Geometry

GEOMETRY
02
surferft
We have divided the geometry into five sections, (b) Curve line: A line which chages its direction is
which are as follows: called a curved line.

Lines and Angle/ta stt

Triangle /fra
Quadrilateral/fG
Polygon/ET
Circle/qi A
Line Segment: A line segment has two end
Lines & Angle (teTi a AUT)
(c)
points; generally line segment is called line.

1. Point: A point is a circle of zero radius which

determines a location. It is usually denoted by a

@Baka_260
capita! letter.
Types of Lines taBI ycht)
The lines are basically of five types
Types of Point (
yhr)
(a) Colinear Points: If three or more points situated (i) Intersecting Lines: If two or more lines intersect
on a straight line, these points are called collinear each other, then they are called intersecting lines. In
points. the figure AB and CD are intersecting lines.

Example :
Points A, B, and C are collinear.
C a
st CD fao te ŽI
:
A, B, ŽI
TET faz
B

(b) Kon-collinear Points: If three or more points A

are not situated on a straight line, these points (iü) Concurrent Lines : If three or more lines pass through
are called non-collinear points. a point, then they are called concurrent lines and the
point through which these all lines pass is called point
of concurrent.
2. Line: A line is mnade up of an infinite number of points
and it has only length i.e., it does not has any
(or width). A line is endless so, it can be
thickness
extended in both directions.

(a) Straight line: A line which does not change its

direction at any point is called a straight line.
A
Concurrent
point
A
>B

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection faHIT 13

 Geometry
Right Angle: If measure of an
angle is equal to 90°,
() then it is a right angle.
A
A

B In the figure, ZAOC and BOC have a common

vertex O. Also, they have a common arm 0C and
0= 90° (ZAOB is a right angle) the distinct arms OA and OB, lie on the opposite
Obtuse Angle: If measure of an angle is more than side of the line OC.
g0° but less than 180°, then is a
it obtuse angle.

A (ii) Complementary Angles : If sum of two angles is

equal to 90°, then the two angles are called
complementary angles.

-B
90° <0< 180° (ZAOB is an obtuse angle)
(iv) Straight Angle: If measure of an angle is equal to D bot t

@Baka_260
180°, then it is a straight angle.

BAD and DAC are complenentary angles, iff+y = 90

A B (iii) Supplementary Angles: If sum of two angles is equal
to 180°, then the two angles are called supplementary
angle.
8= 180° (“AOB is a straight angle)
(v Reflex Angle: If measure of an angle is more than
180° but less than 360°, then it is a reflex angle.

D A B
A
BAC and ZDAC is supplementary angles, if x+
180° < 0
<360° (ZAOB is a reflex angle) y°= 180°
(iv) Linear Pair of Angles: Two adjacent angles are said,
Pair of Angles (aut Y) a
Adjacent Angles: Two angles are called adjacent
to forim a linear pair of angles, if their uncommon arms
are two opposite line.
angles if:

They have the same vertex,

They have a common arm,

120° 60°
Uncommon arms are on either side of the common arm.
A B

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) SelectedàSelection frIT 15

 Geometry
(iii) Parallel Lines : Two straight lines are parallel if they In figure straight lines AB and CD are intersected by
lie in the same plane and do not intersect even if a transversal line PQ.
they produced infinitely. Perpendicular distances
between two parallel lines are always same at all
f af tert AB CD
frus ta PO 3U

places:
IMPORTANT PoINTS OF LINES
There is one and only one line passing through
ERtwo distinct points.
A

TO or more lines are said to be coplanar if they

lie in the same plane, otherwise they are said to
D 7
be non-coplanar.
In the figure AB and CD are parallel lines.
fe T fa AB stt CD HHÍGR
taIËžI
Symbol for parallel lines is ||. a
The intersection of two planesis line.
Hence, AB || CD.

:
34T: AB || CD. 3. Angles An angle is the union of two non-collinear
(iv) :
Perpendicular Lines If two lines intersect at right line with a common initial point. The two line forming
an angle are called armns of the angle and the common
angles, then two lines are called perpendicular lines.
In the following figure AB and CD are perpendicular lines, initial point is called the vertex of the angle.

@Baka_260 The angle AOB denoted by ZAOB, is formed by line

OA and OB and point O is the "vertex" of

ta OA 3AR OB T
the angle.
3 u AOB i, ZAOB

Symbolically it is represented as AB CD or we can

1
also say that.CD I AB.

tfes
CDL AB
(v) Transversal Lines
A :
more given lines at line which intersects two or
l
Types of Angles (chu
distinct points is. called a h yaT): otla
betransversal of the given lines. (i) Acute Angle: If the measure of an angle less than
90°, it is an acute angle.

0° <
B
<0 90° ZAOB is an acute angle)
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
(Selected Selection feGIT 14
 Geometry

In figure, OA and OB are two opposite line ZAOC

& ZBOC are the adjacent angles. Therefore, AOC

frà Trà faa ,

and BOC forma linear pair.
OA
r
OB fArta terg ZAOC sN
ZBOC 34T47
U Fuf ZAOC 3r BOC fus m

If a line stand on another line, the sum of the

adjacent angles so formed is 180°. (vii) Alternate Angles: When two parallel lines are
intersected by a transversal, they form pairs of Alternate
Angles. Each pair of alternate angles is equal.
(v) Vertically opposite Angles : If arm of two angles
form two pairs of opposite rays, then the two angles
are called as vertically opposite angles.

D
3
m

In other words, when two lines intersect, two pairs

In the given figure alternate interior angles 23 = 25

@Baka_260
of vertically opposite angles are formed. Each pair
and Z2 = 28 and alternate exterior angles Z1 =
7
of vertically opposite angles are equal.
and Z4 = 26.
f fa aidt 3id:101 3 = 25 T
22 = Z8 3irR

Note: Conversely, if a transversal intersects two lines in

such a way thata pair of alternate interior angles is equal,
In the figure, two lines AB and CD intersect at O.
then the two lines are parallel.
We find that ZAOC and BOD are vertically
opposite angles
fa Àta AB R CD
faOM yfr H à
So, ZA0C =
/BOD (viii) Consecutive Interior Angles : When two parallel
Similarly, ZBOC and ZAOD are vertically opposite lines are intersected by a transversal, they form two
pairs of interior angles. The pairs of interior angles
angles. so formed are supplementary
BOC
= ZAOD
R
ZAOD VÎgifyga
u
So, ZB0C
(vi) Corresponding Angles : When two parallel lines are
intersected by a transversal. They form pairs of
corresponding angles.

Lines l and m are intersected by the transversal n.

Then 21= 25, 24 = 28, L3 = 27and L2 = L6.

Pairs of interior angles are:

24= 28, L3 = L7 R Z2 =
26. 22 + 25 = 180° & Z3 + 28= 180°

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) Selected selection fan 16

 Geometry

Angles are shown in the given figure. What is the value Ex. In the given figure, AB is parallel to CD and AD
Ex. = 105°, then
of1+ 22+ 23
+24+Z5+ 26
+27+Z8? parallel to BC. If ZMAD = 40° and ZPC
what is ZNAB equals to?
fzu g
faa a T El 21+ 22 +
23 +
24 +25+
T fa 4, AB, CD HHTiK 3r AD, Bc HHaÍ
/6+ 27+ 28 1 È?T
I4

A a ZMAD =
40° 3T ZPCQ = 105",. ZNAB f4
A D

2
Nz
B B

5
P
D
H

HINTS: 7
HINTS:
R
2C= 180- (21+ Z2)
ZF= 180-(23 + 24)
A N
1= 180- (25 + Z6) M B
2L= 180- (27+ Z8) 40
.:.
CFLI is quadrilateral.
S
105]

@Baka_260
:.Sum of angles of CFLI is 360°
= D
720°- (Z1+ 22 + 23 + 24 + 25 + Z6 + Z7+ Z8) 360° C
105°
360° = (1+ L2+23+ 24 + Z5 + Z6 +t L7 tL8)
c = PCO
b 6 ZBCD
Ex. In the given figure, if=a 5 and then what is =
LBCD 105° (Vertically opposite angle)
9rin the value of
b. =
ZCDA 180°- 105°= 75° (AD | BC)
o doss b C6 ZRAB ZCDA = 75° (corresponding angles)
=

a a ZRAN = MAD = 40° (Vertically opposite angle)

NAB = RAB-ZRAN
= 75° - 40° = 35°

Ex. The measure of an angle for which the measure of

b the supplement is four times the measure of the
C complement is:

HINTS:
x 5 = HINTS:
b:a= (5: 1) 25: 5
C:a= 6 :5 Let.the angle is x.
2iSo, Complement angle 90xq slgnt j
a:b:c=5:25:6 Supplement angle = 180 -x
La + Zb+ Zc = 180° (straight line) According to Question,
Sy36 unit = 180° 3'x Complement angle = Supplement angle

3 x (90- x) 180- x
=
sb1 unit =
5°
=
125° X= 45°
<0= 25 unit

Aditya!
Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) Selected Selection faT 17
 Geometry

TRIANGLE/
The region enclosed by three lines is called triangles. (i) Sides opposite to the equal angles ofa triangle are equal

A A

In AABC, if ZB
=zC, then;
B
faga ABCi zf B= LC,
Fundamental Properties of triangle AC = AB
Ex. In APQR, ZQ = 90°, PQ = 8 cm and ZPRQ = 45°.Find
1, Sum of all three angles of a
triangle is always 180°, i.e. the length of QR.
ZA + B
+ ZC = 180°. APQR, H ZQ = 90°, PQ = 8 cm t ZPRQ = 45° ŽI OR

+ ZB+ ZC= 180° HINTS:

A

Ex.
@Baka_260 BÀ
a
b

ZA, ZB, ZCare three angles of a AABC. If ZA - ZB

R
Using property 2 (i), QR = PR = 8 cm
= 15°,
Ex.
One of the angles of a triangle is 108°, and the other
ZB- ZC = 30°, then ZA, ZB and ZC are: two angles are equal. What is the measure
ZA, ZB, ZC, AABC # TH I yf< ZA - ZB = 15°, of each of
=
6 these equal angles?
B- ZC 30° š, at ZA, ZB 3 ZC 61 7:
HINTS:
We know, ZA + ZB+ ZC = 180o
B - HINTS:
(B + 15° + B +
30° = 180°
3ZB- 15° = 180°
3ZB = 195° 108

B = 65°
.. ZA = /B+ 15° = 80° :2TMIH
We know, LA + + =
..2C = B– 30° = 35°
B
2C 180| 2)
*8
2 () Angles opposite to the equal sides of a triangle 108° + x +
x= 180°
are equal. 2x = 72°
X= 36
3 () The angle opposite to the greater side is always
greater than the angle opposite to the smaller side.

