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Discrete
Mathematics
Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the


Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
A TA Y L O R & F R A N C I S B O O K
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC


Taylor & Francis is an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works


Version Date: 20131121

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-1281-5 (eBook - PDF)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts
have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume
responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers
have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to
copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has
not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit-
ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without written permission from the publishers.

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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com

and the CRC Press Web site at


http://www.crcpress.com
Contents

Contents v

Preface to the Third Edition ix

Preface to the Second Edition xi

Preface to the First Edition xiii

List of Symbols xvii

Chapter 1: Logic 1

1.1 Propositions and Truth Values 1

1.2 Logical Connectives and Truth Tables 2

1.3 Tautologies and Contradictions 13

1.4 Logical Equivalence and Logical Implication 15

1.5 The Algebra of Propositions 22

1.6 Arguments 26
vi Contents

1.7 Formal Proof of the Validity of Arguments 29

1.8 Predicate Logic 35

1.9 Arguments in Predicate Logic 45

Chapter 2: Mathematical Proof 50

2.1 The Nature of Proof 50

2.2 Axioms and Axiom Systems 51

2.3 Methods of Proof 55

2.4 Mathematical Induction 69

Chapter 3: Sets 79

3.1 Sets and Membership 79

3.2 Subsets 85

3.3 Operations on Sets 91

3.4 Counting Techniques 100

3.5 The Algebra of Sets 104

3.6 Families of Sets 111

3.7 The Cartesian Product 122

3.8 Types and Typed Set Theory 134

Chapter 4: Relations 154

4.1 Relations and Their Representations 154

4.2 Properties of Relations 164

4.3 Intersections and Unions of Relations 171


Contents vii

4.4 Equivalence Relations and Partitions 175

4.5 Order Relations 188

4.6 Hasse Diagrams 198

4.7 Application: Relational Databases 205

Chapter 5: Functions 220

5.1 Definitions and Examples 220

5.2 Composite Functions 238

5.3 Injections and Surjections 246

5.4 Bijections and Inverse Functions 260

5.5 More on Cardinality 270

5.6 Databases: Functional Dependence and Normal Forms 277

Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra 291

6.1 Introduction 291

6.2 Some Special Matrices 294

6.3 Operations on Matrices 296

6.4 Elementary Matrices 308

6.5 The Inverse of a Matrix 318

Chapter 7: Systems of Linear Equations 331

7.1 Introduction 331

7.2 Matrix Inverse Method 337

7.3 Gauss–Jordan Elimination 342

7.4 Gaussian Elimination 355


viii Contents

Chapter 8: Algebraic Structures 361

8.1 Binary Operations and Their Properties 361

8.2 Algebraic Structures 370

8.3 More about Groups 379

8.4 Some Families of Groups 384

8.5 Substructures 396

8.6 Morphisms 404

8.7 Group Codes 418

Chapter 9: Introduction to Number Theory 436

9.1 Divisibility 437

9.2 Prime Numbers 449

9.3 Linear Congruences 460

9.4 Groups in Modular Arithmetic 473

9.5 Public Key Cryptography 479

Chapter 10: Boolean Algebra 492

10.1 Introduction 492

10.2 Properties of Boolean Algebras 496

10.3 Boolean Functions 503

10.4 Switching Circuits 520

10.5 Logic Networks 529

10.6 Minimization of Boolean Expressions 536


Contents ix

Chapter 11: Graph Theory 548

11.1 Definitions and Examples 548

11.2 Paths and Cycles 561

11.3 Isomorphism of Graphs 575

11.4 Trees 582

11.5 Planar Graphs 591

11.6 Directed Graphs 600

Chapter 12: Applications of Graph Theory 611

12.1 Introduction 611

12.2 Rooted Trees 612

12.3 Sorting 626

12.4 Searching Strategies 643

12.5 Weighted Graphs 652

12.6 The Shortest Path and Travelling Salesman Problems 660

12.7 Networks and Flows 673

References and Further Reading 687

Hints and Solutions to


Selected Exercises 692

Index 798
Preface to the Third Edition

The most obvious change from the first two editions of this text is its title.
We believe that the new title, Discrete Mathematics: Proofs, Structures and
Applications, provides a better description of the book. This book was originally
published under the title Discrete Mathematics for New Technology, a title
we were never entirely comfortable with for two reasons. Firstly, it was not
really clear which ‘new technology’ was being referred to and, furthermore, one
decade’s new technology is frequently the next decade’s obsolete technology.
Secondly, although we had originally conceptualised the text as providing the
discrete mathematical background for undergraduate computer science students,
it was apparent that the book had a much wider readership including mathematics
undergraduates, education students, practising scientists and others.

