3D Parameter Mapping

Developed by petrophysicists, for petrophysicists.

Pore Pressure Calculation Rock physics Sat. height modelling Monte Carlo analysis

Interactive Petrophysics 3.5

Statistical prediction Mineral solver Base module

E-log Corrections

What is IP?
Interactive Petrophysics was developed by a petrophysicist, for petrophysicists, so they can work as they have always wanted to work. The software is different by design portable, quick and versatile. It is an easy-to-use log analysis tool, ideal for both geologists and petrophysicists. A geologist can use it to make a swift quality check of his log data, but equally an experienced petrophysicist can use it for multi-zone, multi-well petrophysical field analyses.

IP is truly unique in its approach to petrophysics. For the expert user IP offers some of the most sophisticated interpretation modules in the industry. The mineral solver enables the most complicated models to be built. The Monte Carlo simulation allows the user to truly understand and quantify the errors associated with a complete interpretation workflow.

The saturation height modelling modules facilitates the creation of Sw functions using core capillary pressure data and/or log data. The rock physics interpretation workflow has two highly sophisticated fluid substitution modules. The suite of modules in the statistical prediction package includes fuzzy logic, multi-linear regression, neural network, cluster analysis and principal component analysis.

Developed over 10 years and now used globally by over 500 companies, in more than 70 countries.

Frank Whitehead, Interactive Petrophysics Development Manager

IP is PC-based and therefore portable. It can be taken offshore, into clients offices and even home. IP enhances efficiency, productivity and confidence in log analysis. It offers a unique and advanced graphical interpretation program designed and developed by petrophysicists. IPs speed and interactivity means that data can be zoned and applied using different methodologies graphically. Using only the mouse, you can pick parameters from cross plots, histograms and log plots. IP instantaneously recomputes and displays the results when parameters are changed. The software is also used by universities and is an excellent tool for training geoscientists and engineers. Interactive Petrophysics gives rapid results.

The program IP is sold as a base module, plus the following optional specialist modules: Mineral solver; Statistical prediction; Monte Carlo analysis; Rock physics; Saturation height modelling; Pore pressure prediction; Eastern European resistivity modelling; Parameter mapping.

3D Parameter Mapping

E-log Corrections

IP is PC-based and therefore portable. It can be taken offshore, into clients offices and even home. IP enhances efficiency, productivity and confidence in log analysis. It offers a unique and advanced graphical interpretation program designed and developed by petrophysicists.

Pore Pressure Calculation

Rock physics

Sat. height modelling

Monte Carlo analysis

Statistical prediction

Mineral solver

Base module

Why is IP so different?

Interactive interpretation
The heart of IP is its graphical interpretation engine. This allows the user to perform a fast and sophisticated multi-zone interpretation using only the mouse, adjusting parameters on log plots, crossplots and histograms.

The standard deterministic analysis is done using three modules: Clay Volume; Porosity and Water Saturation; Cutoff and Summation. The Clay Volume module allows multiple clay indicators to be combined.

Hydrocarbon corrections are made using iterative techniques. A simple (optional) mineral analysis can be performed using the Rho Matrix / U Matrix / DT Matrix crossplot technique. Clay type distributions using the Thomas-Stieber technique can be made. This allows laminated shaley sands to be analysed.

The user clicks on a parameter line and drags it to the new position. IP instantly recalculates the results and updates the graphics.

Interactive lines allow adjustment of most parameters including, Rw, Rmf, clay parameters, hydrocarbon density. Pickett plots can be used to set Rw and m.

The Cut-offs and Summation module allows multiple cut-off to be used to calculate net pay and reservoir.

Once the Clay Volumes have been determined the Porosity and Water Saturation module is run. This module uses the same intuitive interactive graphics. Porosities can be calculated using several different methods: Neutron / Density; Neutron / Sonic; Density; Sonic; Neutron. Water Saturations are calculated using any standard method: Archie; Simandoux; Indonesian; Dual Water; Juhasz; Waxman-Smits.
Interactive lines can be used to set cutoffs on the log plots as well as crossplots.

The cut-off sensitivity module allows the users to asses how a change in a cut-off effects the overall zonal results.

Base module

NMR Normalisation allows all NMR distributions to be standardised.