In AABC, if AB = BC,
then
Aya ABC # fR AB - BC, à
ZA = ZC
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection faMI 18
 Geometry
In AABC, if BC > AC, then ZA> ZB
AABC À BC > AC, Ì A >
2B
uf 3
side BC is greater than the side AC,
(If the then ZA will
be always greater than ZB.) HINTS:

(ii) The side opposite to the greater angle is always greater

than the side opposite to the smaller angle.

112°
A B

D
-
ZACD = 112° :.ZACB= 180° 112°= 68°
3 4

B
ZB= A
.ZA =
B ....(1)13
+
+
ZC= 180°
B
ZA
In AABC, if ZA > C, then
AABC 4 yf ZA > ZC, a ZA+ ZB 268° = 180° +

.:.ZA ZB= 112°

+

BC > AB
4 + = 1
12°
The ratio of the angle P, ZQ and ZR of a APQR is 2:
B
Ex. From (1), ZB
3
4:9, then which of the following is true ? =
7/B 336°
A
PQR #
vT P, ZQ 3iR ZR 1 4q 2 :4:9 à, à 48°
B =

5. In a triangle the angle between internal bisector of a base

(a) PQ > QR > RP (b) PQ> RP > QR
angle and external bisector of the other base angle is half
>
of the remaining vertex angle.
(c) QR RP> PQ

@Baka_260
(d) PR > PQ > QR
=
HINTS: According to this property, ZBEC
P

=
ZA
9
3H TUH # 3T14R, ZBEC 2
ylsfe srT
R
it
Here, 9x> 4x> 2x
So, PQ > PR > QR
4. Ifa side of triangle is produced, then the exterior angle
so formed is equal to the sum of the two interior opposite R

angles. AABC, ZB is 72° =

Ex. In 44°. Side BC is and zC
produced to D. Then bisectors of and ZACD meet B

at E. What is the measure of ZBEC?

ZACD = LCAB + ZABC faa ABC 4 ZB = 72° 11 ZC = 44° ŽI YI BC Ì D T5
A

HINTS:
E
A

B
44AJH tais
B C Da
C D We know, ZA +
ZB + ZC= 180
ZA = 180 -72-44
The side BC of triangle ABC is produced to D. If ZACD ZA = 64°
3 ZA 64
then find the measure
=
112° and B= A, of ZB. ."
BEC = 2
32°
4
19
Aditya Ranjan
(Excise Inspector)) (Selected Selection faI
 Geometry
6
In AABC, the side BC produced to D and angle bisector HINTS:
of ZA meets BCat E, then ZABC + ZACD = 2 ZAEC.
AABC À yal BC
yoI BC fgE
D e5 qI
fAcIaI ,
TI sn ZA H HHfgHe5
a ZABC + ZACD = 2 ZAEC
A

58 34>
D C

DAE= LB- 20
B D 58-34 24 =
Ex. The side QR of APOR is produced to'a point S. The 12°
bisector of 2Pmeets side OR in T. If ZPQR = 30° and
2 22.
8. (i)Sum of any two sides of a triangle is always greater
ZPTR = 60, find ZPRS.
than the third side, i.e.

yoI QR H fag T fHeGI , Yf< ZPOR = 30° T

ZPTR
at b>c
HINTS: b+ca
C+a> h
A

b
30° 60°

@Baka_260
T R

a
.. 30° + a (i) Difference of any two sides of a triangle is always smaller
60°=
2
than the third side.
120° = 30° + a
a=90°
7. The angle between perpendicular drawn by a vertex to
opposite side and angle bisector of the vertex angle is |a- b| <c
half of difference between other two remaining vertex |b- c| < a
angles. |c- al <b
A

A
C b

B
a
(Here, | | is the symbol for modulus)
B D E C Note: 1. When one side is longer than the sum of the other
two, they don't meet.
If AD I BC and AE is angle bisector of A

=
Then DAE
2 When one side is equal to the sum of other two
Ex. In AABC, AD is perpendicular to BC and AE is the sides, it is not a triangle (just a straight line back
bisector of ZBAC. If ZABC = 58° and ZACB = 34°, then and forth).
find the measure of DAE.
AABC H, AD TI BC iqad sir AE, ZBAC aT
HHfEIe ŽI gf ZABC = 58° 3R ZACB.= 34° š, at
i.e., if a+ b= cthen point A, B and C are collinear.
Es sqefa aft a+b c, faGA, B CHNes 3I
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) 20
Selected Selection fa
 Geometry

13 B D S R
If AD = PS, then
= BOC: QR
Ar (AABC):Ar (APQR)
(ii) If the base of the two triangles is the same, the

Ex Three sides of a triangle are 5 cm, 9 cm, and x cm. ratio of their areas is proportional to the ratio of their
The minimum integral value x is. heights.

HINTS: Pa
A
9

X B D R!
Value of x
lies between, 4 <x< 14. If BC = QR,
then
Thus, Minimum intergral value of x is 5. Ar (AABC)
:
Ar (APOR) = AD: PS

@Baka_260
9. Area of Triangle/ 1 4AA (B) Area of scalene triangle
1
Area of AABC x
(A
2 base height

b
.

Note To calculate area of AABC, we take any of

:

the side as base and the perpendicular from the 0l;rie

vertex to the base is called the height. In triangle
B
ABC,
Area of AABC,= s(s a)(s - b) (s -c) (Hero's formula)
Where (4E),
ABC
Semi Perimeter/ yHY (S) = a+b+c -

2
(C) When two sides and angle between these two sides is
given

B A
D
AD I BC, BE I AC and CF L AB.
1

=x
1
Area of AABC BC × AD = BE x AC

=x CF
Note: (i)
1
x AB
B
Ifthe height of the two triangles is same, the #A5ei
ratio of their area is proportional to the ratio of their Area of AABC/ fay ABC I
base.
=,ab sinC =
bc
2
sinÁ
= 1

5ac sinB

21
Aditya
Ranjan (Selected Selection fI
(Excise Inspector)
 Geometry
10. Sine &
Cosine Rule/ 3R I
I f4 fa ABC # AB = 12 cm R AC = 10 cm, 3R ZBAC
A

60

(a) Sine Rule : Ratio of side and sine of opposite angle of a B

triangle is equal to double of circum radius.
HINTS:

AB² + AC2 – BC2

COS A =
2ABAC
2R; (12)+ (10) -BC?
sinA sinB sinC cos 50°
Where, R is circumradius of triangle. 2x12x10
Ex. In a triangle ABC, ZB = 30° and 2C = 45°, If BC =
- BC?
50cm then find the length of AB/ 144 +100
feh fryT ABC 4, ZB = 30° 3R C =
45°I E BC = 2x120
50 a AB
Ì Cias IG hI 120. = 244 - BC2
HINTS: BC?= 124

BC = 2/31
Congruence & Similarity in Triangle

@Baka_260
105°

In Geometry, two figures are said to be similar if their

30
45 shape is the same. Note that this shape could be rotated
or even flipped and it would still be fne. They would be
B
50 said to be congruent if the shape as well as the size is
50 the same. So congruence is a more stringent condition
any pair of congruent figures is similar by definition.
sin1050 sin 45

50
1 =
(V3 +1)
sin105°
242
2/2
100 V3-1
3-j-5o(V3-1)
Ns+)
(b) Cosine Rule : If two sides and angle between sides are
given, then we can find the opposite side by Cosine
B
Rule.
A

COsA = D
2bc

COsB=
2ac
a? +b²-c? For example the 5 triangles shown alongside are al
cosC =
IDrsimilar. A, B and E are congruent (but E is flipped)»
2ab
while C and D are of different sizes.
Ex. In the triangle ABC, AB = 12cm and AC = 10cm, and
BAC = 60° What is the value of the length of the
HafrEH, saf C iR D 79 fya
side BC?

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fay 22

 Geometry
A more mathematical way of looking at similarity and Once we identify. two figures as similar with sides in
congruence : Two figures can be said to be Congruernt the ratio (say) x:y, then straightaway all their liner
if all their corresponding sides are angles (in order) and dimensions will be in this same ratiox:y. Also, their
the same. area dimensions will be in the ratio : (remember
that any area dimension is the product of two length
dimensions-length x breadth or base x height or ra
dius x radius ......)
Twofigures can be said to be similar if all their angles
(in order) are the
same and all their corresponding sides
are in the same ratio.

For example if two triangles are similar with sides in

the ratio 3:7 then their perimeters, circumradii, inrad,
medians or altitudes from corresponding vertices etc
will all be in the ratio 3:7, while their areas will be in
:
the ratio 9 49.

(The figure may not always look TI

:

similar-one should test 344TG 9 49

l
to make sure)

@Baka_260
Note that, while we normally study similarity and con
gruence for triangles, any two figures could be tested to
check for similarity and congruence. In the case of regular 7x 7y 3x 3y
figures, this is easiest - any two regular figures with the
same number of sides will be similar to each other.

32
7z

Similarity if two cones are similar with heights in the

ratio 4 : 11 then their base radii, slant heights etc will
also be the ratio 4: 11. Their surface areas, base
surface areas, curved surface areas etc will be in the
ratio 16: 121 and their volumes will be in the ratio 64
:
1331.

: 121 344T 3T 316 3YAT 64 :

AAi 3ft 16 À

A
11k
4k
For example if we take two regular hexagons, or two
circles, or two equilateral triangles, or two squares, or
wOregular pentagons, each pair of figures will be simi
lar without any further checking required.

Triangles : Conditions for Congruence and Similarity

23
Aditya
Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection faTn
 Geometry

SSS Test A
If we check the three sides of two triangles, then the
Ted triangles are

Congruent if three pairs of sides of the two triangles P

are equal in length.

Similar if the corresponding sides of two triangles have

lengths in the same ratio.
~
ABC PQR XYZ
ASA Test
A
congruent if the two pairs of angle have the same mea
súre and the sides are equal in length.
R

R<O
B
P
ABC = PQR XYZ ABC POR
Hypotenuse Side Test AAS Test

@Baka_260
If we check the sides of two right-angled triangles, Congruent if the two pairs of angles. have sam
the triangles are
then measure and the sides are equal in length. the

Congruent if the hypotenues arnd one shorter sides are

equal in length. A

Similar if the hypotenuses and one pair of shorter sides R

have length in the same ratio.

