Detailed Classification of Animalia cell, tissue, organ and organ system.

Higher organisms
generally possess a defi nite shape, size and symmetry.
The members of kingdom Animalia are multicellular
However, lower organisms are exception. They stop
eukaryotes that have heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
growing after a certain period of time.
They have well-developed organisation in terms of .

BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION OF KINGDOM ANIMALIA

Kingdom Animalia is divided on the basis of following distinguishing features:
Body design: The primitive animals have a sac-like body with a single
opening (mouth) leading to the gut opening, e.g. sponges. The majority of
organisms have an anterior opening called mouth for taking in food. The
posterior opening called anus is meant for eliminating wastes from the
l Mouth

body.
Body cavity or coe/om: Coe/om is a cavity present between the body
wall and the food canal. Its mesodermal lined, fluid-filled space works as
a shock absorber for various internal body organs. Organisms that have
a true body cavity are called coelomates. Some organisms do not have a
body cavity and are called acoelomates. Organisms that have a false body (a) Sac-like body with (bl Tube-l ike body with two
a single opening for gut openings for gut
cavity are called pseudocoelomates.
Symmetry: It refers to the similarity in the arrangement of the body parts
on the two opposite sides of the main axis of the body. In some animals,
the body cannot be divided into two equal halves along any plane. Such
animals are called asymmetrical. If the body is cut into two similar halves
along its axis, the two parts would be identical to each other. Such animals
are referred to as radially symmetrical. In some organisms, head, organs
and paired limbs are arranged laterally and the body is divisible into two
equal halves along one plane only. Such organisms are called bilaterally
symmetrical.
Embryonic layers: There are three embryonic layers of cells-outer
ectoderm, middle mesoderm and inner endoderm in the embryo, which (a) Asymmetrical (bl Radially
symmetrical
(c) Rilaterafly
symmetrical
4
gives rise to various organs of the multicellular animals. Some organisms ,- , _ _ ., : . . _. , . _
1
have only ectoderm and endoderm layers. They are called diploblastic
animals. On the other hand, organisms which have all the three germinal layers are called triploblastic animals.

WW-
B~:'-::d th ,;ir body d~s1gr1, t'-1~ Y.ingdom Animalia
r,,n
i-; dr1ir.!~d intr1 follo vting maj0r phyla-Porifera,
CnidarJa, Platyhel minthes, !'iemathelminthes,
Annelida, Arthropoda, f..1ollusca, Echinodermata
ar:d c·hordata,.,
In anim.al~, notochord is a fltzible rod present at the
dr;r::aJ ~urface and extend throu~l-iout the length of
the body of animals at some stage of their life cycles.
Ba-:e;d <Jn the presence or absence of notochord at
~orn~ ~tage5 of their life c1cies, the animals divided
int.t1 Vertebrata (have notochord) and lnvertebrata
(Jack th~ notrJchord). In Vertebrata, the notochord is
t,1~en o~,~r partially or compl~tely by the vertebral
column,