NMR Interpretation using the Dual Water volumetric solution utilising NMR and Resistivity data, provides a more constrained result and reduces uncertainty.

The NMR Interpretation module allows the user to: apply cut-offs for Free Fluid and Clay-Bound Fluid; apply a tapered (spectral) function for Bound Fluid; calculate permeability using the Timur / Coates relationship; derive the permeability coefficients from external permeability data; calculate Sw using the Dual Water equation (resistivity curve required); derive Pc curves from T2 distributions, and hence generate a Sw height curve.

T1 or T2 data can be calibrated to core Pc data using a one point or two point methodology on either a T2 vs. Pore Radius plot, or, as in the example shown, on Cumulative Porosity vs. Sw plot.

Water saturation is calculated in the NMR Interpretation module using the Dual Water equation. The NMR data provides the clay bound water saturation and total porosity, which the model requires as inputs, while also providing a minimum Sw to constrain the results. The module also has the flexibility to handle older, effective porosity, NMR logs or gas affected NMR logs, by integrating with the standard interpretation modules.

3D Parameter Mapping

Timur/Coates permeability coefficients can be derived from regression with external permeability data when it is available.

The Pc curves derived from T1 or T2 distribution can be used to derive a Sw height curve.

E-log Corrections

Pore Pressure Calculation

Rock physics

Capillary pressure curves can be generated from T1 or T2 distribution data, but these need to be calibrated to an actual capillary pressure measurement made on core. The NMR Interpretation module provides an interactive tool for doing this calibration and it generates crossplots of the capillary pressure curves for QC purposes. These Pc curves can then be used to generate a Sw height curve from the entered FWL and fluid densities.

Sat. height modelling

Monte Carlo analysis

Statistical prediction

Mineral solver

The NMR module works with the T2 spectrum as loaded from the service company. The module allows the user to interactively change the boundaries between bound, clay-bound, and free fluids. The module includes a full volumetric analysis of the fluids, plus estimates of permeabilities.

Base module

NMR interpretation

Database and utilities

The IP database is simple to work with but also flexible. It can be just a single well for a quick look interpretation or a multi-well and multi-field database. An IP database consists of a binary data file for each well, each consisting of log curve data, general well information and interpretation Parameter Sets.

The Database Browser allows the user to interrogate an IP database in a graphical tree view.

High sample data from electrical and acoustic imaging tools are stored in array curves. This data can then be used for plotting and dip picking.

Text Curves are curves containing text strings such as RFT pressure points, production test results, perforation depths or core descriptions, and can be created by cutting and pasting from spreadsheets.
Text curves can be displayed on log plots. The Database Browser allows the user to drill down into a well and view or edit individual curves, parameters, log plots, crossplots and histograms, well data, statistics and listings, etc.

Curve Sets are used to group curve data together in a flexible way that allows the user to manage the data as they wish, such as different logging runs, different types of data (e.g. irregular data such as core data or pressure data), different interpreters or multiple output models. Each set can have a different top depth, bottom depth and data step.

Picture Curves are graphics files, e.g. core photographs with a defined top and bottom depth allowing the picture to be scaled to the log data. IP recognises most common image formats.
Picture curves can be displayed on log plots, for example, a sonic semblance plot can be loaded from a screen grab of a PDS file and a DT pick made with the interactive curve editor.

Curve sets give the user flexibility as the only requirement is that all the curves in a curve set should have the same step.

Well Headers allow the user to enter and save well attributes and other important positions, default petrophysical parameters and log acquisition data. There is also a comprehensive History Module that allows users to track changes made to curves and wells within IP.

IP has a full range of versatile Data Viewers including: log plot displays including horizontal log plots; crossplots including 3D crossplots; histograms including statistical summaries; data listings; 3D parameter viewer; well map; multi-well correlations; montage builder.

