adjacent angles is said to be a linear pair if the two adjacent angles
have one common arm and the other two arms are opposite rays. In Fig. 13.2, the pairot two
adjacent angles BAC and CAD is a linear pair.
If the sum
of any two adjacent
Two adjacent angles angles is 180°, then their
are said to form a linear exterior arms are in the
pair if the sum of their same straight
measures is 180°. A B line.
Fig. 13.2

two intersecting lines and having no common

Vertically Opposite Angles: Two angles In by13.3, ZAPY and 2BPX are vertically opposite
formed
3.
arm are called vertically opposite angles. Fig
2YPB vertically opposite angles.
angles. Also, ZXPA and
are

Two (or more) angles are Vertically opposite angles are

called equal (or congruen) if of equal measures.
B
they have the same measure.
Fig. 13.3

the of Complementary angles

When the s u m of
measures

.Complementary Angles: Each need not be

called complementary angles.
wO angles is 90°, they are
other.
the adjacent angles.
complement of
g l e then is the

of angles is 180°, they called

measures two
the are
5. Supplementary Angles: Whern the sum of of the other.
then is the supplement
Each angle
upplementary angles.
The angles forming
Supplementary angles a linear pair are
need not be adjacent supplementary.
angles.
 Fundamentals of Mathema
120 V e

Angles are generally measured in degrees ().

is called a minute (')
into 60 equal part, and
each part
degree()is further divided is called a second ().
() Is further divided into 60 equal parts,
each part
nue
Thus, 1° 60
and 1' 60.

Example 1. Find the complement of each of the following angles:

(a) 43° 30 (b) 35° 24' 40"
is 90.
Solution: Sum of the measures of two complementary angles
(a) The complement of 43° 30
= 90°-43° 30' = 89° 60 - 43° 30

= 46° 30'.

(b) The complement of 35° 24' 40"

89° 59' 60" 35° 24' 40"
90° -35° 24' 40"
-

= 54° 35 20"
An angle is one-fourth of its complement. Find the measure of the angles.
Example 2.
is 90°
angle be x (measured in degrees). Then, its complement
-

x.
Solution: Let the
According to the question,
x =(90°- x)
4

This gives 4x 90° -x or 5r =90°.

or r = 18°

Thus, the two angles are 18° and (90° - 18°), i.e., 72°.

Example 3. Find the supplement of each of the following angles:

(a) 169° 27 (b) 100° 35' 25"
Sum of the measures of two Supplementary angles is 180°.
Solution:
(a) The supplement of 169° 27
=
180° -

169° 27' = 179° 60' -

169° 27
= 10° 33.

(b) The supplement of 100° 35' 25"

180° -100° 35'
179° 59 60" - 100° 35 25"
79° 24' 35". =

Example 4. The supplement of an angle is one-fourth of itself. Find the angle and
ana als
supplement.
Let the measure of the given angle be x (measured in degrees). Then, its supp
Solution:
is (180° - x).

According to question,

180-X=x
4(180°x ) = * or 720° - 4x= Xx
That is
or
5x 720° or x =144
. T h e measures of the angle ana its supplement are 144 and (180"- 1H

respectively.
 Understanding Shapes8
Evample 5. In Fig. 13.4, OA and OB are
121
(a) Ifa =
opposite rays.
40, what is the value of b?
(b) If b =
13, what is the value of
a? 0
Solution: Here, 2AOC and ZBOC (30 2b
form a linear
(26) +3a + 10)° 180 pair. A
Fig. 13.4
This gives 3a+ 2b 170
(a) If a
=40, then from (1) .1)
3x 40+ 2b
170, i.c., b =25
(b) If b =
13, then from (1)
3a +2x 13
=48.
=
170, i.e., a
Example 6. In Fig. 13.5, ZAOB =
90° and CD is
Solution: Since 2COE and ZEOD form a
straight line, Find a
x and y.
linear pair, we have
2COE + ZEOD
or
180 =
B
105 +3x =180°
3x= 75, i.e., x
=25 1053 D
Further, y +90° + 2x = 180°
or
y+90° + 2(25°) = 180 L
or y +90° + 50° = 180°
Fig. 13.5
y= 40°.

