Chapter_Multivariable Function (1)

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TOPIC:

MULTIVARIABLE FUNCTIONS

LECTURE NOTE FOR ENGINEERING


MATHEMATICS 2

Prepared by:
Dr Zaiton Mat Isa

Department of Mathematical Sciences,


Faculty of Science, UTM.
https://science.utm.my/mathematics
REVISION

CIRCLE r

 x  h   y  k   r2
2 2
h, k 

PARABOLA

� = −�2
ELLIPSE

4 5
4

Major axis horizontal,


Centre (0,0),
Major axis vertical, Centre (0,0)
x2 y2
\ + = 1 x2 y2
25 16 \ + = 1
9 16
Major axis horizontal,
5
6 Centre (2,-1),
2
(x - 2) (y + 1)2
\ + =1
36 25

Major axis vertical,


Centre (-3,2),
2
(x + 3) (y - 2)2
\ + =1
4 25
HYPERBOLA
MULTIVARIABLE FUNCTIONS

1 Functions of Two (independent) Variables


1.1 Domain and Range
1.2 Graph Of A Function Of Two Variable
Functions
- 3D Coordinate System
- level curves, contour map

2 Functions of Three (independent) Variables


2.1 Domain and Range
2.2 Level Surfaces
1 Functions of two (independent) variables

Definition:
A function f of two real variables, x, and y, is a rule
that assigns a unique real number f ( x, y) to each point
( x, y) in some set D of the xy –plane.

Given
� = �(�, �)

Means that z is a function of and x and y in the sense


that a unique value of the dependent variable z is
determined by specifying values for the independent
variables x and y.
�, � ∈ ������
� ∈ �����

x and y : the two different independent variables


z : the dependent variable

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1.1 Domain and Range

The domain of a function is a set of points at which the


function is defined.

The range of a function is the set consisting of all real


numbers f ( x, y) .

Domain: {(x, y): ??? }



any constraint ?
??? may consist:

*Sometimes we need to sketch the domain of


the given function.
2
Range – z-values that results when (x,y)
varies over the domain
(i) z positive? (ii) z negative? (iii) z zero?
(iv) z has maximum value ?
(v) z has minimum value ?

Range: {z : ??? }

put the limitation of z here!!

Example 1
Find the domain and the range of the following
functions. For each function, sketch the natural domain
(a) f ( x, y )  3 x 2 y  1

(b) f ( x, y )  ln( x 2  y )
1
(c) f ( x, y ) 
xy

(d) � = 64 − �2 − �2
3
4
Example 1b: Test 1 Sem 2 20/21

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1.2 Graph of a Function of Two (independent)
Variables

3-D coordinate
system (x, y, z)

The graph of the function f of two variables is the set


of all points (x, y, z ) in three-dimensional space, where
the values of (x, y) lie in
the domain of f and
� = �(�, �).

The graphs of
� = �(�, �) is called a
surface in 3D system or
three-space (�� ).
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Coordinate Planes

The 3- dimensional coordinate system is divided into


eight octants as shown in the diagram

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HOW TO SKETCH THE GRAPH (in 3D)?

 Some common surfaces are not in the form of


� = �(�, �), but still we need to know how to
sketch their graphs.

 If one variable missing (whether x, y, or z)


1. Determine the variables
2. Sketch the trace in coordinate planes
(based on the variables exist)
3. Make the projection which is parallel to
the missing (variable which is not
exists)-axis

 What if no variable missing??


1. Find the level curves/contour map
2. Find the xz-trace (set y=0)
3. Find the yz-trace (set x=0)
4. Check the domain and range

Note: For sketching purposes, we say that


� = �(�, �) consists of 3 variables (x, y and z)

Surface:Plane
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Example 2 (Given as a constant equation with one-
variable.)
Sketch the graphs of each of the following surfaces in
three dimensions
(a) � = 4 (b) � =− 2 (c) � = 5

Example 3 (Given as a linear equation with two-


variables.) – 1 variable missing
Sketch the graphs of each of the following surfaces in
three dimensions
(a) � =− � + 6 (b) � + � = 4

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Example 4: (Given as a linear equation with three-
variables.) - no variable missing*
Sketch the graphs of each of the following surfaces in
three dimensions
(a) � + � + � = 1 (b) � = 6 − 3� + 2�

*Plane- special case. No need to go through level


curves etc

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Other
Example 5:
Sketch the graphs of each of the following surfaces in
three dimensions (1 variable missing)

(a) �2 + �2 = 4 (circular cylinder)

(b) �2 + (� − 3)2 = 9 (circular cylinder)

(c) �2 + 4�2 = 16 (elliptic cylinder)

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(d) � = �2 (parabolic cylinder)

(e) �2 − �2 = 9 (hyperbolic cylinder)

(f) z  2  x2

(g) x 2  y 2  2 y
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(h) y=x


 What if no variable missing??

