FBY 0416 - Chapter 10 - Growth

CHAPTER 10 - GROWTH
1. Growth phase
2. Measurement of growth
3. Growth pattern
4. Growth rate
5. Growth under extreme
condition
¡ Defined as permanent and irreversible
increase in QUANTITATIVE
PARAMETERS size or volume of a cell,
tissue, organ, length (or height) or
surface area of an organism due to cell
division.
¡ Defined as a QUALITATIVE
CONCEPT that involves
differentiation through which
unspecialized cells or tissues change
in form, shape and degree of
complexity for specific functions
1.1 Cell division
1.2 Cell enlargement
1.3 Cell differentiation

¡ All newly formed undifferentiated
cells are capable of undergoing cell
division by mitosis, forming two new
small daughter cells.
¡ The newly formed daughter cells grows and become
larger.
¡ In plant cells, enlargement is normally caused by the
osmotic uptake of water- leading the formation of
vacuole in the cytoplasm.
¡ In animal cells, its quite limited.
¡ The enlargement of an individual cell may be limited by
the distance over which the nucleus can exert its
control.
¡ When a cell reaches a particular size, it either divides or
undergoes differentiation.
§ In a unicellular organisms, differentiation is very limited.
§ However, multicellular organisms contain groups of
matured cells that differentiate and become specialized
for specific functions.
§ Cell differentiation and specialisation involve change in
the biochemical and structural characteristics of the
multicellular organism.
§ Specialisation of cell improve the efficiency of functions
such as transport ,locomotion, digestion or food
production and the immunity of the organism.
¡ Unicellular
¡ Multicellular
Measurement of Growth in Unicellular
Organism
ú 1. Especially for microorganisms, its generally done by
measuring its population growth.
ú 2. Measured by counting its total population at different

fixed intervals until there is no more growth due to a
decrease in food supply.
ú 3. Can be done by using an apparatus haemocytometer or

indirectly by measuring the turbidity of a bacteria culture
through a colorimetric analysis.
ú 4. Usually have J-shape/exponential shape growth curve.

¡ The growth of multicellular animals and
plants is usually monitored by measuring
change in parameters such as length,
height, or mass per unit
¡ However , a more suitable parameters that

can be used is the wet mass and dry mass
of an individual.
¡ Obtained by plotting measurable
parameters against time
¡ Sigmoid growth
¡ Human growth curve
¡ Limited growth curve & Unlimited growth
curve
¡ Allometric curve & isometric curve
¡ Intermittent growth curve
¡ Can be divided into:
¡ Lag phase
¡ Exponential/Log phase
¡ Linear growth phase
¡ Stationary phase
¡ Negative growth phase
§ Lag phase- growth is slow, cell division & cell enlargement
occur at a slow pace- organism try to adapt to a new
environment
§ Log phase (exponential)- rapid, sufficient food/water supplies
and space
§ Linear growth phase-growth takes place at a constant rate
and is limited by both internal factor- maturity
§ Equilibrium phase- achieved maturation, the rate of cell
division = rate of cell mortality, resulting in a net growth rate
of zero
§ Negative growth phase- ageing stage or reduced resources.
¡ Infant phase
¡ Childhood phase
¡ Adolescent phase
¡ Adult phase
¡ Ageing phase
¡ 2 main rapid growth phase : the infant phase &
adolescent phase
¡ Infant phase – rapid growth for both male and
female babies
¡ Childhood phase- slow growth, from the age 4,
slightly higher in male babies compared to
female
¡ Adolescent phase- rapid- earlier part females
have a more rapid growth rate- later- male
growth rate become higher than the female
growth rate – different ( females attain puberty
around the age of 12, while males attain puberty
around 14)
¡ Adult phase – growth rate is zero – most
individual would have attained maturity (
females- 16, male-18
¡ Ageing phase- growth rate is negative- the

size of cells will start to decrease from the
age of about 30
¡ Limited growth- as the growth of an organism to a
certain size and then stop growing. Eg mammals,
birds, amphibian, insect , plant organs ( seeds,
stalks, fruits)
¡ Can be seen in annual plants – initial part of the

limited growth shows a small reduction in dry mass
due to seed germination- growth rate become rapid
until the plants achieved maturity, after which the
rate gradually reduces until it become zero,
¡ Unlimited growth- woody, perrennial plants- where
growth is continuous until the trees die.
¡ In fact, these plants increase their size each season.
¡ If the overall growth of these plants is measured

continuously every year for several years, the
overall growth curves will appear to comprise a
series of small sigmoid curves.
¡ The growth is continuous until it is obstructed by

obstacles –parasite, disease attack, logging
¡ The growth in which the various organs
within an organism grow at different rates.
¡ Eg human organ
¡ Early years- growth rate of brain more rapid
> reproductive organ (start grow & develop
during adolescent phase)
¡ Also -Lymphoid tissue grows rapidly –
required by young individual for natural
immunity & as a defense against disease
¡ The growth of an organ at the same average
rate as the rest of the organism.
¡ The shape does not change during growth.
§ Growth in arthropods /insects (crabs,prawns)
§ the growth is limited by the hard exoskeleton for a