Our philosophy had always been to provide, so far as we were able, a rigorous
and accessible exposition of the mathematics and not to tie the text too closely to
any application domain or community. Perhaps this is part of the reason for the
wide readership that the book has enjoyed. We have maintained this approach in
the current edition. So, whilst we believe that the book continues to provide much
of the core mathematical underpinning for computer science, we hope others will
continue to find the text accessible, informative and enjoyable.

In the eight years since the publication of the second edition, we have continued
to received feedback on the text from users. The feedback has remained
complimentary about the clarity of our exposition and, since correcting known
errors for the second edition, there have been few comments pointing out errors
or suggesting ways in which the text could be improved. Nevertheless, through
our own use of the text, we have continued to log errors of substance or style and
we have corrected these in the current edition.

ix
x Preface to the Third Edition

The principal changes in this new edition are an expanded chapter 1 and a new
chapter 9 on number theory. The revised chapter 1 includes a new section on the
formal proof of the validity of arguments in propositional logic. This means that
we now consider formal proofs first in the context of propositional logic before
moving on to predicate logic. The new chapter 9 covers elementary number
theory and congruences. This allows us to explore in a little more depth some
of the groups that arise in modular arithmetic. The significant application that
we explore is the so-called public key encryption scheme, called RSA encryption,
that underpins much of the secure transmission of data on the internet. Although
the mathematics behind the RSA system is reasonably straightforward, it does
provide a practical, secure and widely used means of encrypting data. As
one of our reviewers noted, this encryption scheme represents a premier ‘new
technology’.

We wish to acknowledge, with thanks, colleagues who have commented on


previous versions of the text. John Taylor is also grateful to the University
of Brighton for a sabbatical period which was devoted in part to writing the
new chapter 9 and the accompanying solutions manual. Nevertheless, as in the
previous editions, any remaining shortcomings are ours and we have no one to
blame for them but each other.

RG and JT
June 2009
Preface to the Second Edition

In the nine years since the publication of the first edition, we have received
feedback on the text from a number of users, both teachers and students. Most
have been complimentary about the clarity of our exposition, some have pointed
out errors of detail or historical accuracy and others have suggested ways in which
the text could be improved. In this edition we have attempted to retain the style
of exposition, correct the (known) errors and implement various improvements
suggested by users.

When writing the first edition, we took a conscious decision not to root the
mathematical development in a particular method or language that was current
within the formal methods community. Our priority was to give a thorough
treatment of the mathematics as we felt this was likely to be more stable over
time than particular methodologies. In a discipline like computing which evolves
rapidly and where the future direction is uncertain, a secure grounding in theory
is important. We have continued with this philosophy in the second edition.
Thus, for example, Z made no appearance in the first edition, and the object
constraint language (OCL) or the B method make no appearance in this edition.
Although the discipline of computing has indeed changed considerably since
the publication of the first edition, the core mathematical requirements of the
undergraduate curricula have remained surprisingly constant. For example, in
the UK, the computing benchmark for undergraduate courses, published by the
Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (QAA) in April 2000, requires
undergraduate programmes to present ‘coherent underpinning theory’. In the
USA, the joint ACM/IEEE Computer Society Curriculum 2001 project lists
‘Discrete Structures’ (sets, functions, relations, logic, proof, counting, graphs
and trees) as one of the 14 knowledge areas in the computing curriculum ‘to
emphasize the dependency of computing on discrete mathematics’.

xi
xii Preface to the Second Edition

In this edition we have included a new section on typed set theory and
subsequently we show how relations and functions fit into the typed world. We
have also introduced a specification approach to mathematical operations, via
signatures, preconditions and postconditions. Computing undergraduates will be
familiar with types from the software design and implementation parts of their
course and we hope our use of types will help tie together the mathematical
underpinnings more closely with software development practice. For the
mathematicians using the text, this work has a payoff in providing a framework
in which Russell’s paradox can be avoided, for example.

The principal shortcoming reported by users of the first edition was the inclusion
of relatively few exercises at a routine level to develop and reinforce the
mathematical concepts introduced in the text. In the second edition, we have
added many new exercises (and solutions) which we hope will enhance the
usefulness of the text to teachers and students alike. Also included are a number
of new examples designed to reinforce the concepts introduced.