Classification of lnvertebrata
Invertebrates are the oldest animals to evolve on th.e
earth. rfhc first invertebrate evolved from a single-
cc:Jlc:d microscopic organism. In a11 animals, 97% are
invcrtc:bratcs.
'fhcy show a wide diversity in their body structures ,
and hahlts, due to which they are divided into following
major phyla.
 ~
" ' ~C-,
'1"?: · . · - ~~ tha t liv e in •
~~ ~ . . ~ inc lud es spo nge s
The pl1ylun1 Po rife ra
coloni es.
General Ch ara cte ris tic s d nta ry ( att ac he d
.
• The y are sessile (st alk-less) . or se e
l But som e spe cie .
s
) arine an1ma s. .
to a substratum m h b"t t e.g. Sp on gil la. Th eir
are fou nd in freshwater ~ 1 a ,
larval stage is usually motile. .
• They are Primitive, multicellula . r, dip lob las t1c
organisms wit h asy mm etr ica l bo die s.
• Sponges have por ous bo dy wi th the ha rd ou ter
skeleton of spicules.
• The body of sponge is merely a colony of cells he nc e
it lacks spe cialised tissues. Th e bo dy ha s ma ny sm all
pores called ostia thr ou gh which wa ter en ter s int o
the body and a large pore called osculum at the
upp er end thr ou gh wh ich wa ter mo ve s out from the
body. 'fhis forms the canal system.
• Digestion in the organism is intracellular .
• Gas exchange and excretion occur by the dif fus ion
through the general body surface.
• Organisms reproduce asexually by budding and
gemmules formation. Sexual reproduction occurs
through fertilisation . They show remarkable
power of regeneratio n.
Examples: Sycon, Euplectella and Bathsponge.
• ~--~ :--.:-~, :s :r3.~3.l~- ~-mme trical. Tl1e body\\ ~
.~. - c_ ...... ~---~.....~_..,;
~_.__ ..... _ ~~;: c:l!"~r \\-all is epidern 1is, and
u .............
== -.:=..:.,: ~-== :s §;3.Stro dermis_ Both the layers are
--=----:-=-~ ~ -___ -= - ---- ""~ ~ ,..1 ~\--=»r of n1eso t:,0 lea • n n ...
~- ~~ -- - - --' - __ , -- '--~ ... .A .............. £. ....._ '---

• ......
- - - - - - ~ _._ -
---.,-
.._.-=- -;-_-_:_ ~, , __. .... ~:.::..j ~,
.. ~ ~..... ..._. 4.. - '
n3.;~d
.. ,t,-· A.&~·
nun1be r of fincrer-
0

~ ~=2~~ .s. ::-:= ~~::~~e s h3.\·e cnidobl asts or

~.-·::. - =.---
-----
'
- --- or horny.
• ·--

- - - ~- -~--. ' '.:)' a ~~rd exoske leton of lin1e tJ

~ ~ ~
-
-- - -- - - - - - - - ~ -,_:,..::S

-
--
---- ----__---_
__ ~ - - -....,.,

• intrace llular and extracellular

- · :--.=..~ --
------= - - - ____,. .
• -- -- r lace t½rough tl.e

•
 - ,. , - ~ ~ ~ ~~Prn~=:-i~~ = - ------.:::
•\" • '""-·-=-'' ""· "'~--:.a.,1~,.,.~,

/ ~l""ly of l'l,1tyhcl rnlnthr1 Is rnon• u,rni,t••<

fh , u·t'd h.l porifl•r,1ns illHI tnl,L1ri,111~. The org.1rihrn-;
f(llll}' ' , )'k ,. fl k l
'\llv pants it tr I e 1vcr u pc;, nut some ,Jr~ fr,~n
an~Jlll,. ' .· . .
)i\'ing ( e.g. Planar ra), r1thrr ,1quat1c or terrc,tri-rl. /
A~raiis is a ~omn1on roundwo rm. It ts a para)ite found
in the intestines of humans.
Grncral Characteristics
• The body is bilaterally symmetrical with a definite
head and tail .
• The organism has three germ layers. That is they are
triploblastic.
• There is no body cavity present, hence they are
called acoelomate .
• The body is flat and sac-like, soft and ribbon-like
and it is dorsoventrally-flattened. That is why
animals that belong to this phylum are also known
as flatworms. In flukes, the body is leaf-like and in
tape worms, it is ribbon-like .
• Suckers or hooks or both are present to enable
the organisms get attached to the host's body for
absorbing digested food. Anus is absent.
• Excretory system consists of flame cells.
• They mainly respire anerobically.
• Flatworms reproduce asexually by dividing along
a median plane. They also reproduce sexually.
Most of the animals belonging to this phylum are
hermaphrodite, that is both male and female sex
organs are present in the body of a single animal.
Examples: Planaria, Taenia and Fasciola.
Tht' org~u1isn,s of Ne1uathehninthe s or Nematoda
are conunonly kno\\rn as roundworms, thread worms
or pin ,ror1ns. ~tost of the n1en1bers of this phylum are
par asit es .

G,eneral Characteristics
• The body of these organisms is cylindrical.
• The size may vary from microscopic to several
cen tim etre s in length.