EPRACTICE EXERCISE 13.1

1. How many
degrees are there in:
a) a right angle (b) a straight angle
(c)ofa right angle
(d)of astraight angle?
2 Write the complement of each of the following angles:
(a) 45 b)ofa straight angle (c) 5 03' 02".
S.
Write the supplement of each of the following angles:
(a) 109 (b) (x + 15 (c) 169° 24'
Find the angle which is equal to its complement.9 0 2 - 4r
Find the angle which is equal to its supplement. /20 2 - q q
3. Can two angles be supplementary if both ot them are (a) obtuse, and (b) acute? a) No,b) No
.(a) If x and (r + 40)° are complementary to each other, find the value of x.2
en I f r and (x + 60)° are supplementary to each other, find the value of x. 60
7
1a) Find two complementary angles which are in the ratio 5: 4.
)Find two supplementary angles which are in the ratio 8 :7.
a ) If 30, of an angle is complement of 30°, find the angle.
t 60% of an angle is supplement of 120° find the angle.
The measure of an anBe 1s
*0 more than the measure of its
1ts meaSure. complement. Find
)The measure of an angle is 70° less than the measure of
angle
its
supplement. Find its measure.
 1CSE,

Fundamentals of Mathematiee
122 Nru

find ZPOR and Q05.

Also,
straight line, Find the value of r.
nF8. 13.6, POQ is a

R M
7x4x
b
+15) x+6) 3x 6x m
D
Q P Fig. 13.8
Fig. 13.7
Fig. 13.6
of r .
11. In Fig. straight line. Find the complement
13.7, COD is a

12. Given the Fig. 13.8, find the values of a, b and c.

TRANSVERSAL WITH TWO LINES

13.2 PAIRS OF ANGLES MADE BY A
of those two lines. In the fig
When a line cuts two other lines, the line
is called a transversal
These eight angles are nam
there are eight angles formed at
the two intersections.
given below,
as follows:
in pairs according to their relative positions
P
3

6 m
m
5 m

Fig. 13.9

22 and 26; L3 and 27 are four pairs of corresponding angles.

21 and L5; 24 arnd 28;

43 and L5; 24 and 26

are two pairs ofalternate angles. 3
5 - m

Fig. 13.10

two pairs of interior angles on the same side of the transversa

and26; L4 and 25
are
/3
simplyinterior angles.

-1
5
m

Fig. 13.11

28 are two pairs of exterior angles,

Z1 and L2; 27 and P P

2
Fig. 13.12
(nderstanding Shapes 123

13.3 PAIRS OF ANGLES MADE BY A TRANsVERSAL

ON TWO PARALLEL LINES
When two lines in the same plane do not intersect, they are called parallel lines. In the figure

given below, AB and CD are lines. We

parallel AB | CD say that "ABis
denote them by and
parallel to CD".
R
C D
S

A 8
(a) Parallel lines (b) Non-parallel lines

Fig. 13.13
The above pairs of angles formed by a transversal on two parallel lines have interesting properties:
When two parallel lines are cut by a transversal,
thecorresponding angles formed in pairs are equal;

the alternate angles formed in pairs are equal; and

the
interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary.

(These properties will be verified through Math Lab Activity at the end of the Chapter.)
Conversely, the following statements are also
true:
are of equal measures,
If two lines are cut by a transversal such that two corresponding angles
then the two lines are parallel.
(interior or exterior) are of
I f two ines cut by a transversal such that two
are
alternate angles
equal measures, then the two
lines are parallel.
transversal such that s u m of the m e a s u r e s
of two interior angles on the
If two lines are cut by a 180°, then the lines a r e parallel.
same side of the transversal is
DC and AC DE. Calculate the
| | D
Example 1. In Fig. 13.14, AB
m e a s u r e of ZBAC
if the m e a s u r e of 2CDE is 25.

