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    Refraction Through Lenses Class12 Detailed

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    thegreatallah7

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Refraction Through Lenses Class12 Detailed

    Uploaded by

    thegreatallah7
    2 views6 pages

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    2 views6 pages

    Refraction Through Lenses Class12 Detailed

    Uploaded by

    thegreatallah7

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Refraction Through Lenses - Detailed Notes

    Introduction

    Refraction through lenses is the bending of light as it passes through a transparent medium with

    curved surfaces. Lenses are classified into two main types: Convex (Converging) and Concave

    (Diverging). This document provides detailed explanations, ray diagrams, numerical examples, and

    applications of lenses.

    Convex Lens: Properties and Ray Diagrams

    A convex lens is thicker at the center than at the edges. It converges parallel light rays to a point

    called the focus (F). Below are ray diagrams showing various cases:

    1. Object at Infinity

    When the object is at infinity, the rays converge to the focal point on the opposite side.
    2. Object Beyond 2F

    The image is real, inverted, and formed between F and 2F. It is smaller than the object.
    3. Object at 2F

    The image is real, inverted, and formed at 2F on the opposite side. It is of the same size as the

    object.

    4. Object Between F and 2F

    The image is real, inverted, and formed beyond 2F. It is larger than the object.

    5. Object at F

    The rays emerge parallel, and no image is formed.

    6. Object Between Lens and F


    The image is virtual, upright, and formed on the same side as the object. It is larger than the object.

    Concave Lens: Properties and Ray Diagrams

    A concave lens is thinner at the center than at the edges. It diverges parallel light rays, making them

    appear to originate from the focus (F). Below are ray diagrams showing different cases:

    1. Object at Infinity

    The rays diverge after passing through the lens and appear to originate from the focal point.

    2. Object at a Finite Distance

    The image is virtual, upright, and smaller. It is formed on the same side as the object.
    Lens Formula and Sign Conventions

    The lens formula relates the object distance (u), image distance (v), and focal length (f):

    1/f = 1/v - 1/u

    Sign conventions:

    - Distances are measured from the optical center.

    - Distances measured in the direction of light are positive.

    - Distances measured against the direction of light are negative.

    Applications of Lenses

    Lenses are widely used in:

    - Optical instruments (microscopes, telescopes)


    - Eyeglasses for correcting vision

    - Cameras for focusing light

    - Projectors for enlarging images

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