• The body wall is covered with tough, resistant

cuticle.
• The bod y of nematodes is bilaterally symmetrical
and triploblastic.
• They have primitive organ-system level of
organisation, and are pseudocoelomates.
• The organisms have a distinct alimentary canal,
with the mouth and anus.
• The organisms do not have respiratory and excretory
systems.
• Sexes are separates. They reproduce only by sexual
method.
Examples: Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma
duodenale and Eelworm.
 riety of
Animals belong to Annelia are found in a va
bitats, like freshwater, marine w at er as well as l~~d.
ha
ras1t1c.
Organisms belonging to this group are even pa
General Characteristics
lids ar e bi la te rally sy m m et ri ca l, tr ip lo bl as tic
• Anne
and have true coelom.
bo dy is elo ng ated an d se gm en ted. Th e se gm ents
• The
ve id en tical or gans . So m e or ga ns lik e th e gut,
ha
rve co rd an d bl oo d ve ss els ru n th e w ho le length
ne
w the
of the body. Like the coelom, ~egment also allo
animal to grow bigger.
n. This
• There is extensive organ differentiatio
re nt iat io n is pr es en t in a se gm en ta l fa sh io n. The
diffe
gm en ts ar e lin ed up on e af te r th e ot he r st ar ting
se
from head to tail.
s nu m er ou s se ta e or pa ra po di a for
~ • The bo dy ha
r locomotion.
se ou s ex ch an ge tak es pl ac e th ro ug h th e m oi st skin.
• Ga
s and
• Annelids have well developed nervou
circulatory systems. = .
 • The orga11isn1s have a ,,vell-developed digestive
sy·ste111 ,vitl1 a separate mout11 and anus.
• Thej' ha,re excretory organs called nephridia
throug11 ,vhich undigested food is expelled out as
, vo rn1 castings.
• ~4-nnelids r ep roduce sexually. Some organisms are
biseA'Ual or h ermaphrodites, e.g. earthw orm ,,vhile
some are unisexual, that means sexes are separate,
e.g. N ere is.
Examples: Nereis, Earthworm (Pheretima), Leech
[Hirudinaria).
This is probably the most successful, well-adapted and
the largest group of invertebrates. It includes about
900000 species that show adaptations to dry, aquatic
and aerial life. Animals belonging to this phyla are
either free-living or parasitic.
General Characteristics
• They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic
and have segmented body.
• They have jointed legs for locomotion, one pair
each on some or all body segments.
• The exoskeleto n is made of chitinous cuticle which
sheds at periodic intervals. This process is called
• Th ere is an open circulatory system in which blood
is pumped into a cavity called haemocoe l.
~l
moulting. • Sexes are separate and the developm ent of animals I),
• Excretion occurs through Malpighian tubules (in involves metamorphosis.
insects) and through green glands (in crabs and Examples: Prawn, Spider, Crab, Butterfly, Housefly
prawn). and Scorpion.

CLASS ES OF ARTHRO PDA (BEYOND SYLLABU S )

Phylum Arthropoda is further divided into the following five cfasses-Onychophora, Crustacea, Myriapoda, lnsecta
and Arachnida.
Table 7.8 Characteris tics ol Classes of Arthropoda \:,;\fl 2 ~(2 -:-. ~s
0
:·

Classes Characte ristics Examples

Crustacea Hard, flexible chitinous exoskeleton , gills for gaseous exchange, two pairs of Crayfish, Water flea,
antennae, head and thorax fused together to form cephalotho rax. Lobster and Shrimp

Myriapoda Body is elongated, metarnerica lly segmented , each segment has one or two pairs of Millipede and
legs. Centipede