Solution: Here, AC || DE and

line DC is transversal. 2
LACD = 2CDE Alternate angles]
.
LACD = 25 ..(1)
Thus,
transversal.
and line AC is
Also, AB || DC B
B A C = LACD Alternate angles] Fig. 13.144
.
LBAC = 25 [From (1)
Thus,
two parallel lines.
AB and CD are
Example 2. In Fig. 13.15,
and z.
Find angles x, y
Lr 45 Vertically opposite angles A xp
45 8
Solution: [Interior angles]
Zx = 180°
Next, Zz +

Lz = 180° - Zr C O D
= 180° 45° 135°

Ly = Lz Vertically opposite angles]

Also, Fig. 13.15
4y 135
x= 45°,y = 135° and z =135°.
Thus,
 Fundanmentals of Mathematies

124 Find the meas

eaat
ZABE = 30° and
EDC =40.
CD.
13.16, AB is parallel to
ig.
of 2BED.
A - 30

C
Fig. 13.16

given figure, draw a line MN parallel

to
30
Solution: ln the we

13.17). Let the

two
AB or CD through E (See Fig,
angles at E be denoted by Zx and Z M

Since N and ZABE are alternate angles,

r =
ZABE =
30°. Fig. 13.17

Also, 2y and 2EDC are alternate angles,

ZEDC = 40°.
y =

30° + 40°
Thus, ZBED = Zx + 2y =

= 70°.

Example 4. In Fig. 13.18, p | q and I|| m. Find x, y, z, t. 12

Solution: We know that
Lt+ 125° = 180° [Linear pair|
Zt= 180° - 125°
55 Fig. 13.18
Lx = 125 m
Also,
[Vertically opposite angles]
Further, Zx+ 2y =180° Interior angles on the same side of transversa
180° Zx
Zy
-

= 180° - 125° = 55

Zx = Zz
and ICorresponding ange
Lz = 125°.

=PRACTICE EXERCISE 13.2

transversal. It Z1 =110°, find
m and n is a
1. In Fig. 13.19, I ||
the m e a s u r e s of Z2,
Z3, L4, 25, L6, L7 and 28.

5
8

Fig. 13.19

In each of the following figures,similar

arrows indicate
2. parallel lines. Calculate the ure

the angle indicated by

' r in each figure (See Fig. 13.20). meas
 125
A B C
x 5

cA X B

120
D E A
20 D
(a) () (c)

B A B A
40 60
D -G

E
C
D D
70 F
(e)

Fig. 13.20
3. In Fig. 13.21, lirne t is a transversal to the lines I and n. State whether l is parallel to im or not.

120 110
70
70

a) No () No
Fig. 13.21
4. In Fig. 13.22, 1 || m, m || n and p || q. Find the values of ,
y and z.

60
Y p
110

(a)
Fig. 13.22

5. In Fig. 13.23, find the value of x.

B
70 W 430 C
x

70
110
E

(a) (b)
Fig. 13.23
 o7
Fundamen tals athematir

126 T
line find 2D**i
m ig. 13.24, PQ is parallel to ST. AB is a straight
0
Q B
A a
98
E
D

Fig. 13.25
Fig. 13.24

13.25, AB || CD Show that a b 180°. Als0, check

if c
= a.
| EF. + =
I nfig.

40
S. In Fig. 13.26, AB |l DE. Find a. 67

Fig. 13.26

9. In Fig. 13.27, PQ, RS and UT are parallel lines. If c = 75° and a - f i n d -

Q
P U
R

CT 150
Fig. 13.27
Fig. 13.28
10, In Fig. 13.28, if RS | PQ and RT || UQ, then find the value of 8x -2u.

SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISE
In the figure given below, the line p iS paraliel to the line q. Find the anale v

150

-9

Fig. 13.29
ZIn the given figure, AB parallel
is to CD and AB is
parallel to EF.
C D
Find the measure of
of 2DAE .

80
125°

Fig. 13.30