B
P
ABC PQR
A
AA Test
If two angles o f triangle are equal then both triangle
are similar.
B
A

~ XYZ
ABC POR B
SAS Test
Congruent if the two sides are equal in length and the ABC XYZ
angle between equal sides is also equal. Spotting Similarity & Congruence

Being able to spot Similarity (and Congruence) is o

Similar if the two sides have lengths in the same ratio
2t
i paramount importahce to the visualisation problems
of
in Geometry; in my experience Similirity stands next
and the angle between then is equal. only to Right-Angled triangle in its usefulness as a con
diiÌ E AR
Ä YAIi TeTÉ EHA HTA À
à st cept. Anda key to recognising similarity is spoting
equal angles. Let me demonstrate through some typi
cal cases.

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection fau 24

 Geometry

Parallel lines : The moment one sees two parallel lines,

one should immediately look out for the possibility of
similar triangles. This is because parallel lines and
transversals centre equal angles galore B C
In the adjoining figure, for example, AABC is a right
angled at B. BD is dropped perpendicular to AC. Then
we can see that if we compare AABC and AADB, they
both have a common angle (A) and a right angle and
In both the situation alongside, AB and CD are parallel thus are similar. Also if we compare AABC with ABDC,
lines. Immediately we should recognise that AAOB and they both have a common angle (C) and a right angle
ACOD are similar as two pairs of angles are the same and thus are similar. So all three triangles (AABC, AADB
in each case. and ABDC) are similar.
àfà à faaÀ, 348U f AABC Îd B HHGI

A B

3Hfr Ht n fay (AABC, AADB T ABDC) HHEY

TT

@Baka_260
(A Properties of Similar triangles/U464 frqa
If AABC and APQR are similar, then
D
qf AABC 3R APR HHRY i, a
P
A

g
C

D B 2pRoa
This is an idea underlyinga lot of proofs - for example a_b_C
we used this in providing (i)
the basic Proportionality and q
Mid-point Theorems, as well as in showing that when (ii) Ratio of corresponding
the diagonals of a trapezium are drawn, the two tri sides3E
angles formed having their base as the parallel sides
are similar. =Ratio of perimeter/4f9 T 379Td britl h
idl
- Ratio of semi-perimeter(s) /31-TfRYIT A AqTa
- Ratio of corresponding medians/Ta HfZASi H1 Aqua
=
al 4q9TA
Ratio of inradius/34-1:f|
=
Ratio of circumradius/vffv A1 3qIT
(ii) Ratio of area/a4d HI 4qTA
Altitude to a hypotenuse : Another very useful simi
larity-based result is that when we drop a perpendicu
- Ratio of square of corresponding sides/TA yA
lar to the hypotenuse of a right angle triangle from the
opposite vertex, the two triangles formed are similar to - Ratio of square of perimeter/4fHrH 1 i h
each other and to the original triangle.
4414
=
Ratio of square of semi-perimeter/31-4HIY HI I
= Ratio of square of corresponding medians/HTA

Aditya
Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection f<I 25
 Geometry
Hi 1 31HYIT (c) Some of the results derived from this theorem, we will
= Ratio of square of inradius/31-d:f use, are as follows : (b
r
= Ratio of square of circumradius/ATET fa h1 i

Ex. If theratio of corresponding sides of two similar triangles

AD_ AE
then what is the ratio of the area the two
of
is 3:2 (i)
BD
triangles?
AD_ AE_ DE
=
AB
AC BC
(ii) AADE ~ AABC
HINTS:
Ar(AADE)
br ar(aABC):ar(APQR) -(V3):(/2)-3 :2 (iv) Ar(AABC) BC

In AABC, D and E are the points on sides AB and AC.

ar (AABC) Ex =
64 respectively such that ZADE
=
If AD =7 cm BD B.

~ AOPR If AB = 10
Ex. Let AABC
cm, BC =7 cm and AC
and ar (AQPR)
= 16
169
cm, then QR (in cm) is AABC ,
5 cm and BC = 9 cm then DE (in cm) is equal to:

3r E aHNI: AB 3ir
D
=
AC o3
BD 7 H 5
3H yAR fAg
3R BC
equal to: fe6 ZADE=B I Yf:AD

ar(AABC) 64
-9
. at
DE ( ) Hqr :
~ af< AB
H1 f AABC AQPR 3R ar HINTS:
- 10 n, BC =7 Àî , (AQPR)
AC =
16 +î À,
169
à QR (t )

HINTS:

@Baka_260
ar (AABC) 64
~ 5
Here, AABC AQPR &
ar(AQPR) 169

B 9 C
AC 64 16
Using B.P.T,
QR -i69 QR 13
AB BC 12
QR = 13×16 = AD DE 7
7 DE
26 Cm
(B) Basic Proportionality Theorem (Thales Theorem) 63
..DE
12
5.25 cm

Mid-Point Theorem/{faa yau Ty

e
e' oiclT.
a) A line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle divides other (C)
two sides in the same ratio. (a) The line segment joining the mid-points of any two sides
of a triangle is parallel to the third side and is half of
the third side.
(b) If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same
ratio, the line must be parallel to the third side.
A line drawn parallel to the one side of a triangle and
the length of the line is half of that of the side, the line
will pass through the mid-points of the other two sides.

B
AD AE
In AABC, If DE || BC, then DB EC
AD AE
'OR' If then DE || BC B.
C
DB EC

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) Selected selection faim 26

 Geometry

ID and E are mid-point of AB and AC, respectively, In right angled triangle, aide opposite to right angle is
then known as hypotenuse.
: AB S
AC fag d,
atE
D
uft

DE || BC and DE
- BC
Properties of a Right-angled Triangle
2

- BC (a) Exactly one of the angle is right angle, i.e.

DE || BC and DE 2 then D and E are the mid- |
(c)
2B90°
points of AB and ACrespectivcly. In this casc

DE - BC
(b) Exactly two angles will be acute.
vft DE || BC 3ÂN
,t D 3AtE F1: AB 3 AC
2
<
i.e. ZA < 90°, 90
C

AD_ AE DE 1 (c) One angle is equal to the sum of other two

angle, i.c.
AB AC BC 2

AD AE 1
B= ZA + 2C = 90°
(üi)
DB EC square
Pythagoras Theorem In a right triangle, the
:
(ii) (a)
~ AABC of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the square
(ii) AADE
of the other two sides.
Ar(ADE) 1

(iv) Ar(AABC) 4

yaT If a, band cbe three sides of a right-angled triangle,

Types of Triangles/fratt à then according to the Pythagoras Theorem,

@Baka_260
Triangles are classified on the basis of angles and sides
zf a, b c
st fat n
faya i ra i, t ar
Ahtg
=b
Types of Triangles/faoi vR
potenuse
c perpendicular

On the basis of angle On the basis of Sides

hy
90°
() Right angled (i) Scalene
B base
a

(ii) Acute angled (ii) Isosceles Example 3²

: +
4? 5

(b) Pythagorean Triplets : A set of three integers a, b, c

which satisfy Pythagoras Theorem ( + b- )or are
(ii) Obtuse angled (ii) Equilateral
the sides of aright-angled triangle is called
Pythagorean triplets.
Right Anglo Triangle/HeATUT A
qraurifra fqute :
a qufi a, b sin c #1 HE

If one of the angles of a triangle is right angle, then the

triangle is called right-angled triangle. In the figure,

ZB = 90°, then AABC is right-angled triangle.
The smallest Pythagorean triplet is (3, 4, 5).
&

HqH yrqrift fee (3, 4, 5)

tii
If (a, b, c) be a Pythagorean triplets, then (ak, bk, ck)
b will also be the Pythagorcan triplet.
or
c
hypotenuse | yt (a, b, qeTifua fztz ti, aì (ak, bk, ck) 1
a be)
B
27
Rattya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection faI
 Geometry
Following Pythagorean triplets are frequently used in
B
the examinations.

• (3, 4, 5), (6, 8, 10), (9, 12, 15), (12, 16, 20), (15, 20, C
25)
• (5, 12, 13), (10, 24, 26)
(7, 24, 25), (14, 48, 50), (3.5, 12, 12.5),
(21, 72, 75)
• (8, 15, 17)
(9, 40, 41)
(11, 60, 61)
(a) (i) xx c
• (.1,/2) (i) b= yxc
-X* yx
p
(b)

(1.5.2) (c) a x
b= p C

(2n, n°-1, n² + 1) 1

a- b², a² + b)
(2ab,
Whenever a right-angled triangle will be given, two of In other words,/H Yri 4,
its side willbe given and you are required to find the (a) (i) BD x AB
BC?
thìrd side by using Pythagoras Theorem. But now we (ii) AC? =
AD x AB
will find the third side directly from the above =
(b) CD² BD x AD
Pythagorean Triplets. (c) BCx AC = CD × AB
1 1

(d) CD? Rn?t

To prove the above formula, we take the 3 similar

@Baka_260
triangles as shown in the figure.
In the most of the questions of geometry, mensuration
and trigonometry, we will be required to find the third
side of a right-angled triangle
B B

Ex. Triangle ABC is right angled at B and D is a point of

BC such that BD = 5 cm, AD = 13 cm and AC = 37
cm, then find the length of BCin cm.
y ABC, B
= 5
t Bc
T D A AR
fz fa A C DA D
t
BD = 13 =
fE AD 4 AC 37 44 2I BC Now, use the concept of ratio of the sides of
triangles are equal.
the similar

HINTS:
"
ifI
Ex. In AABC, ZA = 90°, AD I BC at D. If AB = 12 cm
AC = 16 cm, then what is the length (in cm) and
of BD?
37 AABC ZA H
90°, fag D AD
12
13 I Bci f AB- 12
sT AC - 16 i Ì, à BD Ga (A4 À) AId Fil
HINTS:
C
B D
:. (12)² + (BC)² = (37)²
»
BCj? (37) - (12)²
BC² = 25 x 49 16 D
20
> =
BC
5x7=35
(iü) In a right-angled triangle ABC, if a perpendicular (CD)
is drawn from the vertex which is right angle (C) to the

HH ,
hypotenuse (AB), then A 12
AB² ×
BD BC
fa 4T faY ABC
Àqf zírá (C) f 144 BD x 20
7.2 = BD

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) 28

(Selected Selection fa
 Geometry
(iv) If P and M are two points on the sides BC and AB re HINTS:
spectively of AABC, right-angled at B, then.s C

uf B HHGT AABC yo131 BC AI AB P a41 M

34
AP² + MC? = AC? + MP? M

ML A N B
4(CN? + BM)² = 5BC?