Insecta Body is divided into three parts-head , thorax and abdomen, have one pair of Grasshoppe r, Bee,
antennae, three pairs of legs, a pair of spiracles, mouth parts are modified for biting, Ant, Butterfly
chewing, piercing and sucking purposes
Spider, Mite, Scorpion,
Arachnida Body is divided into prosoma and opisthosom a, no antennae, have fused head and
Ticks
thorax, four pairs of jointed legs, they paralyse their prey with poisonous fangs
s~·:= w.t•"llH~ :::i
and covered by the shell. In some members, shell is
absent. They are either terrestrial or aquatic animals.
General Characteristics
• Animals belonging to this phylum have a soft,
unsegmented body. A hard calcareous shell is
present to protect the body. However, in some
members shell is absent.
• The organisms of this group are triploblastic and
bilaterally symmetrical.
• The body is covered by a soft tissue called mantle. A
mollusc carries out gaseous exchange through gills
in the mantle cavity.
• Molluscs like snails have an outer calcareous shells ~
secreted by the mantle, These shells protect the
organisms from physical damage, predators and
dying out.
• They have an open circulatory system.
• The organisms have a muscular foot to help
locomotion and also to act as a weapon in some
cases.
• Excretion occur by a pair of metanephridia.
• Molluscs reproduce sexually. The sexes are usually
separate.
Examples: Chiton, Dentalium, Pila, Snail, Slug, Oyster,
Squid, Loliga, Nautilus and Octopus.
The organisms belonging to Echino der1nata are
1

spiny-skinned. These are free-living, marine animals

which live mostly at the bottom of the sea. They are
slow-moving animals. The shape of the animals may·
be star-like, cylindrical, melon-like, disc-like and
so on.
General Cha rac teri stic s
• The~~ are ~xclusiy·eiy~n1ari11e anin1als \Vitl1 spin)· skin .
• They· ha\·e unsegn1ented body· ,\·itl1011t a tiistinct
l:e~d.
• The}· are trip lob last ic a11in1als, ,rl1icl111ossess a trut '
coelom tha t is modified into a u11iql1e ,vat er . .\~1scuL.1r
,\·hich tub e fee t act as loco 111oton · orga11s~
-
S\·s tem in ., ~

• The adu lt org anis ms hav~e radial S)yn1111etr)·. bt1t tl1e

lan ae are bilateral!}~ 5J1t1n1etricaL
• They· ha,1e an end osk elet on n1ade of calcart?o11s
oss icle s \\it h spines.
• The org anis ms ha\·e a pect1liar featt1rc of
regenerating the lost par ts.
• Reproduction is se:-a.1at asexual or by' rege11cratio11.
Sexes are separate.
Examples: Starfish, Brittle sta1; Sea-ct1cun1lJt~1~ Sea-
urchin and Sea lil}r.
Phdum
. Chordata is the most advance d group on
anin1als. The anin1als belonging to phylum chordata
2re triplobl astic, bilatera lly symmet rical, entero-
celomat e animals. They sho\v-th ree importa .n t
characteristics:
• They ha\re paired gill slits in the pharynx.
• The)' have a post-an al tail and a dorsal., hollo\v
nenre tube.
• 'fhey ha,,e nerve cord at some stage of their life.
rfhe phylum Chordata l1as a sub-phylttn1 called
Vertebrat.1.
 Verte br ata
~ =
,
.. ;>+: ~. . j.. .I . . ~

The ver teb rate s are cha rac teri sed by the pre sen ce of a
r bac kbo ne or vertebral column. J
 General Characteristics
• The animals ha\·e a true vertebral column
cranium enclosing the nerve cord and b~~~
resnecti\·e
r
lv., They• ha\·e a well-developed inte~~
• 11qj
ske!eton of cartilage and bone.
• r~rtebrates are triplo'blastic, coelomate and ha ve
bilaterally symmetrical body.
• They ba,·e complex differentiation of body tissues
and organs.
• They haYe two pairs of jointed locomotory
appendages which may include fins (pectorai
and anal/ dorsal fins) or limbs (forelimbs and hind
limbs).
• There is an outer covering of protective cellular
skin. This could be modified into special structures
like scales, hair and feathers.
• They have well-developed sensory organs (eyes,
ears, nose, tongue and skin).
• They have closed circulatory system.