number of periods in between the ecdysis , when
ecdysis takes places, growth occurs at a very rapid
pace
§ Ecdysis- periodic process for exoskeleton shedding

in arthropods such as insects to allow growth and
development during metamorphosis.
§ The arthropod at each stage of the intermittent

growth is called an instar
§ Absolute growth curve (Defined as increase in
size per unit time taken)
§ Eg length, height, or mass
§ Absolute growth rate curve (The graph of

absolute growth rate against time which is bell-
shaped)
§ Relative growth rate (Defined as the percentage

increase in size achieved in a particular period )
¡Dormancy in plant
¡Dormancy in animals
¡ Dormancy – is defined as a period
during which growth is suspended
or slowed down.
Dormancy helps :
¡ Protect an organism against
unfavourable conditions during
winter and dry climate during
drought .
Seed dormancy is a
condition of plant seeds that
prevents germination when
the seeds are under optimal
environmentally conditions
for germination
Conditions that affect physiological dormancy of
seeds include:
1) Drying
§ some plants including a number of grasses
and those from seasonally arid regions need a
period of drying before they will germinate,
the seeds are released but need to have a
lower moisture content before germination
can begin. If the seeds remain moist after
dispersal, germination can be delayed for
many months or even years.
2) Photodormancy
¡ light sensitivity affects germination of some
seeds. These photoblastic seeds need a period
of darkness or light to germinate. In species
with thin seed coats, light may be able to
penetrate into the dormant embryo. The
presence of light or the absence of light may
trigger the germination process, inhibiting
germination in some seeds buried too deeply or
in others not buried in the soil.
3)Thermodormancy
¡ is seed sensitivity to heat or cold. Some seeds
germinate only at high temperatures (30ºC or 86ºF)
many plants that have seed that germinate in early to
mid summer have thermodormancy and germinate
only when the soil temperature is warm. Other seeds
need cool soils to germinate, while others like celery are
inhibited when soil temperatures are too warm. Often
thermodormancy requirements disappear as the seed
ages or dries.
1) Hibernation
2) Aestation
3) Diapause
§ Is the state in an animal in which metabolic
activities are minimal and growth arrested
during winter or periods with low
temperature
§ Enables animals to survive winter

conditions where temperature is low and
food is in short supply
§ Its metabolic rate slow down since less

energy is require to maintain normal body
activities in hibernating conditions.
§ Like hibernation but it occurs in summer, dry condition .
§ Normally carried out by animals in summer as shown by

the lungfish species, protopterus and lipidiseren.
§ These lungfish species can continue to live in a lake even

when the lake has become dry.
§ Lungfishes breathe at minimum pace using their lung and

all metabolic activities are also minimal rate.
§ Stored fat and some of the muscle tissues of these

animals are also lost during the aestivation period.
¡ Period of arrested development in the life cycle of insects and certain
other animal in which physiological activity is very slow & the animal is
highly resistant to unfavourable environmental condition.
¡ One type of dormancy animals demonstrated by insects, known as

diapause.
¡ Cause by the deficiency of a certain hormone and it controlled by

external stimuli such as drought and long hot days.
¡ Hormones stimulate growth and development originates from the brain

of insect. Its secretion is dependent on the period of exposure to light.
¡ When the light period drops below a certain level, diapause is initiated
can be overcome when the light period increase until it exceeds the
critical level.

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CHAPTER 10 - GROWTH

1.2 Cell enlargement

1.3 Cell differentiation

ú 2. Measured by counting its total population at different

ú 3. Can be done by using an apparatus haemocytometer or

ú 4. Usually have J-shape/exponential shape growth curve.

¡ However , a more suitable parameters that

¡ Ageing phase- growth rate is negative- the

¡ Can be seen in annual plants – initial part of the

¡ In fact, these plants increase their size each season.

¡ If the overall growth of these plants is measured

¡ The growth is continuous until it is obstructed by

§ the growth is limited by the hard exoskeleton for a

§ Ecdysis- periodic process for exoskeleton shedding

§ The arthropod at each stage of the intermittent

§ Absolute growth rate curve (The graph of

§ Relative growth rate (Defined as the percentage

§ Enables animals to survive winter

§ Its metabolic rate slow down since less

§ Normally carried out by animals in summer as shown by

§ These lungfish species can continue to live in a lake even

§ Lungfishes breathe at minimum pace using their lung and

§ Stored fat and some of the muscle tissues of these

¡ One type of dormancy animals demonstrated by insects, known as

¡ Cause by the deficiency of a certain hormone and it controlled by

¡ Hormones stimulate growth and development originates from the brain

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