BM? + CN? 5
p
BC? 4
Ex. Points P and Q are on the sides AB and BC respectively Ex. In AÀBC, ZC= 90°, point P and-Q are on side AC and
su of a triangle ABC, right angled at B. If AQ = 11 cm, BC respectively, such that AP : PC = BQ : QC = 1: 2,
PC = 8 cm, and AC = 13 cm, then find the length (in AQ° + BP? ,
algn cm) of PQ. then AB is equal to : ghst
faz P 3ir hHNI: fayd ABC
Q
Yo1 AB
, PC =
r Bc fera AABC À ZC= 90° ŽI fag P siRQJAT AC aR BC M fag
,fay
AC = 13
B HHATU

t ,
uf< AQ = 11 I
PQ
î
8
Gus (î À) AA GI
A 3T
3H YAR
fe. AP: PC =
BQ : QC =1:2, a
AQ?
AB?
+ BP?

HINTS:
=?
A
HINTS:

@Baka_260
P

B C
b)
2x
AQ? + PC2 = AC? + PO²t3
C 2y y
121 + 64 = 169 + PO2 B
= PQ2 AQ² =
Ot16 9 +
4y².
PQ= 4 BP² = 4 + 9y?

+
A AQ° BP?
13x+13y² 13(x +y°) 13.
()
AB² 9x² +9y² 9(
+y') 9

(vi)

2i stL B

D
If AABC is RAT
AD & CE are medians
4 (AD² + CE) =5 AC?
AD² + =
CE 5
ED' BE & CD are mnedians
AD² + CE = AC2 + ED² .
Ex If medians are (BE 1 CD) then,
In a AABC, ZA = 90°, if BM and CN are two medians, AB² + AC? = 5 BC?
BM + CN? or, b²
+
=5 a2
308
s
o lrego3
BC? is equal to Ex. If in a AABC, BE and CF are two medians perpendicular
to each other and if AB = 19 cm and AC = 22 cm then
AABC LA = 90° yft BM
r CN
HfzaI a the length of BC
a
is:att
BC2 r uf AB =19 t AC =
22 BC das :
Aditya Ranjan (Excise 29
Inspector) (Selected Selection fain
 Geometry

HINTS: (i) The sum of the any two angles of the triangle is alwava
greater than the third angle.I4

(a) ZA+ ZB> 2C

22
19
KE
F/ (b) ZB + 2C> LA
(c) 2C+ ZA> ZB
of angles
(i)
Ex. Which one of the following cannot be the ratio
in acute-angled triangle?
B
192 + 222'= 5BC2
361 + 484 = 5BC²
Hehdl 8? (iü

(a) 2:5:8 (b) 4: 1:4

845= 5BC?
BC² = 169
(c) 2:3: 4 (d)1: 1:1
BC 13 HINTS:
Using property (ii), Option (a) cant be the ratio of
angle
Ex. Consider AABC the medians AD & CF intersect at right (i
angles at G. if BC =3 cm and AB = 4cm, then the of acute-angled triangle.
length of AC is (in cm): (ii) The sum of the squares of any two sides of the triangie
a
AABC
ufadz
fqaR ai, HfyaI AD 3 CF GÁ q HHAT
uf BC = 3
t st AB 4 , aì A
is greater than the square of the third
side.

ars (î
HINTS:
) : (a) AB'+ BC?> AC?
(b) BC? +
AC?> AB?
(c) AC? + AB?> BC?

Ex. Which of the following can be the 3 sides of accute

angled triangle?

@Baka_260
AB² + BC? = 5AC?

..
16 + 9 = 5AC²
25 = 5AC
D
3
(a)
(b)
(c)
4 cm, 8 cm, 7 cm
1 cm,
2 cm, 3 cm
2 cm, 4 cm, 3 cm
(d) 9 cm, 12 cm, 15 cm
HINTS:
AC = V5
In such type of question you have to check each option
Acute Angles Triangle/1hyr fays using property(ii).
If each of the angles of a triangle is accute, then the + 82 > 72, 82 + 72 > 42
Here, 42 & 72 + 42 > 8²
triangle is called an acute-angled triangle.
Satisfied property, Thus Option(A) is right answer.
Similarly you can check other options but all other
options given will not satisfy the property.

Obtuse Angles Triangle/tfHAUT fr

If one of the angle of a triangle is obtuse, then the
triangle is called an obtuse-angled triangle.
B
If ZA 90°, ZB < 90° and ZC < 90°, then AABC is a
<
<
acute-angled triangle. ZB> 90°, ZA 90° and LC<90°, then
afk ZA < 90°, ZB < 90° 3ir ZC< 90° Ì, at AABC TEaTU A

Properties of an acute-angled triangle

Each of the angles of the triangle is acute. B

Triangle ABC is obtuse angled triangle. E

< ZA, ZB,

0° ZC< 90°

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection fai 30

 Geometry

Properties of an obtuse-angled triangle Scalene Triangle/fau4a; fau

If all of the three sides of a triagle are of different
In a AABC, ZB is

fa AABC ZB
obtuse,
f# , thene isipo) lengths then the triangles is called a scalene triangle.

(i) Exctly one of the angle of the triangle is obtuse and

other two angles are acute.

ZB= 90° and 0° < ZA, ZC< 90°

(i The sum of the two acute angles of the triangle is less
than the obtuse angle.
B
(ZA + ZC) <
B

AB BC CA
(iiü) The sum of the square of two 'smaller sides lesss
than the square of the third side.(the largest side). or a# b c, then AABC is an scalene triangle.
Properties of an scalene triangle
e (a) AB² + BC² < AC?
+ AC?< BC2
(1) No two sides are equal in length, i.e.
(b) AB'
< AB?
(c) AC? + BC?
Ex. The sides of a triangle are in the ratio 4:6:8. The triangle
is afan:

(a)
(b)
(c)

(d)
Isoceles Triangle

@Baka_260
Obtuse-Angled Triangle
Acute-Angled Triangle
Right-Angled Triangle axa
B

AB ÷
BC CA or
ir
HINTS: (ii) No two angles are equal, i.e.
Here, 42 + 62 < 82

52 < 64 ZA #ZB 2C
Thus, The given ratio of sides is of obtuse-angle triangle. (i) Triangle may be one of the acute angled, right angled or
Ex. In an obtuse angle triangle PQR, angle
Q is obtuse obtuse angled.
angle if side PQ=1 l cm, QR-15cm then find minimum
possible integer length of side PR? Perimeter, Semi-perimeter and Area of scelene triangle

,
(iv)

11 QR = 15 a yI PR #Ì
H
GAI RI EI
A
(a) 18 cm (b) 19 cm

(c) 23 cm (d) 22 cm

HINTS:

=
11 Perimter/ufHIg a+b+c
a+b+c
152Rsiu
Semi-perimeter/31d-ufHTY=
2O 1
Area of AABC/faT ABC h
346 <
ls(s- a)ls - b)(s- c)
Thus, (b) is right answer.
31
Aditya
Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection faI
 Geometry

The sides of the scalene triangle ABC are in the ratio (iv) In an isosceles AABC, the median, the angle bisect
Ex.
the semi-perimeter is 42 cm, what is the perpendicular bisector and the altitude of unequal st
3:5:6 and is the same and it divides the AABC in two congruent
difference of the largest and the smallest sides of the
(equal) right-angled triangle.
triangle?

HINTS: A
3x+5X+6x
Semi-perimeter
2 223l2
42 7x
X= 6
Required Difference = (6 - 3) x 6 = 18 cm
pa aeL.rt
Isoceles Triangle/HHfgara fayg B.
Cpt srs rrsd
D
If two sides of a triangle are equal in length, then the
triangle is called an isosceles triangle. In AABC,
AD is the median, the angle bisector perpendicular
bisector and the altitude.

AD 1 BC and BD
= DC, then3 io abie oiT
DABD ACD

@Baka_260
(v) Perimeter, semi-perimeter and Area
B
If AB BC, then the AABC is an isosceles triangle.
= AC +

uf AB = AC + BC Ì, AABC HHÍgaIg aa I

Properties of an isosceles triangle aT

a, a
an isosceles triangle in which AB =AC.
AABC is
AABC q5 THÍgAg faya
fHi AB = AC B
A C

Perimeter/YHq = AB + BC + CA =
2a + b.
Semi perimeter/3-vfuY
AB+ BC + CA

2
=a+ b
B 2
The length of the two sides are equal, i.e. V4a?-b?
AD =
AB = AC 2

(i) The length of the third side will be smaller or larger than
the equal sides. Area of
AABC/AABc #1
A4a²-b?
Note : In isosceles triangle ABC, AABD and AADC are
the two congruent right-angled triangle. Use
BC > AB = AC or BC < AB = AC Pythagorean triplets in these right angled triangle.
(iii) Two angles opposite to the equal sides are equal. te :
fsAg faya ABC À, AABD AADc + atv
ZB= 2C (opposite to the side AC and AB)

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fa 32

 Geometry
If a line (which joins the common vertex of two equal
sides of a triangle) bisects the base then that line is
stiperpendicular to the base and vice versa.
HINTS:

17 8
17

B 15 15
Check 30 + 34 = 64
[Apply concept of triplet, to solve quickly]

B Area =x 30 x 4 =
120 cm²
If AB = AC and BD = DC
b )
LADB = ZADC = 90° Equilateral Triangle/H4arE fr
(vi) If AB = AC and BETAC and CF 1 AB If all the three sides of a triangle are equal in length,
yf AB = AC TT BE 1 AC ÀR CF L AB then the triangle is called an equilateral triangle.
A

BE = CF

@Baka_260 E

B C
C
B If AB - BC = AC, then AABC is an equilateral triangle.
(viil) If AB = AC, E and F are the mid-points 92 yf AB = BC = AC a, Ì AABC HHAIE EII
qf AB = AC, E a
F q4 fag
Properties of an equilateral triangle
A

Let AABC is an equilateral triangle in which AB= BC= AC

H AABCv% HHAIE fayG fÄ AB = BC = AC

A
» BE = CF F E

C
B
Ex. cm. If the
perimeter of an isosceles triangle 50
The is
B
base is 18 cm, then find the length of the equal sides. The length of all the three sides are equal,
H4ÍgqIE fAaI yfHY 50 f 3HG1 3A1AIR 18
= BC = AC
i.e. AB
HINTS:
A

ile in enegbiL (ü) All the three angles will be equal and the value of each
Ferimeter, 2a +he 503 angle will be 60°
2a + 18 = 50
a=16
Ex. The lerngth on on
perpendicular dropped
of
the base
1sosceles triangle is 8 cm. If its perimeter is 64
cm, i.e. ZA= /B= 2C
n
What is the area of this triangle?
Selection fell 33
Aditya
Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected
 Geometry
(iüi) Ex. 'O. is a point in the interior of an equilateral triangie.
The perpendicular distance from :0' to the sides are
V3 cm, 2v3 cm, 5V3 cm. The perimeter of the triangle

is:
a a
ciaga gi V3 cm, 2V3 cm, 513 cm l fy yfqTR
î
60
B HINTS:
In an equilateral AABC, A

(a) All the three medians are equal

A
2N3
(b) All the three altitudes are equal
V3

B a
(c) Each median = Each altitude =
2 a
:(V3 +243 +5/3)
3
8V3-V3
(iv) In equilateral AABC/ HHAIZ AABC 4 2
The incentre, the circumcentre, the orthocentre and the a= 16
centroid are the sarme-point.

