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Here are the main hormones of the small intestine explained simply:
1. **Secretin**
- Released when acidic food enters the small intestine.
- It tells the pancreas to release a fluid that neutralizes the acid and slows
down stomach acid production.
2. **Cholecystokinin (CCK)**
- Released when fats and proteins are present in the small intestine.
- It makes the gallbladder release bile to digest fats and tells the pancreas
to release digestive enzymes.
3. **Motilin**
- Released during fasting (when the stomach is empty).
- It helps clean the small intestine by creating waves that push leftover
food and bacteria out.
4. **Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)**
- Released when sugar and fat are in the small intestine.
- It helps the pancreas release insulin and slows stomach emptying.
5. **Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)**
- Helps increase blood flow to the intestine and allows the intestine to
absorb nutrients better.
6. **Somatostatin**
- Slows down the release of other digestive hormones and reduces

digestion when needed.
These hormones help the small intestine work smoothly by controlling
digestion, nutrient absorption, and communication with other digestive
organs.
The small intestine is a crucial part of the digestive system where most of
the digestion and absorption of nutrients occur. It is a long, coiled tube
located between the stomach and the large intestine, divided into three
sections:
1. **Duodenum**
- The first part of the small intestine (about 25–30 cm long).
- Responsible for receiving chyme (partially digested food) from the

stomach along with bile from the liver and pancreatic enzymes.
- Neutralizes acidic chyme using bicarbonate secretions and starts

chemical digestion of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.
2. **Jejunum**
- The middle section (about 2.5 m long).
- Specializes in the absorption of nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins,

vitamins, and minerals into the bloodstream.
- Contains villi and microvilli, which increase surface area for absorption.
3. **Ileum**
- The final and longest segment (about 3.5 m long).
- Absorbs remaining nutrients, including bile salts and vitamin B12, and
passes undigested food to the large intestine.
### Key Physiological Functions:
- **Digestion:** Enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver break
down macronutrients into their absorbable forms.
- **Absorption:** Nutrients are absorbed through the intestinal wall into the
bloodstream or lymph.
- Carbohydrates → Simple sugars (e.g., glucose).
- Proteins → Amino acids.
- Fats → Fatty acids and glycerol.
- **Motility:** Smooth muscle contractions (peristalsis and segmentation) mix

and move food along the intestine.
The structure of the small intestine, with its extensive villi and microvilli,
makes it uniquely adapted for its critical role in nutrient absorption.
Reflexes in the small intestine help control digestion, movement of food, and
communication between different parts of the digestive system. Here are the
main ones explained simply:
1. **Gastroileal Reflex**
- When food enters the stomach, the small intestine speeds up its
movements and opens the valve to the large intestine to make space for
more food.
2. **Intestino-Intestinal Reflex**
- If one part of the small intestine is stretched or irritated, it stops moving

to protect itself.
3. **Peristaltic Reflex**
- When food stretches the intestinal wall, muscles behind the food squeeze
to push it forward.
4. **Duodenocolic Reflex**
- When food reaches the first part of the small intestine (duodenum), it
signals the large intestine to get ready for waste.
5. **Enterogastric Reflex**
- If food in the small intestine is too acidic or fatty, it tells the stomach to
slow down so the intestine can handle it.
6. **Migrating Motor Complex (MMC)**
- When you’re not eating, the small intestine cleans itself by sending waves
to move leftover food and waste out.
These reflexes ensure that digestion is smooth, efficient, and safe for your
body.
Here are some common small intestine disorders explained simply:
1. **Celiac Disease**
- The body reacts badly to gluten (found in bread and pasta).
- Causes stomach pain, diarrhea, tiredness, and trouble absorbing

nutrients.
2. **Crohn’s Disease**
- A condition where the small intestine gets inflamed.
- Symptoms include pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and feeling tired.
3. **Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO)**
- Too many bacteria grow in the small intestine.
- Causes bloating, gas, diarrhea, and poor nutrient absorption.
4. **Lactose Intolerance**
- The small intestine can’t digest lactose (milk sugar).

- Symptoms include stomach pain, bloating, and diarrhea after eating dairy.
5. **Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)**
- The intestine is sensitive and doesn’t work properly.
- Symptoms include pain, bloating, diarrhea, or constipation.
6. **Intestinal Obstruction**
- Something blocks the small intestine (like a tumor or scar tissue).
- Symptoms include severe pain, vomiting, and inability to pass stool.
7. **Peptic Ulcers**
- Sores form in the lining of the small intestine due to stomach acid.
- Causes pain, bloating, and nausea.
8. **Short Bowel Syndrome**
- Part of the small intestine is missing (due to surgery or disease).
- Leads to trouble absorbing food, causing diarrhea and weight loss.
9. **Whipple’s Disease**
- A rare infection that affects the small intestine.
- Causes weight loss, diarrhea, and joint pain.
10. **Small Intestine Cancer**
- Cancer in the small intestine.
- Symptoms include stomach pain, weight loss, and sometimes blood in

stool.
If you have symptoms like persistent pain, diarrhea, or weight loss, it’s
important to see a doctor.

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Here are the main hormones of the small intestine explained simply:

- Released when acidic food enters the small intestine.

- Released during fasting (when the stomach is empty).

4. **Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)**

- Released when sugar and fat are in the small intestine.

- It helps the pancreas release insulin and slows stomach emptying.

5. **Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)**

- Slows down the release of other digestive hormones and reduces

- The first part of the small intestine (about 25–30 cm long).

- Responsible for receiving chyme (partially digested food) from the

- Neutralizes acidic chyme using bicarbonate secretions and starts

- The middle section (about 2.5 m long).

- Specializes in the absorption of nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins,

- The final and longest segment (about 3.5 m long).

### Key Physiological Functions:

- Carbohydrates → Simple sugars (e.g., glucose).

- Proteins → Amino acids.

- Fats → Fatty acids and glycerol.

- **Motility:** Smooth muscle contractions (peristalsis and segmentation) mix

- If one part of the small intestine is stretched or irritated, it stops moving

6. **Migrating Motor Complex (MMC)**

Here are some common small intestine disorders explained simply:

- The body reacts badly to gluten (found in bread and pasta).

- Causes stomach pain, diarrhea, tiredness, and trouble absorbing

- A condition where the small intestine gets inflamed.

- Symptoms include pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and feeling tired.

3. **Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO)**

- Too many bacteria grow in the small intestine.

- Causes bloating, gas, diarrhea, and poor nutrient absorption.

- The small intestine can’t digest lactose (milk sugar).

5. **Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)**

- The intestine is sensitive and doesn’t work properly.

- Symptoms include pain, bloating, diarrhea, or constipation.

- Something blocks the small intestine (like a tumor or scar tissue).

- Symptoms include severe pain, vomiting, and inability to pass stool.

- Causes pain, bloating, and nausea.

8. **Short Bowel Syndrome**

- Part of the small intestine is missing (due to surgery or disease).

- Leads to trouble absorbing food, causing diarrhea and weight loss.

- A rare infection that affects the small intestine.

- Causes weight loss, diarrhea, and joint pain.

10. **Small Intestine Cancer**

- Cancer in the small intestine.

- Symptoms include stomach pain, weight loss, and sometimes blood in

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4. Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)

5. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)

- Motility: Smooth muscle contractions (peristalsis and segmentation) mix

6. Migrating Motor Complex (MMC)

3. Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO)

5. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

8. Short Bowel Syndrome

10. Small Intestine Cancer