We wish to acknowledge, with thanks, our colleagues who have commented


on and thus improved various drafts of additional material included in the
second edition. In particular, we thank Paul Courtney, Gerald Gallacher, John
Howse, Brian Spencer and our reviewers for their knowledgeable and thoughtful
comments. We would also like to thank those—most notably Peter Kirkegaard—
who spotted errors in the first edition or made suggestions for improving the text.
Nevertheless, any remaining shortcomings are ours and we have no one to blame
for them but each other.

RG and JT
April 2001
Exploring the Variety of Random
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Pritchard Ann, milliner, Princess street
Pritchard Ann, butcher, Butchers’ row
Pritchard Dan., grocer & tea dealer, Dogpole
Prosser Rev. William, curate of St. Alkmund’s, Belmont
Probert Henry, cabinet maker and upholsterer, Shoplatch
Prune John, tailor, Frankwell
Pugh Edward, carver and gilder, Frankwell
Pughe, Mrs. Elizabeth, Dogpole
Pugh Elizabeth, schoolmistress, Castle Fore
Pugh James, malster and vict., Plough and Harrow, Coleham
Pugh John, baker, Abbey Foregate
Pugh John, tailor, Frankwell
Pugh Robt., painter & glazier, Castle Foregt
Pugh Robert, beerhouse, Castle Foregate
Pugh Sarah, vict., Market Tavern, Pride hill
Pugh Thomas, vict., Fighting Cocks, Castle Foregate
Pugh Wm., painter & glazier, Abbey Foregate
Pursell, Mrs. Ann, Old heath
Purslow Edward, hair dresser and umbrella maker, St. Julian’s friars
Purslow Henry, clothier and furniture broker, Corn market
Purslow William, painter, Barker street
Pyefinch John, chemist & drug., Shoplatch
Randles John, maltster and vict., Cock Inn, Butchers’ row
Randles Robert, beerhouse keeper, Swan hill
Rawlins Gabriel, adjutant South Salopian yeomanry, School court
Rees David, fly proprietor, Coffee house pas
Rees Evan, shoemaker and green grocer, Gullett passage
Rees John, provision dealer, Coleham
Rees, Mrs. Mary, College hill
Rees William, grocer and maltster, Wyle cop
Renolds Thomas, cow keeper, Old heath
Revel Champ, clothes dealer, Princess st
Richard Evans, vet. surgeon, Abbey Fore
Richards Hy., hosier & stay dealer, Wyle cop
Richards, Rev. John, Crescent place
Richards Richard, butcher, Castle gates
Richards Thomas, shopkeeper, Abbey Foregt
Rigby Richard, butcher, Butchers’ row
Roberts Charles, boot & shoe maker, Pride hill
Roberts David & Co., clothes dealers, Pride hl
Roberts Edward, tailor and woollen draper, Butchers’ row
Roberts Edward, shoemaker, Castle Foregate
Roberts Edward, tailor, Abbey Foregate
Roberts Edwards, shopkeeper, Chester st
Roberts Frederick, superintendent of asylum, Kingsland
Roberts Henry, shopkeeper, Abbey Foregate
Roberts John shoemaker, Abbey Foregate
Roberts Joseph, furniture broker, Bridge st
Roberts Mary, baker, Castle Foregate
Roberts Sigismunda, school teacher, Barker st
Roberts Thos., victualler, Plough Inn, Castle Foregate
Roberts William, fishmonger, Shoplatch
Robinson Ann, pawnbroker, Roushill bank
Roden Samuel, brick and tile maker, John Wilson, agent, Raven road
Rogers Missses Ann & Eliz., Abbey Foregate
Rogers Mrs. Eleanor, Abbey Foregate
Rogers Eliz., provision dealer, St. Mary’s st
Rogers George, vict., Sun Inn, Milk street
Rogers George, gentleman, St. Julian’s friars
Rogers Joseph, grocer and temperance coffee house, Mardol
Rogers William, painter and glazier, St. Alkmund’s place
Rogers William, wharfinger, salt dealer and vict., Seven Stars Inn,
Frankwell
Rogerson, Rev. James Jardine, M.A., incumbent of St. Julian’s,
Glansevern lodge
Rogerson Robert, schoolmaster (Bowdler’s free school), Beeches
lane
Rooke, Mr. Charles, Swan hill court