Once a connection to an external database has been established, the following tasks can be performed: create new IP well from an external database well; load selected curves into IP; load well tops into IP; edit and load well attributes. The Read / Write via OpenSpirit functionality allows the user to load and save data between IP and other OpenSpirit - enabled databases such as OpenWorks, GeoFrame and Recall. The IP - OpenSpirit link requires the OpenSpirit system to have been installed on the users computer systems. More information about OpenSpirit can be found on their website www.openspirit.com IP has various interactive Data Editors, several of which feature wizards to guide the user. Interactive Curve Edit Interactive Baseline Shift Interactive Trend/Square Curves Interactive Depth Shift with Auto Depth Match option Interactive Curve Splice Interactive Lithology Curve editor Curve Filters and Averages Curve Rescale Data Gap Filling Temperature Gradient Calculator TVD Calculator

Base module

IP data loaders support the following data formats: ASCII; LAS / LBS batch loader for multiple files; LAS3; LIS; DLIS; DBASE4. The Interval Loader allows the user to load data such as a facies interpretation, where a certain facies is represented by a numerical value assigned over a particular depth interval. The Interval Loader can also be used to load periodic or discrete data, such as core plug analysis results or formation tester pressure data, or any discrete spreadsheet data. The Capillary Pressure Data Loader is designed to assist the entering of PC data into IP and can load multiple plugs from different wells at the same time. The Real Time Data Link module enables an IP user to connect to a remote data server and download log curve and drilling data in real-time. The data can then be automatically analysed and displayed on all IP output graphics. This allows a real-time petrophysical interpretation to be shown, which updates automatically as more data arrives. IP provides connectivity to a number of External Data Repositories. These are Paradigms GEOLOG6, Landmark Graphics Corporations OpenWorks, PETCOMs Powerlog and Senergys ODM3 databases.

Interactive depth shifting.

3D Parameter Mapping

E-log Corrections

Depth shift setup wizard.

Pore Pressure Calculation

Rock physics

Sat. height modelling

Monte Carlo analysis

Statistical prediction

Mineral solver

Base Base module module

Multi-well processing
To handle large multi-well projects within IP a number of modules have been developed to make the task easier.

Multi-well Parameter Distribution; - copy Parameter Sets from one well to other wells in the same project; Multi-well Change Parameters; - change one or more interpretation parameters and re-run the analysis with the new parameter(s); Multi-well Batch Operation; - run multiple IP modules or scripts, on one or more wells, in a single batch procedure; Multi-well Correlation Viewer; Multi-well Cutoff and Summation; Multi-well Curve Statistics; Manage Multi-well Header Info; Manage Multi-well Curve Sets; Manage Multi-well Curve Headers; Manage Multi-well Zones/Tops; Curve Aliasing.

There are a variety of routines within IP to handle situations in multiple wells where there are inconsistent tops sets and zoning methodology.

Multi-well Field Study Workflow

User programs
The User Programs module allows the user to create his/her analysis routines. The routines can be very simple; one line routes, or more sophisticated, long routines which loop through the data multiple times. The routines are written by the user in either FORTRAN, PASCAL, C++, VB.NET or C#.NET. Once compiled the program can be distributed easily to other users. The user can simply and easily define: input and output curves; input parameters including text and logic flags; input parameter table layout; interactive log plot displays; interactive crossplots.
The User Program module is arranged on a set of easy to use input / output screens to allow for the setup of normal IP functionality with interactive plots and displays.

Load Log Data for all Wells Depth match, splice, edit and environmentally correct logs for each well Interpret Key Well Clay Volume module Porosity and Sw module Cutoffs and Summation module

Load or create a correlation tops set between all the wells. Zone Set module

Copy Key Well interpretation parameters to all wells using correlation tops set. Parameter Set Distribution module

Step through the wells one at a time running the interpretation modules. Checking results and fine-tuning the parameters to give optimum results by well.
A typical workflow for a multi-well field study.

Mineral solver

Due to the speed of the techniques used the same interactive features that are used in the standard analysis modules are available. Key features: multiple models allow the analysis of the most complex reservoirs; input flexibility allows for any logging tool output to be used in the model; models both the flushed and un-invaded zone; model combination for final results completely flexible; interactive crossplots for selection of parameter end points; all end point parameters can be either fixed values or an input curve, which allows trending of parameter values versus depth; the weighting of input equations is simple to understand and use; constant and Limit equation; output equations for calculation of parameters such as dry rock grain density or rock Qv value; model allows all standard non-linear Sw equations; calibration module allows core XRD data to be used to calculate the best end point parameters needed to match the core results.