@Baka_260
.:. P= 3a =3 x = 48 cmn
16

Ex. AABC is an equilateral triangle and ADI BC, where D

(v Ifaltitudes of a triangle are equal, the triangle is an lies in BC. If AD = 4/3 cm, then what is the perimeter
equilateral triangle. (in cm)
fay
of AABC?
ABC V# HHAz fagi Ž TT AD I BC , Tai D, BC
AD =
(vi) If P is a point inside an equilateral triangle ABC, the
R fea afs
43 T frya ABC 1
fAI
sum of altitudes from the point P to the sides AB, BC (H4 À) fehiI a?
and AC equal to the median of the AABC. HINTS:

A
AABC T Tfi461
AB, BC 3r AC T SI T Ti 1 ZT6

|413
cm

a
B D
E
h P W3
a=
4/3 a=8
D
Let the altitudes from point P to side BC, AC and AB be .:. =

h,, h, and h, respectively and the side of the triangle be P=3a 24

a, then Ex. ABC is an equilateral triangle. P, Q' and R are the
midpoints of sides AB, BC and CA respectively. If the
i131
H faz p 3T BC, AC T ABW
S T A AHRI; h,, length of the side of the triangle ABC is 8 cm, then the
area of APQR is :
ABC V* HHAz fayT ŽI P, Q sr R 3h4N1: H91i AB, BO
h, + + =
h, h, 2

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) 34

(Selected Selection faI
 Geometry
HINTS: Internal angle bisector of a triangle : If a line bisects
the Internal angle of a triangle, then it is called internal
angle bisector of a triangle.

P R
If line AD is such that ZBAD = 2CAD, then AD is the
interior bisector of the angle A.
zfz tai AD VA f BAD= ZCAD, I AD 3Taf
A

B
S C

.:.APOR=
3 y4x4-4N3
4
g
Centres of triangle/fr
B
We will study 4 types of centres of a triangle D
(a) Internal Angle bisector theorem

() Incentre/3d: h The Internal bisector of an angle of a triangle divides

the opposite side internally in the ratio of the sides
%
(ii) Circumcenter/1A
containing the angle, i.e.
(ii) Orthocentre/ h*
Centroid/h-<5

@Baka_260
(iv)

(v) Excentre/afe
Incentre/3d: s BD
cD
AB
AC
Angle Bisector :A line which divides an angle in two Ex. In AABC, the bisector of Bmeets AC at the point D. If
equal parts is callèd the angle bisector.
AB = 12 cm, BC= 18 cm and AC = 15 cm, then find the
length (in cm) of AD.

, BC - -
A AB = 12 18
sr AC 15 n, AD

HINTS:

lf line OP divides ZAOB in two equal parts, i.e. ZAOP 12 18

- ZAOB
BOP= then 0P is an angle bisector.
2
D

A
LAOB 15
34etAOP = ZBOP =
2 As AD is the angle bisector of ZABC
LEAB
So, RG
"Angle bisector of an angle of a triangle
h 1f DC
12 AD
18 DC
AD : DC =2:3
Also, AC = 15 cm
Interior or Internal Exterior or External
So, AD = 15o2=6cm
(2+3) x
yasts
Aditya (Selected à Selection faI 35
Ranjan (Excise Inspector))
 Geometry

tHow to find length of angle bisector

BD_ AB
(i) CD AC
External Anglebisector theorem/aIA E HHgAE
TÈ

(b)
The external bisector of an angle of a triangle divides
the opposite side externally in the ratio of the sides
containing the angle.
a

B D
K C
AD = of ZA. BD AB
angle bisector
CD AC
JAD² = ab-xy.
C
2/EAD = ZEAC, BC to40 cm, BA
= 8
(i) Ex. If the given figure,
A
cm and CD =
24 cm, then AC is equal
= ,
f r fa À 22EAD =
ZEAC, BC 40 BA -8

a b
2ab cos e

@Baka_260
AD
a +b

B D

B Deups
HINTS:
External Angle Bisector of a Triangle Since AD is angle bisector
AB BD 8 64
If a line bisects the exterior angle of a triangle, then it A AC =3 cm
AC CD AC
is called external angle bisector of a triangle.
Incentre: The point of intersection of the internal bi
sector of the angles of a triangle is called the incentre.

F
E

If line AD is such that PAD = DAC=

(). then
B

If AD, BE and CF are the angle bisectors of the ZA, ZB

AD is the exterior bisector of the angle ZA. and ZC respectively, then all the three bisectors of the
). angles pass through a point, which is called the incentre
zf ta AD 3
YR f ZPAD = ZDAC =
of the AABC. It is generlly denoted by 'T.
ufk AD, BE 3R CF A4NI: A, ZB 3r ZC + HHfEHIG E

The external bisector of an angle of a triangle divides

the opposite side externally in the ratio of the sides
containing the angle.

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection faiu 36

 Geometry
In other word, the incentre is the centre of the incircle
of a triangle.

A
E

= +
LA
AABC ZBIC 90°
I Incentre of

I Incentre of
the circle. ZB
LAIC = 90° +
2
Properties of incentre/3a:-a faylua
ZAIB =
90° +
All the three internal bisectors of the angles of a
triangle
pass through a point (incentre).
Ex. In AABC, ZA = 88°. If I is the incentre of the triangle,
then the measure of ZBICis:
AABC À ZA = 88° f I faya 3d: ZBIC G1 HI9 Ž: ,
(i) The incentre of the triangle is equidistance from all the HINTS:
three sides of the triangle and the distance is equal to
A
the inradius.
88°

@Baka_260 B

We know that, ZBIC = 90° +

ZA
2
B 88°
If circle touches the side AB, BC and AC at points D, E BIC =
So, 90° +
2
=90° + 44° = 134°
and F respectively and I be the incentre, then
(iv) The angle between the external bisectors of two angles
< qi gS3
F
AB, BC T
AC
41: fagiD, E R R|
of a triangle is difference between right angle and half of
the third angle.
ID = IE = IF (inradius)
Note : The bisector of the angle ZA of AABC may or may
not intersect side BC at point E where the incircle
touches the side BC of the triangle and the same in BPC 90
true for other angle bisectors.

Bá:B/2
(180-B)
2

P
B DE Note: If in AABC, the internal bisectors of B and ZC
The bisector of angle ZA meets BC at D and the side
BC touches the circle at E. meet at O and the external bisectors of ZB and /C
meet at P, then
A
HfgTSA BC Ì fagD fAeTGI 3R YI BC q1
1 BOC + ZBPC = 180°.
Aditya 37
Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fag
 Geometry
Ex, The sides of AABC, AB and AC are cxtended to the points
D and E, respectively. The bisectors of ZCBD and ZBCE
meet at P. If ZA= 88°, is then what will be the measure
of ZP?
ID fr* ?
: fäg D on E HINTS
AABC, AB ÂR AC yont t TT #

HINTS:

AI AB+ AC 15
B C ID BC 9aineoni Te asiirsqon

als
o
2otr,indis
Inradius/3a:fr971it iA
V
D P (i) Inradius of a triangle/ frya an aia:frT0
1

ZP=90°-A2 Area /ai

Semi- perimeter/ 316 - YRYIY
S
= x =
ZP 90° 88° 46° In a AABC, perimeter is 24 cm and inradius is 7 cm.
Ex.
(v The ratio of area of triangle formed by incentre and two Find the area of AABC.
vertex are in ratio in their corresponding sides. AABC qffy 24
,

3T a:fI 7 àI
AABC #I

@Baka_260
Ar ABOC: Ar AAOC : Ar AAOB = HINTS:
a:b:c p= 24 cm
A r=7cm
arAABC arAABC
T= Semi - perimeter 7

ar AABC =
84 cm2

B&
(i) If triangle is not right angled then find out inradius by
(vi) Incentre divides each angle bisector in the ratio of length following relation
of sum of two adjacent sides and opposite side.
A
r S.

-
Where, A- s(s -a)(s b)(s
-c)s n5slo301
Ex. Find in-radius of .a triangle whose sides are 13 cm,
14cm and 15 cm.
, 14
3H fAYT 3
:fA AIA fH fHt yt 13

HINTS:
B
13+14+ 15 = 21
a S=
Here, AD, BE and CF are angle bisectors of ZA, ZB 2
and ZC respectively.
48 AD, BE 3R CF #HU: ZA, ZB 3ZC + HHf5 ŽI A=V21x8x7x6
AI : ID
=b+c:a. V3x7x4x2x7x2x3
BI: IE=a +c:b
CI: IF =a ble =3 x7 x 2x 2= 84 cm²E ib t039eid T
+biC
Ex. The perimeter of AABC is 24 cm and its side, BC = 9
cm. AD is the bisector of ZBAC, while I 84 = cm
is the incentre Now, r= 4
AI:ID is equal to : 21

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) Selection faiu 38

(Selected
 Geometry
Inradius of a right-angled triangle/à) agT sa.fI Circumcentre/uth
r= p+b-h bisector:Ifaline bisects a line segment
Perpendicular
2 perpendicularly, the line is called a perpendicular
bisector.

B
b

Ex.
A
circle inscribed in a right-angled triangle. The
lengths of the two sides containing the rightangles are
15 cm and 8 cm.
If the line LMI AB and AO = OB,
then AP = PB and AQ = BQ
Im is the perpendicular bisector of AB
Circumcentre: The point of intersection of the
HINTS: perpdndicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle is called
the circumcentre.