Rose and Co., china warehouse, William George, agent, Wyle cop
Rowe George, town crier, Roushill bank
Rowland James, whitesmith and beerhouse keeper, The mount
Rowland John L., solicitor, Monk’s well ter
Rowland Misses, milliners, St. Mary’s st
Rowland, Rev. William Gorsuch, incumbent of St. Mary’s, Abbey
Foregate
Rowland William, tailor, Roushill
Rushton and Bowdler, joiners & carpenters, Pride hill
Rushton Julia, bonnet maker, Dogpole
Rushton Wm., carpenter, Pride hill, r Dogpole
Ryder Ed., malster and butcher, Old heath
Ryder Elizabeth, hair dresser, Wyle cop
Ryder George H., beerhouse keep., Old heath
Ryder Henry, victualler, Yorkshire House, St. Mary’s Place
Ryder Captain Wm., R. N., Benbow house
Salop Bank (Messrs. Burton, Lloyd, Salt, and How), Princess street
Salt George Moultrice, Esq., solicitor, Belmont; residence, Coton hill
Salt Thomas, Esq., solicitor, Belmont; residence, Quarry place
Salter and Rogers, provision dealers, St. Mary’s street
Salter Hannah, provision dealer, St. Mary’s street
Sandford Folliott, Esq., solicitor, Dogpole
Sandford Humphrey, Esq., councillor at law, Wyle cop
Sandford James Oakes, bookseller, printer, bookbinder, and stationer,
25, High street
Sandys Captain Thomas, Claremont blds
Saunders Joseph Green, hatter, Market st
Savage Mrs., Reabrook view
Saxelby George, woollen draper and tailor, & agent for the Syrian
paletot, Castle st
Scammell Uphemia, bordng. school, Wyle cop
Scarth Jonathan, Esq., solicitor, College hill
Scarth Jonathan, gentleman, The Flash
Scoltock Mary, grocer and italian warehouse, Princess street
Scoltock William Poole, secretary and clerk to charity trustees,
Offices Guild hall, and Corn market chambers
Selley Matthew, malster, Frankwell
Shakeshaft Mr. John, White Hall place
Sharp Alexander, working jeweller, Milk st
Shaw Elijah, umbrella maker, Castle Foregate
Shaw Mrs. Elizabeth, Dogpole
Shaw Henry, fishing tackle manufacturer and ornithologist, Shoplatch
Shaw John, fishing tackle manufacturer and ornithologist, Wyle cop
Shaw Joseph, glass, china, and earthenware dealer, Wyle cop
Shepherd John, governor of county gaol, The gaol
Sheppard Joseph, tanner, St. Austin street
Sherry Thomas, shoemaker, Abbey Foregate
Shorland John, shopk., Longden Coleham
Shrewsbury & Ludlow Bank, Messrs. Roche, Eytons, Campbell, and
Bayleys, Market sq
Shrewsbury and Welsh Pool Bank, Messrs. Beck, Downward, Scarth,
and Bowen, High street
Shropshire and North Wales Fire Office, High street, Edward
Elsmere, managing director
Shuker Mr. Joseph, Monks’ well terrace
Simmonds John, vict., Old Wheat Sheaf, High street
Simons John, builder and china dealer, Pride hill
Simpson Deborah, wine and spirit merchant, Mardol
Simpson Hortensius Coates, wool merchant, Hill’s lane and St. John’s
hill; residence, College hill
Simpson Rev. Joseph, Abbey Foregate
Simpson Thomas, coach proprietor, Abbey Foregate
Skitt James, veterinary surgeon, Old heath
Small John, bricklayer and builder, Butchers’ row
Smart Mary, fruiterer and fish and game dealer, High street
Smith Andrew, rag and bone merchant, Howard street
Smith Edward, farmer, Fox bank
Smith Edward, registrar office, Barker street
Smith George, carpenter & joiner, Swan hill
Smith James, gentleman, Benbow terrace
Smith John P., manager of goods department for Shropshire union
railway, Portland house, Abbey Foregate
Smith Mr. Joseph, Coleham
Smith Rd., painter & glazier, St. John’s hill
Smith Richard, vict., Lion and Pheasant Inn, Wyle cop
Smith Samuel, Esq., Column terrace
Smith Samuel Pountney, architect and surveyor, Severn cottage
Smith Sarah, vict., Golden Cross, Golden cross passage
Smith Miss Sarah, Sutton lane
Smith and Preece, auctioneers, Corn market