Model creation grid is simple to use and understand. Default end point values available for most tool equations and minerals.

Parameter mineral endpoint crossplot. Quick and easy to make with interactive mineral parameters which when moved recalculate the model automatically.

Plot shows final combined model with reconstructed curves to the right and Interactive lines in the left tracks.

Interactive Pickett plot where Rw and m can be picked.

3D Parameter Mapping

E-log Corrections

Pore Pressure Calculation

Rock physics

Sat. height modelling

Monte Carlo analysis

Statistical prediction

Mineral solver

The mineral solver module allows the user to analyse the simplest to most complicated formation using classical probabilistic analysis type techniques. The user sets-up a formation mineral model and a set of input logs - the program will then use this information to calculate the most likely solution. The solution is used to recalculate the input logs and these are compared to the original logs.

Base module

Mineral solver

Statistical analysis
The statistical analysis package consists of five modules. Three modules are used to create models that predict a curve from other curves. These are useful for predicting core permeability and core facies, they also can be used to reconstruct missing or bad logs. The cluster analysis module can be used for constructing electrical facies from a group of log curves. The Principal component analysis module is used for data reduction.

The suite of statistical modules consists of: Fuzzy Logic prediction; Multi-linear regression prediction; Neural network prediction; Cluster analysis; Principal component. All modules use a similar multi-well interface where a set of wells and intervals can be used to create a model and then this model can be applied to another group of wells and intervals. Discriminators can be used to limit the data use in the models. The Fuzzy logic module divides the data up into user selected bins and uses probability theory to predict the likelihood of data being in a bin. The results are normally well controlled and quality control probability curves give the likelihood that the result is in a bin. This allows the output of a probability map, so the user can easily quality control results in wells not used in the model build stage. The module can be used to predict core facies or core permeability, for example.
Neural Network log plot showing a reconstructed density (track 6) from a Sonic, Gamma ray and neutron log. Only a few small training zones, track 2, were used to create the model.

The Cluster Analysis module is used to group log data into electro facies. The program uses K-Mean clustering to group the data into manageable data clusters (15-20). These clusters are then either manually or automatically (hierarchical clustering) regrouped into geological clusters.

Multi-curve crossplots shows cluster grouping. Plot shows a core facies prediction. The fuzziness of the prediction is shown in right track.

The Multi-linear regression is useful for predicting core permeability from log data. It uses standard matrix algebra to solve the fit coefficients. Normalised coefficients are also output to allow the user to see the contribution of each log to the result. The Neural network module uses a back-propagation learning technique to train the network. The module can be used for log repair, prediction of core permeability or in a classification mode for prediction of core facies. In log repair mode the user selects a few small training intervals and the trained network can then reproduce the whole log extraordinarily well.

Electro facies shown in right hand tracks. Far right track is after re-grouping original 15 clusters to 5.

The results are cumulated on a depth by depth level and also by zone using the cutoff and summation module.

The Summary Result listing gives the zonal results sorted by percentiles. Up to 5 user-defined percentiles can be output in the report. Statistical prediction

Monte Carlo analysis

The report allows the user to quantitatively show the errors involved in the interpretation. Rather than
Plot shows the error in Porosity, Water Saturation and Clay Volume at a depth by depth bases.

reporting a net pay thickness and average porosity, the user can give the P10, P50 and P90 net pay and average porosity. These values can then be used for more accurately estimating the errors in the reserves. In order to assess which parameters control the results of the analysis, a Tornado type analysis of the input parameters can quickly be made. This varies each parameter separately and then plots the change in The results are then ordered to form the Tornado plot. This type of plot can be used to focus the interpreters attention on those parts of the analysis which have the waste their time on refining those parameters which have little influence.
Plot shows that the biggest influence on the average pay porosity in zone one is the Vcl cutoff. Parameters like DTLN and Res Clay have no influence on the results.

Crossplots and histograms can be used for analysis and the distribution of the results.

Crossplot shows the Vcl cutoff has a strong effect on the result of the Av Phi Res parameter.

3D Parameter Mapping

E-log Corrections

Plot shows a normal log distribution of PHiH.

most significant influence on the final results and not

Pore Pressure Calculation

results for the change in an individual result parameter.