17

@Baka_260
A 2

15

p+b-h 15+8-17
3 cm
2 2
OD L AB and AD = BD
(i) Inradius of an equilateral triangle/H41 fay3a:ÍI
OE L BC and BE = EC
OF IAC and CF = FA
a Side
r= 2/3 2/3 Properties of Circumcircle/uftGh hâ faruat
A
(1) All the three perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a
triangle pass through a point (circumcentre).

600
0
(ii) The circumcentre of a triangle is egqual-distance. from
all the three vertices of the triangle and the distance is'
600 equal to the circumradius, i.e.
B a
Ex. an equilateral triangle and the centroid of APQR
APQR is
IS
point A. If the side of the triangle is 12 cm, then what OA = OB = 0C = R (circumradius)
is the length of PA?

HINTS:
IMAGE

a 12x /3 cm
2/3 2/ xJ& 2/3 B
= x
PA 2 r=2 x2/3 -4/3
APP + BD² + CE2 = FB² + DC² + AE?
39
Adittya
Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection faIT
 Geometry
a
(ii) IfO be the circumcentre, then (b) Position of Circumcentre/+% # atd
In a acute triangle, the circumcentre is always
inside the triangle.

Circumcentre

Inacute-angled triangle ABC, mid

T4T1 fayg ABC In a right-angled triangle, the circumcentre is
BOC= 2ZA, ZCOA = 2/B & LAOB = 22C point of the hypotenuse.
In a right-angled triangle, ABC,
HH610| fa ABC
A
Circumcentre
Mid point of
|hypotenuse

BOC= 2ZA = 180° In an obtuse-angled triangle, the circumcentre is

LCOA = 2B = 180° - 2ZC always outside the triangle and will be at the front
LAOB = 22C = 180° – 2ZB

@Baka_260
of the angle which is obtuse.
In an obtuse-angled triangle ABC,
tf
faya ABc Ä,

Circumcentre
B C

LBOC = 2(180°- LA)

2COA =
2B & BOA = 22C
Circumradius/yffaT
Ex If O be the circumcentre of a triangle PQR and ZQOR The radius of the circumcircle of a triangle is called the
= 110°, ZOPR = 25°, the measure of ZPRQis : circumradius. It is denoted by R.
f< O, PR 1 vÍGZ I : T ZQ0R = 110", ZOPR
=

25° Ei, ai PR H14

HINTS: (a The circumradius of any triangle ABC

Product of all three sides abc

4x Area of the triangle 4A

110
/30
350
35 b

P+2Q + R =
180°
55 + 56+ R= 180°
ZR= 180° - 120°= 60°

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)

Selected Selection faIU 40
 Geometry

In a ABC, AB 17 cm, AC = 9 cm, AD is

= Ex. area of the triangle
ABC is an equilateral triangle. If the
Ex.
perpendicular on BC & AD =3 cm. Find the circum is 36/3 then what the radius
is of circle circumscribing
radius of this triangle. , , AD the triangle ABC ?
AB = 17
3/CZABc AC-9 AD =3 &

SSE HINTS:
HINTS:

9\b
Ya= 363
= 144
a?
B
a= 12
3
abc ax9x17 = 25.5
12xV3
R=
44 1
4xxax3 R=AJx3443
(b) The circumradius of a right-angled triangle Note: Distance between circumn-centre and incentre in
any triangle is = R? -2Rr
Hypotenuse
2 2
VR?-2Rr
A &

Where, R= circum-radius/tI
b r= inradius/4:I
If the circumradius of a triangle is 6 cm and inradius

@Baka_260
B
Ex.
is 2 cm. Find the distance between circum-centre and
incentre.
Ex. The lengths of the two sides forming the right angle
of a right-angled triangle are 21 cm and 20 cm. What
is the radius of the circle circumscribing the triangle?
HINTS:
R=6 r=2
HINTS:
:. -
A d= /R? 2Rr
x =
=
V36-2 6x2 12 -23
21
Orthocentre/La o
Altitude : If a perpendicular drawn from a vertex of a
triangle to the opposite side is called the altitude of the
triangle.
20
AC=441+400 = V841 =29
29 =
R=P
2 2
14.5
(C) The circumradius of an equilateral triangle A

Side a
J

B D

BC, therefore AD is the altitude.

If AD I
B
(i) Altitudes in' an acute angle triangle ABC

Selected Selection fcI 41

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
 Geometry

Properties of Orthocentre/TA h Á farunt

(i) All the three altitudes of a triangle pass through a point
F
(orthocentre)
H

(i) Position of orthocentre/qr % 34affa

B D In an acute-angled triangle the orthocentre is
(ii) Altitude in right-angled triangle ABC always inside the triangle.

Two altitudes of a right-angled triangle ABC are side AB In a right-angled triangle the orthocentre is on the
and BC and the third altitude is BD. vertex of the triangle at which triangle is the right
angled.
4
BDàI
(iü) Altitude in an obtuse-angled triangle.

@Baka_260 H
In an obtuse-angled triangle the orthocentre is
D always outside of the triangle and will be at the
back of the angle which is obtuse.

Three altutudes of AABC are AD, BE and CF.

AG ABC VÍú Ma AD, BE CFŽI
Orthocentre: Point of intersections of the altitudes
of a triangle is called the orthocentre of the triangle. It
is generally denoted by H. q
H

(ii)

B D
B

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selectedt selection 42

fai
 Geometry

(a)
Ex. In AABC, H
is the orthocenter; O is circumcenter. If
ZBHC =180°-ZA ZBAH = 30° then find zOAC? ti
ZCHA =180°-B H
faga ABCcÀ, fag faya 1
ZAHB = 180°-ZC qf ZBAH- 30° qaOAc HA zI?a
It is true for all types of triangle.

Ex. In an obtuse-angled triangle ABC, ZA is the obtuse

angle and O is the orthocentre. IfZBOC = 54°, then torlt 'stiroškogA
BAC is :

B
f BOC = 54° à, ai ZBAC HI H :
HINTS:
HINTS:
ZBAC = 180° – 54° = 126° Given, BAH = 30°
= BAH= 30°
20AC
(b) ZBHD = 2C and ZCHD =
ZBJA A S

Centroid/g
ZCHE = ZA and ZAHE
=ZC3S
roLAHF = ZB and ZBHF = ZAes o2 Median :Ifa line segmént from a vertex of a triangle
bisects the opposite side, the line segment is called the
(c) (i) ABFH ~ ACEH
median of the triangle.
BH x HE = CH x HF
Also, BH x HE = CH x HF = AH × HD
(ii) BD x DC = AD x DH
BE × EH = CE x EA
CF x FH = AF x FB

@Baka_260
(iüi) (AB BC + CA) > (AD + CF + BE)

S sides >Altitudes
Ex. In the triangle ABC, AD and BE are the altitude of the B
D
triangle meets at H such that AH = 12 cm, HD =9 If line segment AD bisects BC, then AD is the median.
cm, and HE = 4 cm. Find BH?
yf tarGs AD 4 BC Ì HHfEHf AD Hfzcai at I
= = 4 :
yaT fHerà AH =
12 41, HD 9 n, 3ir HE Centroid The polint of intersection of the medians of
the triangle is called the centroid. It is denoted by G.
HINTS:

Properties of centroid/hch ât f4aI

12 E All the three median of a triangle pass through a point
(Centroid).
H

9
(i1
Centroid of all types of triangles are always inside the
triangle.
R D

AH x HD = BH x HE (iii) Appollonius Theorem/3ictf4H YÀ

12 x 9 = BH x 4 If AD is median of AABC, ,
theni.
BH= 27 cm
(d) If H & O are orthocentre & circumcentre (as shown in
A
the figure) thern, 0 = a

C iisz
i
AB? + AC2 = 2(AD2 4 CD2)T
H OR'
= 2J2AC² + 2AB - BC²
C
Length of median, AD
B

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection faI 43

 Geometry
Ex. If the sides of ZABC are 5 cm, 4 cm and 2 cm, then find
the length of the median inserted on the side of the
side which is adjacent to its smallest angled vertex?

HINTS: 2

Apollonius' theorem has the smallest angle in front ofnd 7h

the shortest side.
A B D
+ > 2AD ...(1)
AB AC
AB + BC > 2BE ...2)
5 cm AC + BC > 20CF ...(3)
4 cm (1), (2) and (3)
Adding
> + AE + CF) GHSS
2 (AB + AC BC) 2(AD
+

AB + AC + BC AD BE CF
> + + A1; Ls
So, We can say that sum of sides (perimeter) is always
B
D greater than sum of all median.
2 cm
- BC?
=
2AB? +2AC? |32 + 50 -4
AD
4 (vi) 3(AB2 + BC² + CA) = 4(AD² + BE + CF) i )
4
the triangle ABC, the sum of square of all sides
is
Ex. In
I78 64 cm. Find the sum of square of all three medians.
cm

@Baka_260
(iv) If AD, BE and CF are medians of AABC andG is the
centroid, then HINTS:
G
=
zf AD, BE 3iR CF, AABC rfezes sir Ì, 3(a? + b²
x
+
=
c)
x
4(m 2 +
m? +
mn²)iii Sdt
3 64 4 R
A 48 = R
(viii)

AG_ BG CG 2
GD GE GF 1

B Ds C
D
If AABOC is a right angle triangle
AG?+ BG?+ CG? AD & CE are medians
(v) +
BC²+CA23 4 (AD² + CE) = 5 AC? ... 1)
AB²
G is the centroid of triangle ABC. If the length of sides AD² + CE? = 5 ED? ...(ü)
Ex.
of triangle ABC are 8 cm, 10 cm, and 12 cm, then find Add both equation x HA
the AG + BG? + CG?? Hil CiH
AD² + CE² = AC2 + ED² axSi
G, faya ABC #1
quas 8
t, 10
5 I

Ì
fy ABC
3t 12
TII3
f , aì AG²
t
+ BG² +
CG?| (ix)

HINTS: b

+
308
AG² + BG² + CG² =(64 100 + 144]=
(vi) The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than
twice the median drawn to the third side. BE & CD are medians
If medians are (BE
AB? + AC2 = 5 BC?
. I CD) then,

OR, b² + c² =5 a?

44
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) (Selected Selection falN
 Geometry

(x) (xii) The line segment joining the mid points of two sides
divides the line joining of vertex in between line to the
centroid in the ratio 3: 1.