Level curve and contour map

Definition: A level curve of a function f ( x, y) is the


curve f ( x, y)  c on the xy-plane. It consists of the
points  x, y  where the function has the value c.

Contour map – set of level curves on xy-plane

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Example 6:
Sketch the level curves (contour map) of the following
function. Then, sketch the traces and hence the graph.

(a) � = �2 + �2 for c = 0,1,4,9 (paraboloid)

(b) � = �2 + �2 for c = 0,1,4,9 (cone)

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(c) �2 + �2 + �2 = 16 for c= 0,1,2,3, -1, -2,-3
(sphere)

Recall:
HOW TO SKETCH THE GRAPH (in 3D)?

 What if no variable missing??

1.Find the level curves/contour map


2.Find the xz-trace (set y=0)
3.Find the yz-trace (set x=0)
4.Check the domain and range
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Example 7: (past year questions)
i. Test 1 Sem 1 2017/18 Q1

ii. Test 1 Sem 1 2019/20 Q1

16
iii. Test 1 Sem 1 2018/19 Q1

17
iv. Test 1 Sem 2 2018/19 Q1

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Note: The surfaces in Example 7 are sketched based on
the four steps given earlier. However, it is necessary to
recognize an equation of a surface, and sketch it
directly without referring to the 4 steps.
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20
Equation of a sphere:

 x  a 2   y  b 2   z  c 2   2
with centre at ( a , b , c ) and radius = 

Elliptic
Cylinder

Hyperbolic
Cylinder

Parabolic
Cylinder

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22
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Common surfaces in 3D : Plane, parabolic cylinder,
circular cylinder, paraboloid, hyperboloid(one sheet,
two sheet), ellipsoid, cone, sphere

Cone Hyperboloid

Plane parabolic cylinder sphere


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Example 8: (exercise, without the steps by steps)
Sketch the graph of the following functions:
(a) � =− �2 − y2

2 2
(b) x  y  z

(c) z  2  x2

2 2
(d) y   x  z  6

25
x 2   y  1
2
(e) z 

(e)
( x  3) 2  y 2   z  1  4
2

(g) x 2  y 2  z 2  8 z

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2 Functions with three (independent)
variables

2.1 Domain and range

Definition
A function f of three variables is a rule that assigns to
each ordered triple (x,y,z) in some domain D in space a
unique real number � = �(�, �, �).
The range consists of the output values for w.

Example 9:
Identify the domain and range for the following
functions.
(a) � = � 2 + �2 + � 2

(b) � = 1 − (�2 + �2 + �2 )

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1
(c) f ( x, y , z ) 
x2  y 2  z 2

(d) f (x, y, z)  xyln z

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2.2 Level Surfaces

The graphs of functions of three variables consist of


points lying in four-dimensional space.
 Graphs cannot be sketch effectively in three-
dimensional frame of reference.
 Can obtain insight of how function behaves by
looking at its three-dimensional level surfaces.

The graph of the equation � �, �, � = � will generally


be a surface in 3-space which we call the level surface
with constant k.

Remark
The term “level surface” is standard. It need not be
level in the sense being horizontal; it is simply a surface
on which all values of f are the same.

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Example 10:
Sketch the level surfaces of f for k = 0, 1, 2,3.
(a) � �, �, � = �2 + �2 + �2

(b) f ( x, y , z)  z  x2  y2

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Example 11: (past year questions)

(a) Test 1 Sem 1 2019/20 Q2

(b) Test 1 Sem 2 2009/10


Q2

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(c) Test 1 Sem 1 2018/19 Q2

(d) Test 1 Sem 1 20/21 Q2

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