Classification ofVertehrata
On the basis of their skin covering, way ofreproduction,
way of maintaining their body temperature and
1

characteristics of their limbs (arms and legs, or their

equivalent such as wings or fins), the sub-phylum
Vertebrata has been divided into five classes-Pisces,
~ ~ a , Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia.
~ n~~-;

• Fish are cold-blooded animals, i.e. their body

temperature changes with the change in
environmental temperature.
• They have laterally compressed body.
• Their body is stream-lined, ie. tapers on either sides
and is broad in the middle like a boat, provided
with two types of fins-median or unpaired fins
and paired fins. The fins are supported by bornY
fin-rays.
 • Rr-,,pir;ilh~n, t,\kt•s plm'r tht'O\lgh gills, vmying from
• They lay yolk-laden eggs in water. The eggs hatch
(i h\ 1 (p,ur:1),
Into a tadpole (intermediate life form).
• ·~hr~in h.ts phtt'Old scafos whilt' the bony fish have
• They reproduce sexually. Fertilisation is external (in
,•,·rh1hi S\',llt•s.
. ,1:ht'\' h:wr a two-rhambt•t-cd ht'art- an nmicle Rnd
'
,~•ntrlrh\
frogs and toads) as well as internal (in salamanders).
• They excrete ammonia (in tadpole stage) and urea
(in adult stage).
• Ft•rt\li~,,t l()l\ i~ inh'rnat
Examples: Frog,Toad, Muclpuppy, Hyla and Salamander.
~~:1 11,,,h's: Rl)hl\, Tl')'~Oll, l 'orpt•do, Shark and so on.

e d, 1,.,, f't..f..,'S i\ d1Vidr<1 into two sub-classes-

~'11- ,, ~rtnf, ,rn.1 O,tf,,hthyes, Chondrichthyes are the
't·•,, .,.,,0,, r~h. 11ieir endoskelrton Is modr of cartilage
(It'll••;,,
~r·t-111,(~i'l h,1, plotold settles, They havf' no swim bladder.
(a) Snlamander (b) Toad
't1 1 /kn"' ,.. "' O/><'ll 91'/I'
<ll" ,>ous, Sh1..R
or"s, ays and Chimoeras
Fig. 7.23 Examples of Amphibia
\utihllli 1i.>u, f,sh, The skel1•ton of Osteichthyes is made of
~: ... Thc'I' hm•1• a swim b/add~r. Their body is covered with Many amphibians aestivate (summer sleep) or hibernate
~
t~ t1,,t 1//lil Ntll~d smles, They also respire through gills, (winter sleep) to escape unfavourable temperatures or severe
C,lfJ-\ ~,, rn,n C1nd ~eo ho,se are bony fish. • environmental conditions.

.A d ':\~ -1"~ ~"'1

~ fil_!ll . ~.
~,,,iihibin fot ms the f11 st group among the Chordata
This class includes three groups of reptilia; liza rd s,
k d h . d d snakes are
'' . sna es an turt1es. 8ot 11zar s an
to liw outside the water. It comprtses first tetrapod 'd d h d . t t'les todauJ' It is believed
,, . . cons1 ere as t e om man rep 1
wrtt•brates. I hry lead two stages_m their hves .. The that reptiles evolved from the amphibia. They are the
first is tadpole stage in water while the second is an first vertebrates that are adapted to live completely on
adult stage, mainly on lnnd and partly in water. land.
Gtneral Characteristics
General Characteristics
• Amphibians are adapted to live on land as well as in • They are cold-blooded animals.
,~r.tter.
• Their body is covered with dry and waterproof skin
• They are cold-blooded animals. having horny epidermal scales.
• Their skin Is either smooth (like a frog) or rough • They breathe through lungs.
(like a toad), moist, slimy and has mucus glands. • They have paired forelimbs and hind limbs with five
, Their body is divided into head and trunk. There is toes ending in claws. The limbs are modified into
no distinct neck paddles as in turtles. Snakes are devoid of limbs.
• They have two pairs of pentadactyl limbs. • They have claws on their toes (except those which
do not have legs, such as legless lizards).
• They have webbed-toes.
, They have a three-chambered heart but the
• Their skin has mucus glands, It is moist and slimy
ventricle is partially divided through a septum.
adapted for skin respiration (cutaneous respiration).
However, the crocodiles have a proper four-
• Their tympanum or eardrum is exposed to the chambered heart.
surface to receive sound waves. • Their teeth are located in the jaws.
• Gas exchange occurs through gills (in tadpole stage). , They have well-developed tongue that can protrude
In adult stage, they respire through lungs, skin and out and retract quickly while catching the prey.
lining of the mouth.
• Fertilisation is internal. The female lays eggs on
• Their heart is three-chambered; two auricles and land. The eggs have dry, tough and leathery shells
one ventricle. which prevent their content from drying up.
Five Kingdom Classification
 al e ha ve co pu la to ry or ga n th ro ug h w hi ch
• Th e m
ale's bo dy
sp er m s ca n be pl ac ed inside th e fem
du ri ng m at in g.
tri al re pt ile s su ch as sn ak es an d liz ar ds
• Te rr es
excrete ur ic acid.
• They have distinct neck.
: e, To rto ise , Ch am ele on an d Crocodile.
Examples Sn ak
 ; - ~