'OR'

B P
=
AB² + PC? BP? AP² + CM² = AC2+ MP2
AC

(xi) If the area of AABC = x, AD, BE and CF are three

medians and G is centroid, then
qf AABC #I 4a =x i, AD, BE 3R CF H HfaI 3iR G
G
i, a
I

B
D
l
=
BH: HO CI: I0 =3:1
=
AG: GO
B D Note: G is the Mid point of AD and FE
G AD 3ÄR FE A H fag
YI àee
(xiv) If three medians of a triangle are given then

6
4 (Area of
6 6 Area of A= triangle considering medians as
3

@Baka_260
C
Ex. In a triangle ABC AD,BE and CF are medians intersect side)
at G. If area of triangle ABC is 204 cm². Find the area
4
of quadrilateral GDFC.
y# fAHT ABCÄ AD, BE 3R CF 41faIG q yÍde
t

HINTS: Relation between Orthocenter, centroid and circumcenter

In any triangle, orthocenter, centroid and circumcenter

are co-linear and centroid divides the line in 2:1 as in
D
figure

Here, 6 unit - 204 cm?

R
2
.:. 2
unit = 68 cm? two
(xii) Area of triangle formed by joining mid points of H
1
sides and centroid is 12-th of
area of triangle.

1 Orthocenter Centroid circumncenter

12
Ex. In a triangle the distance between the centroid and
Ar AOFE = Ar AOFD = Ar AOED =Ar AABC orthocentre is 12 cm. Find the distance between
orthocentre and circumcentre.

HINTS:
Given, 2 unit= 12 cm
AOFE ~ AOB
(According to Mid-Point theorem FE||BC so that EFO 3 unit= 18 cm
= 20CB, ZOEF = 20BC)
Selection fa 45
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected
 Geomety

Excentre/af;:% (a) LBEC = 90° -A

The intersection point of internal angle bisector of one
(b) ex-radii:
angle and bisectors of other two opposite exterior angles.

S s-b D
b)(s - c)

(c)
rss(s-
as-a4 S-a

where, S=
2

B (d) A(area) =
r, 5,

(e) r, +
I,+r,= 4R +r
2S?
(g) r?+r,?+r?= (4R + r)?-

HRA h fchft î Conpetitive Exam

(ufrrîî vgT) À TUTT (Maths)
@Baka_260
farqy
Students h
RG Vikramjeet
Batch
TT-MfrTT
App
Score fu
Favourite 3TItGA H h Recorded

Fees
ALL
EXAMS
MATNS SPECIAL DOWNLOAD
RG VIKRAMJEET APP

6991/ LIVE + VOD BATCH

Google Plny

8506003399/11
PRE + MAINS 9289079800
(Arithmetic • Advance )
For ALL EXam
VALIDITY -LIFETIME
VIKRAMJEET
SMARTAPPROACH
UPDATED SHEETS Install
PDF (BILINGUAL)
CLASS NOTES (BILINGUAL)
ADITYA RANJAN PRACTICE SHEET WITH SOLUTIONS
(MATHS EXPERT) SECTIONAL MOCK TEST

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection feI 46

 Geometry

QUADRILATERAL/dy
Quadrilateral/ Ex. Find the value of x in the given figure.

Quadrilateral is a plane figure bounded by four straight

lines. the line segment which joins the opposite vertices 150°
of a quadrilateral is called diagonal of the quadrilateral.
In figure, ABCD is a quadrilateral and AC, BD are its
two diagonals.

3THfd H, ABCD ya 1 AC, BD

H <
facavi
HINTS:
60° + 70° + x= 150°
X= 20°
Ifdiagonals of the quadrilateral intersect each other
at 90°, then

A B D

@Baka_260
=
Sum of interior angles ofa quadrilateral 360°
AB² + CD? = BC2 + AD?

i.e., LA + ZB+ ZC + ZD = 360°

Ex. Find the value of x in the given figure.
A B
Area of quadrilateral/qy 1 51
16°

3x+16°
F

A
HINTS:
=
3x- 16° +
2x+ 8° + x+ 10° + 3x + 16° 360°
1
x= 38° Area =
2
x BD × AE + ,x BD x CF
rayuf farg
Important Points/48
In the figure given below, we have the following result.
1 X BD (AE + CE
9

- x diagonal x
(sum of perpendicular dropped on it)
xo
1

B<z° The quadrilateral formed by joining the mid-point of

y°\ the adjacent side of_the quadrilateral will be a
parallelogram of half area.

Selection faIy 47
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) Selected
 Geometry
D

P R
BOC-5LA+ D)

B C
B C Ex. In a quadrilateral ABCD, the bisectors of 2C and
If P, ,R,S are the mid-point of the side AB, BC,
Q
CD and DA, respectively, then
a
meet at point E. If 2CED = 57° and, ZA = 47°,the

the measure Bis:

ufk P, Q,R,
,
of
S A4RT:
I3 AB, BC, CD 3iR DA
ABCD ZC
T
D *
HT<faHG fag:
(a) PQRS is a parallelogram 5 gf
= ZA =
47° ai
fHd I
3R LCED 57° 3iR È,

(b) If the area of the quadrilateral is x, then

HINTS:
=
Area of the parallelogram PQRS C
D

57
E
A D A B

@Baka_260
Let zB= 0.

P la R
57°=
47+0
2
-
l14° 47° = 9
0= 67°
B
Ex. What is the area of the quadrilateral PQRS, which Square/t
is formed by joining the mid-points of the adjacent A quadrilateral in which all the sides and the angle.
sides ofa quadrilateral ABCD as shown in the figure, are equal is known as a square.
if it is provided that AAPS =8 cm², ABPQ = 12 cm2,
AQCR = 9 cm? and ARDS = 15 cm².
D

T f AAPS = 8 qi i, ABPO = 12 qrt H4Ì, AQCR

=
-9 af 3iT ARDS 15 qi I
A D

A B
P R Important Points/48rayut fg
sides are equal and parallel.
All

B C All angles are right angles.

HINTS:
Iar(o ABCD) = 12 + 8 + 15 +9 = 44 cm² Diagonals are equal and bisect each other at right
If BO and CO are the angle bisectors of angles B angle.
and C, respectively, then
Straight lines joining the mid points of adjacent sides
:
of any square forms a square.

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) 43

Selectedt Selection faI
 Geometry

, PB
3< FH
hT f5 PA = 15 7 A 3Âr PC = 20
D

RC
D

S
A
HINTS:
A P B PA² + PC? = PB² + PD2
P,0, R, and S are mid points and PQRS is a square.
225 + 400 = 49 + PD?
P, Q, R
RS H7-fag T4I PQRS y# i
625 - 49= PD²
Side of a circumscribed square is equal to the diameter PD2 = 576
of the inscribed circle. PD
=
24

Rectangle/UT
A quadrilateral in which all the four angles at vertices
D are right (i.e., 90), is called a rectangle.

D
B A

Area =

@Baka_260
(Side)2 = (al2

D
= alagonal)

a
2
d?

A
Important Points/HEreuT TerguTa
B5
Opposite sides are parallel and equal.

d a
Diagonals are equal and bisect each other but not
at right angles.
A a Bi:
Diagonal/facauj = side /2 = a2 = 2(l + b)
Perimeter where l= length and b= breadth
= x =
Perimeter/yfHrg 4 side 4a
If P be a point inside a square ABCD, then x
Area/4H= AB BC =1xb
- +
Diagonal/fauj (P b)-\'as nisi tnstrbam
D Of all the rectangles of given perimeter the square
will have the maximum area.

PA2 + PC2 = PB2 + PD2

Bisector of the four angles enclose a square

A B When the rectangle is inscribed in a circle, it will have

the maximum area when it is a square.
Ex As shown in the figure, P is a point inside a square
ABCD such that PA = 15.cm, PB=7 cmn and PC=20
cm, the value of PD is :

49
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)) Selected Selection fat
 Geometry
IfP is a any point inside the rectangle then, Bisectors of
the four angles cnclose a rectangle.

D
R

A B
B AS, BP, CQ and DR are angle bisectors therefore
AP? + PC2 = BP2 + PD? PORS is a rectangle.
PORS
Ex. There is a point P in a rectangle ABCD, such that LAS, BP, CQ 3i1R DR 1] HTHIGF I Hf
PA = 4, PD = 5, PB = 8, find PC.
two
Each diagonal divides the parallelogram into
3AT4G

PD = 5, PB = 8 ,a
ABCD # 3ET I3 fag P
PC aI HH
3

I
yeaTt
|
f PA 4,
triangle of equal area.
HINTS:
fafT
D

B
A B
A
=
PA? + PC2 + PB? + PD? Area of AABC Area of AADC &
Area of AABD Area of ABDC.
16 + PC2 = 64 + 25

@Baka_260
- A parallelogram inscribed in a circle is always
PC?= 89 16
rectangle.
PC² =73
PC = V73

Parallelogram/HHTT ag D
A quadrilateral whose opposite sides are parallel and
equal is called as a parallelogram.
A

A parallelogram circumscribed about a circle is alway

a rhombus.

A B
Important Points/H8yui fa
Opposite sides are parallel and equal.
A B
Therefore ABCD is a rhombus.
Diagonals may or may not be egual. Hfe ABCD (5 HHT
= x
Area of parallelogram Base Height
Diagonals may or may not bisect each other at right
angles. D

any two adjacent angles =

Sum of 180°
A

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (SelectedSelection fa 5t

 Geometry

Area of parallelogram(Hit qta 1 aG) 1

x (a) Area (AAPB) + Area (APCD) = Area (0ABCD).

AB sin0
AD
In a parallelogram, the sum of the square of the (b) Area (AAPD)+Arca (APBC)= Area (AAPB) + Area (APCD).
diagonals
= 2 x
(sum of the squares of the two adjacent sides)
tsie'

D
DA

Ex. In a parallelogram ABCD, diagonals AC and BD

AC² + BD? = 2(AB² + AD?) intersect each other at a point 0. If the area of AOAB
cm?, then the area of parallelogram ABCD is
:
= 8

HHÍT TÍG ABCD fqauí C T BD y5-H Ì fa

A B

In a parallelogram, the bisectors of any two

consecutive angles intersect at right angle.

@Baka_260
P B

HINTS:
= 8 x 4 32 cm²
Area of parallelogram ABCD

A Rhombus/H4a
The above figure is a parallelogramn ABCD such
angles A and B
A parallelogram in which all sides are equal, is called
that the bisectors of consecutive
= a rhombus.
intersect at P. Here, ZAPB 90°.