Rock physics

Sat. height modelling

Monte Carlo analysis

Statistical prediction

Mineral solver

The Monte Carlo analysis module uses a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate errors in a petrophysical analysis. The user sets up the analysis work flow and enters the distribution of possible errors in the individual interpretation parameters and input curves. The program randomises the input parameters based on user-selected ranges and then runs the work flow. Several thousand passes are made through the work flow with different starting parameters.

Base module

Monte Carlo analysis

Saturation height analysis

The Saturation height modelling modules enable the IP user to create saturation versus height functions from either capillary pressure (Pc) data or from calculated water saturation curves, or a combination of both approaches.
There are four interrelated modules: Capillary Pressure Setup; Capillary Pressure Functions; Saturation versus Height Curves; Log Sw versus Height Functions. The Capillary Pressure Set-up module is used to: set-up the study wells and input Pc and saturation curves; convert Pc data from different measurement techniques to a common 2 phase system; optionally stress-correct and /or apply a Clay-bound water correction to the Pc data; visualise raw and corrected Pc Curve data and quality check the data; edit bad data points from the Pc dataset.

The resulting models can be visualised with a variety of QC crossplots.

The Saturation Versus Height Curves module is used to apply the derived functions to multiple wells and zones

Searches can be made to find the Best Fit FWL and the Best Fit IFT factor to match the PC data to the log data.

The Capillary Pressure Functions module allows the user to find a function or set of functions to represent the quality checked and corrected Pc data using two basic methods: 1. One Equation for all Pc curves option - find a single equation which fits all (or a subset) of the data using one of six basic functions, e.g. Leverett-J Function. 2. Separate equation for each Pc curve option - Fit each individual Pc curve and then combine the parameters into a Combined equation using one of three basic function types, e.g. Lambda Function. Discriminators can be applied to allow for functions to be generated for specific data, e.g. for a particular porosity range or litho-type.

Changes in fluid density can be fully accounted for, e.g. a simple gas cap or a more complicated oil compositional gradient, as long as the contacts and densities are known. The Log Sw versus Height Functions module is used to generate Water Saturation (Sw) versus Height functions from interpreted log saturation and optional porosity and permeability data. Over 30 different functions are available. Discriminator logic can be used to select the data. Different functions can be developed for each unit in a reservoir.

To help speed up the process the Regression Function Comparator runs through all the models giving each a rating.

The Rock Physics section in IP contains the following independent modules: Shear Sonic QC/Create; Density Estimation; Fluid Substitution; Laminated Fluid Substitution; Elastic Impedance. The Shear Sonic QC / Create module uses the empirical Greenberg-Castagna (1992) relationships for different minerals to calculate a synthetic shear sonic from a compressional sonic log.
Greenberg-Castagna is also used to generate a Shear Velocity QC Crossplot to verify that a recorded shear sonic is a valid shear and not a mud wave or Stoneley wave produced by poor processing of the sonic waveform data.

Sat. height modelling

When there is no density log the Density Estimation module is used to estimate it from the compressional sonic log using Gardner, Bellotti et al or Lindseth. The Fluid Substitution module removes the effect of the drilling fluid from the sonic and density logs and restores the log responses to those resulting from the original reservoir fluids at their original saturations. Fluid density, bulk modulus and velocity can either be directly entered if known or calculated from Batzle and Wang (1992) in Seismic Properties of Pore Fluids. Similarly, the mineral properties can be entered or selected from a menu of minerals. The data are inverted using Gassmanns equation on a zonal basis to QC the fluid and matrix properties with respect to the input velocities and parameters.

In the Laminated Fluid Substitution module the user selects one of two models depending on the shale distribution. If the shale is evenly distributed (the shaley sand model) the bulk modulus of the solid fraction is modeled as a weighted average of the moduli of all the components of the rock. In laminated reservoirs, fluid effects only occur within the sandy laminations, and the appropriate moduli and porosity are those of the sandy laminations. The Elastic Impedance (EI) module uses the high angle inversion equation by P. Connolly in The Leading Edge (1999) and outputs EI at up to three user selected angles.

Rock physics

The Fluid Substitution crossplot enables the user to visualise the relationship between the velocities, density, AI and Poissons Ratio results.

