Chapter_Multivariable Function (1)
Chapter_Multivariable Function (1)
Chapter_Multivariable Function (1)
MULTIVARIABLE FUNCTIONS
Prepared by:
Dr Zaiton Mat Isa
CIRCLE r
x h y k r2
2 2
h, k
PARABOLA
� = −�2
ELLIPSE
4 5
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Definition:
A function f of two real variables, x, and y, is a rule
that assigns a unique real number f ( x, y) to each point
( x, y) in some set D of the xy –plane.
Given
� = �(�, �)
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1.1 Domain and Range
Range: {z : ??? }
↑
put the limitation of z here!!
Example 1
Find the domain and the range of the following
functions. For each function, sketch the natural domain
(a) f ( x, y ) 3 x 2 y 1
(b) f ( x, y ) ln( x 2 y )
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(c) f ( x, y )
xy
(d) � = 64 − �2 − �2
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Example 1b: Test 1 Sem 2 20/21
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1.2 Graph of a Function of Two (independent)
Variables
3-D coordinate
system (x, y, z)
The graphs of
� = �(�, �) is called a
surface in 3D system or
three-space (�� ).
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Coordinate Planes
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HOW TO SKETCH THE GRAPH (in 3D)?
Surface:Plane
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Example 2 (Given as a constant equation with one-
variable.)
Sketch the graphs of each of the following surfaces in
three dimensions
(a) � = 4 (b) � =− 2 (c) � = 5
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Example 4: (Given as a linear equation with three-
variables.) - no variable missing*
Sketch the graphs of each of the following surfaces in
three dimensions
(a) � + � + � = 1 (b) � = 6 − 3� + 2�
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Other
Example 5:
Sketch the graphs of each of the following surfaces in
three dimensions (1 variable missing)
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(d) � = �2 (parabolic cylinder)
(f) z 2 x2
(g) x 2 y 2 2 y
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(h) y=x
What if no variable missing??
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Example 6:
Sketch the level curves (contour map) of the following
function. Then, sketch the traces and hence the graph.
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(c) �2 + �2 + �2 = 16 for c= 0,1,2,3, -1, -2,-3
(sphere)
Recall:
HOW TO SKETCH THE GRAPH (in 3D)?
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iii. Test 1 Sem 1 2018/19 Q1
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iv. Test 1 Sem 2 2018/19 Q1
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Note: The surfaces in Example 7 are sketched based on
the four steps given earlier. However, it is necessary to
recognize an equation of a surface, and sketch it
directly without referring to the 4 steps.
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Equation of a sphere:
x a 2 y b 2 z c 2 2
with centre at ( a , b , c ) and radius =
Elliptic
Cylinder
Hyperbolic
Cylinder
Parabolic
Cylinder
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Common surfaces in 3D : Plane, parabolic cylinder,
circular cylinder, paraboloid, hyperboloid(one sheet,
two sheet), ellipsoid, cone, sphere
Cone Hyperboloid
2 2
(b) x y z
(c) z 2 x2
2 2
(d) y x z 6
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x 2 y 1
2
(e) z
(e)
( x 3) 2 y 2 z 1 4
2
(g) x 2 y 2 z 2 8 z
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2 Functions with three (independent)
variables
Definition
A function f of three variables is a rule that assigns to
each ordered triple (x,y,z) in some domain D in space a
unique real number � = �(�, �, �).
The range consists of the output values for w.
Example 9:
Identify the domain and range for the following
functions.
(a) � = � 2 + �2 + � 2
(b) � = 1 − (�2 + �2 + �2 )
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1
(c) f ( x, y , z )
x2 y 2 z 2
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2.2 Level Surfaces
Remark
The term “level surface” is standard. It need not be
level in the sense being horizontal; it is simply a surface
on which all values of f are the same.
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Example 10:
Sketch the level surfaces of f for k = 0, 1, 2,3.
(a) � �, �, � = �2 + �2 + �2
(b) f ( x, y , z) z x2 y2
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Example 11: (past year questions)
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(c) Test 1 Sem 1 2018/19 Q2
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