b · ds They are either

The anin1als in this class are ir · . d
. F ple jays
flightless or flying birds. or exam ' ' robins an
ducks.
General Characteristics
• Birds are warm-blooded animals, i.e. they maintain
an almost constant body temperature, irrespective ~
of environmental temperature. /
• They have a light body covered with feathers.
• Their body is streamlined so that the birds feel less
resistance in the air while flying.
• The mouth is modified into a toothless beak.
• Their forelimbs are modified into wings. The hind
limbs are adapted for running and walking.
• They have scales on their legs.
• They have claws on their toes.
• They breathe through lungs.
• Their bones are light weight and usually hollow.
~ Such bones are called pneumatic bones.
~ • T~~y have four-chambered heart which is properly
, d1v1ded into two auricles and two ventricles.
• Fertilisation is internal.
. • They lay eggs. The eggs have a large amount of yolk.
Examples: Owl, Cuckoo, Bulbul and Myna.
Innovative Biology - IX
 Cl as s ,
g a ll
Man1n1aJ~ ;11·c n1ill< -pr od uc ing a11in1als . Am on
ere a re
the an in1 als , the )' arc the n1 ost ad va nc ed . Th
ey a re
bc t,\· cc n 4,5 00 to 5,0 00 sp ec ies of n1an1mals. Th
fou n d aln 1o st cv cry \vh cre.
Ge ne ra l Ch ar ac ter ist ics
• ~1an1 ma ls arc war111-bloocfed an im als .
• Th ey ar c co ns ide red to be qu ite ad va nc ed or ga
nisms
wi th a \vc ll• dc vc lop cd bra in.
ea tly
• TJ1eir bo dy is co ve red 1vvith ha ir wh ich va ry gr
am on g SJJecies.
s\vea t
• M os t of then1 ha ve su do rif er ou s (al so ca lle d
gla nd s) gla nd s.
uc tion
• Fe ma les l1ave ma mm ar y gla nd s for the pr od
of mi lk to no ur ish the ir yo un g on es.
• Th ey J1ave tw o pa irs of lim bs ad ap ted vario
t1sly for
waJkin~ ru11ning, climbing, bu rro wi ng , s\vin1n1ing
or flying; toe s wi th ho rn y cla\Jvs.
• Th ey ha ve th ec od on t an d J1eterodo11t tee tl1
.

• 'fh ei r eyes ha ve 1novahle eyelids.

p

• They have a four-chambered heart. Examples: Cat, Rat, Mongoose, O~er, Lio~. Tiger> Bat ~
• They breathe through lungs. and Human .
t • The thoracic and abdominal cavities are separated
I internally by a muscular partition called the
';
!
i diaphragm.
• The backbone has five distinct regions-cervical,
thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal.

I I
• They show parental care. Most mammals give
birth to young ones. However, a few of them, like the
Platypus and the Echidna lay eggs.
(a) Monkey
Fi 0 -:- .: ~ ': , -·
(b) Tiger
~ _ > _: "
{c) Kangaroo