TUT A
3ir B HHfGE P yfd à
šI YE,
=
ZAPB 90° ŽI D
If P and Q are two points lying
on the sides DC and
AD respectively of a parallelogram ABCD, then the 90
area (AAPB) = Area (ABQC).
4f* P 3ir Q y HHiR TÍT ABCD I3T DC
3itt AD frea fag
. a
a (AAPB)
=
a5
(ABQC)
I A Bg s

C
Important Points/4ryuf fara
Opposite sides are parallel and equal.

Opposite angles are equal.

Diagonals bisect éach.other at right angle, but they

A
are not necessarily equal.
B
In the figure given below, P is a point in the interior
of a parallelogram ABCD, then.
Diagonals bisect the vertexangles.

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) (Selected Selection fain 51

 Geometry
Sum of any two adjacent angles is 180o
ZA + B
180° d,

Area
- 2a- sin0
of
2 .-
ABCD/ABCD
2a cos0
2
ie
Ex. If PQRS is a rhombus and ZSPQ = 50°, then RSQ is :
qfk PORS V5 HHAata
i ZSPQ - 50° i, ZRSQ sr a x
2a sin x 2a cos2a?Sincose = dsing
2 2 2
=
d; + d? 4a?
cm.
Ex. The diagonals of a rhombus are 24 cm :and 10
The perimeter of the rhombus (in cm) is
50
P :
FH61 vHTY (H )
HINTS:
HINTS:
Here, PQ = QR = RS = SP & ZPSQ =
50°
.. = 650 180°- 50°
ZPSQ= PQS = 12
2
Now, ZPSR 180° - 50
= =
130°
ZRSQ = 130°– 65° 65° 12

Figure formed by joining the mid-points of the adjacent

sides ofa rhombus is a rectangle. A
AB² = OA² + OB?
= 122 + 52
3414d
tt = 169
D R AB = 13 cm
Perimter = 4 x 13 = 52 cm

@Baka_260
S. o Here, PQRS is a rectangle. 242+102 = 4a?
576 + 100 = 4a2
676
A P 169
4
Area ofa rhombus/44 {G 51 a= 13
bstic= 1
x
Perimter = 4 x a =4 x 13 - 52 cm
product of diagonals (fecui TU15)Ex. If the perimeter of rhombus is 150 cm and length of
one diagonal is 50 cm. Then find the length of second
diagonal and area of rhombus.

HINTS:
D
A a B

ABCD is a rhombus of side a

5
Area of AAOB/ AAOB #1 A9T 37.5 B A
150
*
d,d, AB = BC = CD = DA = =37.5
22°of 2
4
Area ABCD/ABCD 1 .. OB =
NAB?-OA2 = J(37.5 -(25
= x
4 Area of AAOB = ,x d,d,
C
12.5x62.5255
100 2

BD =
2 x OB -
2x5 255 cm
1:d, x d, 1
x x
A
B i Area -5 50 25/5 -625/5 cm²
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector)
(Selectedt Selection fain 52
 Geometry
Ex. If ABCD be a rhombus. AC is its smallest diagonal and
ZABC = 60°. Find the length of one side of the rhombus
DE CE
uWhen AC=6cm.
EB EA

= 6
AC
Any line parallelto the parallel sides of a trapezium
HINTS:
divides the non-parallel sides proportionally.
D

6
60°
A

Using cosine rule,

= x?+x2-36 A B
cos60°
2xxxx If the above figure is a trapezium ABCD in which DC
| AB and EF is a line parallel to DC and AB, then
2x-36 AE BF
2x?
ED FC
=

22-36
=

36 at
DC || AB 3fR EF Y1 DC 3R AB # HI,
x= 6

AE_ BF

@Baka_260
Trapezium/4A agy ED FC
If a DABCD is a trapezium in which side AB is parallel
A quadrilateral whose only one pair of sides is parallel to side DC and E, F are the mid-points of sides AD
and other two sides are not parallel. and DC respectively, then
, yf DABCD HHiG TI{G f

¢ HHHIT E 3 F #4N: y AD TT DC q-fag

HI AB Y1 DC

1
E
EF = (AB + DC)

C
A Ex In trapezium ABCD, AB||DC. X is the mid-point of the
Important Points/A8 equt faq side AD and Y is the mid point of the side BC. If AD =
12 cm, DC = 8 cm and AB = 18 cm, then XY is :
Diagonals of a trapezium divide each other
proportionally.
fes tfi HHGA TIHG ABCD
AB||DC IX TT AD I
qzfag T Y BC
qfaig f* AD = 12 DC
AB =
=8 3r 18 tÌ t XY I H17
I
C
C

A B
If the above figure isa trapezium ABCD in which th A
B

DE_ CE HINTS:
diagonals AC and BD intersect at E, then pR BA
a AB+ DC 18+8 13 cm
Conversely, if the diagonals of quadrilateral divide XY =
2
each other proportionally, then it is a trapezium.
53
Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) ((SelectedSelection faIn
 Geometry
trapezium can be divided into smaller ones
by:
The line segment joining the mid-points of the A
diagonals of trapezium is parallel to each of the drawing a line parallel to the parallel sides.
parallel sides and is equal to half the difference of
these sides.
If the line divides the non-parallel sides in the ratio
of x: y then the length of the lineats

D
b
D
ax + by
EF = X+y
P E/

B
a circle it has to be
B If a trapezium is inscribed in
If the above figure is a trapezium ABCD in which isosceles trapezium.
AB||DC and P and Q are the mid-points
of its

diagonals AC and BD respectively, then

ufK s4UF 3419afa ABCD A HHGTA frÄ AB| |DC 3r
P 3R Q 49: SHÀ faAui AC 3r BD 4-fag ,
(i) PQT|AB or DC

(ii) PQ = , (AB- DC)

B

@Baka_260
F
Ex. ABCD is a quadrilateral in which AB || DC. E and
BD, respectively. ZADC + 2DAB = ZABC + ZBCD = 180°
are the midpoints of the diagonals AC and
If AB = 18 cm and CD =6 cm, then EF =? Diagonals intersect each other proportionally in the
Gh41: fquf ratio of 1lengths of parallel sides.
AB|| DC.E 3R
F
ABCD #
TI fr = 6
AC 3R BD qf AB = 18 Ht 3T CD 4, ai
EF = ?
HINTS:
B C

E
A B

B AO DO AB A)
A 18
BO
CD (by similarity/H454GI
1
Co
EF (AB- CD)
2
x 12 = 6 cm Area AAOD=Area of ABOC
of

The length of a parallel line segment (i.e. EF) passing AC? + BD² = AD2 + BÇ2 + 2(AB x CD)

through the intersection of diagonals of the isosceles Area of trapezium/4T Tf YS

trapezium is -
=, x
(sum of parallel sides x height)

1
7x (AB + CD) x h
D a C
D

F =
2ab
EF
a+b

A b B B
A

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selected Selection fai 54

 Geometry

Ex. The lengths of a pair of parallel sides of a trapeziumEx. ABCD is a trapczium where AD||BC. The diagonals
are 20 cm and 25 cm, respectivcly, and the perpendicular AC and BD intcrsect cach other at a point 0. If AO
distance betwcen these two sides is 14 cm. What is -3, CO x-3, B 3x- 19 and DO x-5, the
the arca (in cm) of the trapczium? valuc of x is :
ABCD # YqA TYT frT AD||BC I frsví AC
N: 20 cm itt 25 cm , 3r A y3 a
3, CO =
x-3, BO3x-19 3i DO
X-5 i x 1

HINTS:
HINTS:
= x(20 + 25)x14 = 45 x 7 =
Area 2 315 B
If
in a trapezium ABCD, AB||DC and AB = 2DC, then |3x-19/
the ratio of the areas of AAOB and ACOD is 4 : 1.
O
yf HYT TgYG ABCD 4, AB||DC aT AB = 2DC 3

A D
D
For a trapezium ABCD whose side AD is parallel to
BC, diagonals AC and BD intersect at O then,
Area(AOB) 4
Area(ACOD) 1 AO DO
OC OB

A
3x-9 x-5
X-3 3

@Baka_260
(3x- 19)3 = (x- 3)(x– 5)
D
= -
9x-57 5x- 3x+ 15
+ =
-17x 72 0
X= 8, 9

Isosceles Trapezium: A trapezium which has equal

oblique sides.

A B

= Ar(ABOC) x
Ar(AAOB) x Ar(ADOC) Ar(AAOD) Important Points/M8Aquf fad
Ex. In the given figure, AB | |DC. If AAOD and ADOC are,
respectively, 36 cm² and 48 cm², what is the value D
of AAOB?
AB aft AAOD 3 ADOC +
Tq T 315fd ||Dc
at AAOB
#E5 hHI: 36 ² s
48 Eh Ž

A B
A B
AD = BC
ZDAB = 2CBA
Diagonals are equal, AC= BD
D

= CD
Ex. ABCD is an isosceles trapezium in which AB
HINTS: and AD||BC, If AD 5 cm, BC 9 cm and area of
=

= Ar(ABOC) = 36 cm²
trapezium is 35 cm², then find the length of side CD.
Here, Ar(AAOD) a
AB CD 3
i. Ar(aAOB) × Ar(aDOC) = ArAAOD) x Ar(ABOC) ABCD VE HHfgaIE HHGL
,
fH
= × AD||BC I qfk AD = 5 BC 9
sir HHGA
X X
48 36 36
x=27 cm2

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector); 55

Selected Selection faI
 Geometry
s
HINTS:) LS B b
5

5
B A a D
= ar(AACD)
k= Jxy ar(AADB)
Area 2*14xh
X:y= b²: a?
= 7x h
35 Kite/4a
have two pairs of equal
A quadrilateral is calleda kite, it
= 5
h
= = and adjacent.
CD /s² +2 29
D

P
n
A
a >B
From above figure

=
ma + nb?
PQ
m+n

@Baka_260
m
If
PO divide into two equal area :n=1;1

D
(a) Two pairs of adjacent sides are equal.
la' +b
PQ = V 2
(b) The diagonals intersect at right angles.
D.

(c) The longer diagonal bisects the shorter diagonal.

d
d da 1
(d) Area
x
product of diagonals.O
B 2
A
= × OC
OA x OD OB 1
,X AC x BD
=c' +d²
+
2ab
d,+ d,?

Aditya Ranjan (Excise Inspector) Selection faIU 56

(Selected