3D Parameter Mapping

E-log Corrections

Pore Pressure Calculation

Rock physics

Sat. height modelling

Monte Carlo analysis

Once the user is satisfied that the input parameters are suitable fluid substitution is performed on the data at the well step increment. Along with the fluid-substituted density and sonic curves, both fluid-substituted Acoustic Impedance and Poissons Ratio curves are calculated and velocity and sonic slowness curves are output.

Statistical prediction

The elastic parameters for two-phase fluid mixtures are calculated using a saturation curve and the fluid mixing approach of Brie et al (1995) Shear Sonic interpretation in Gas-bearing Sands.

Mineral solver

Rock Physics in IP consists of several modules that allow the user to correct the raw logs to conditions as seen by the seismic. The fluids in the reservoir can then be changed in order to understand the effect this has on the acoustic impendence. This work is essential to truly understand any fluid effects in the seismic data.

Base module

Rock physics

Pore pressure calculation

Pore Pressure Calculation comprises of three modules to model Overburden, Pore and Fracture Pressures based on conventional log curves, drilling information and seismic data. The modules can be used as pre-drill (predictive), while-drilling (real-time) and post-drilling tools to analyse and refine the models.

The three modules are: Density Estimation - density-from-sonic algorithms included are Gardner, Bellotti et al and Lindseth; Overburden Gradient Calculation - determined from density data, average density values, look-up tables or empirical Amoco relationship; Pore and Fracture Pressure gradient calculations - five Fracture Gradient models are implemented in IP, Eaton, Matthews & Kelly, Modified Eaton, Barker and Wood, and Daines. An interactive log plot is used to calibrate the model.

The model can be viewed with a Depth versus Pressure Fan Diagram or a Depth versus Pressure Gradient Gradient Plot (as shown). These plots can be annotated with casing shoes, RFT pressures, Leak Off Pressures and operational comments to identify hole stability problems, while additional curve data, such as ECD, can be added to the display.

Sonic, Resistivity and Drilling Exponent are displayed in separate tracks in the interactive display. A Normal Compaction Trend (NCT) line for sonic log response in shale (NCT_Son) and for resistivity in shale (NCT_Res) is also displayed in the appropriate track.

Eastern European resistivity corrections

The Eastern European Resistivity Corrections Module is a specialist tool developed by the A.G.H University of Science and Technology, Krakw, and integrated into IP.

When a combination of lateral and normal logs are available, the largely automated functionality corrects for the tool configuration, borehole temperature and mud resistivity characteristics, producing corrected output curves for Rt, Ri, Rxo and Di.

3D parameter viewer
The 3D parameter viewer is an important QC tool and is designed to allow the analyst to quickly view calculated zonal properties such as Porosity and Clay Volume, or interpretation parameters such as Rw or m as a map.

Pore Pressure Calculation

E-log Corrections

This allows the user to look for trends in the data and QC anomalies in the interpretation. The maps can be made in 3D with TVDSS as the 3rd axis, or in 2D. The colour of the map represents the value of the parameter being plotted.
Map plots the average porosity in a zone. Z axis is TVDSS. Any anomalies and trends in the data can easily be seen. In this case porosity is clearly related to depth.

3D Parameter Mapping

3D Parameter Mapping

E-log Corrections

Pore Pressure Calculation

Rock physics

Sat. height modelling

Monte Carlo analysis

When only lateral resistivity curves are available the module provides more sophisticated modelling based on a user-created curve controlling the bed boundaries. The user works interactively on the plot and decides the depth of the top of the bed based on the theory of lateral logs and geological knowledge of the formation.

Statistical prediction

Mineral solver

Base module

Software support
Senergy operates a support service from our offices around the world. E: [email protected] Support portal: http://ipsupport.senergyworld.com/

Sales
For all enquires please contact us on: E: [email protected]

Training
Senergy offers IP training courses in various locations around the world. We can also provide tailored in-house courses for individual clients. E: [email protected] W: www.senergyworld.com/training T: +44 131 523 1000

Senergy (GB) Limited, Ternan House, North Deeside Road, Banchory AB31 5YR, United Kingdom T: +44 1330 825188 F: +44 1330 825206 E: [email protected] www.senergyworld.com