Smith Thos., glass & china dealer, Wyle cop
Smith Thomas, stay manufacturer, Castle st
Smith Thos., blacksmith, New st., Frankwell
Smith William, auctioneer, Church street; residence, Trinity terrace,
Coleham
Smith Wm., draper (travelling), Cross hill
Smitheman Miss Caroline, Beauchamp
Smout Edward, seedsman and market gardener, Gullett passage
Snook Richard Seymour, road surveyor, Copthorne road
Southam Mr. Thomas, Spring terrace
Southam Thomas, jun., ale, porter, and spirit merchant, and agent to
Bass and Co., (Burton ales), Wyle cop
Speake John, shopkeeper, Coleham
Spence James George, ironmonger, &c., Canal wharf house
Stamp Office, Corn market, Edward B. Tipton, distributor
Stanley Mr. Samuel, White hall street
Stant Joseph, builder, timber merchant, stone and marble mason,
and brick and tile maker, St. Julian’s friars
Stanton James, hair dresser, Shoplatch
Stanway Mary, malster and vict., Old Bell, Abbey Foregate
St. Albans, Mr. Edwd. Francis, St. John’s hill
Stedman George, painter, Castle gates
Stedman, Mrs. Jane, White hall place
Stedman, Mrs. Jane, Belmont
Stedman Mary, bonnet maker, Castle gates
Stephens John, surgeon, College hill
Stephens Richard, boot and shoe manufacturer, Mardol head
Stevens George, wood turner, Barker st
Stevens William, wood turner, Mardol
Stewart Penelope, tobacconist, Wyle cop
Stinton Henry, baker, Frankwell
Stockdale William, blacksmith, Roushill
Stokes William, Esq., St. John’s row
Stone Richard, shoemaker, St. Austin’s st
Story Wm., solicitor’s clerk, Holy well terrace
Strange Alice, vict., Fox Inn, Princess street
Stuttle William, iron and brass founder, Longden Coleham
Sutton Mrs., Ellen, St. Mary’s court
Swain John, malster, Mardol, and farmer, Coton grange
Swain Richard, malster & shopkeeper, Mardol
Swain Wm., maltster & ironmonger, Mardol
Swallow Chas., beerhouse keeper, Castle Fields
Swinburne, Miss Charlotte Marie, Belmont
Swinnerton Elizabeth, baker, Castle Foregate
Symcock John, vict., Crown and Anchor, Castle Foregate
Taggart Walter, tea dealer (travelling), Wyle cop
Tanner John, saddler and harness maker, and trunk and
portmanteau manufacturer, High street
Tanswell James, painter and glazier, St. John’s hill
Tanswell John, carpenter, joiner, and flour dealer, Shoplatch
Tanswell Thos., painter & glazier, Castle st
Taylor George, shoemaker, Frankwell
Taylor George, sieve maker and rag and bone dealer, Chester street
Taylor Isaac, farmer, Monk moor
Taylor John, vict., Nag’s Head, Castle gates
Taylor Robert, shopkeeper, Spring gardens
Taylor Richard, malster and corn merchant, Abbey Foregate
Taylor Richard, jun., hop and seed merchant, Princess street,
residence Abbey Foregate
Taylor Richard, painter & glazier, Hills lane
Taylor Rich., maltster & butcher, Old Heath
Taylor Samuel, woolstapler, Hills lane
Taylor Wm., boot and shoe maker, Castle st.
Taylor Wm., tobacco pipe maker, Longden Coleham
Teckoe Ed., vict., Queen’s Head, Mardol
Teece Charles Bowen, Esq., solicitor, and superintendent registrar,
Swan Hill, residence St. Austin’s Priory
Teece Miss Jane, St. John’s hill
Tennant Henry, butcher, Fish street
Thacker Mary, vict., London Apprentice, Coton hill
Thacker Abraham, tailor, Frankwell
Thomas Ann, shopkeeper, Longden Coleham
Thomas Charles, linen and woollen draper, Mardol
Thomas David, beerhouse, New st., Frankwell
Thomas Rev. David (Independent Welsh chapel), Mardol
Thomas Edward, shopkeeper, The Mount
Thomas Edward, baker, Abbey Foregate
Thomas Elizabeth, vict., Ship Inn, Bridge st.
Thomas Henry, builder, St. Austin Friars
Thomas James, millwright, Cross street
Thomas John, shoemaker, Coton hill
Thomas John, shoemaker, Abbey Foregate
Thomas John, grocer and tea dealer, Mardol and Pride hill
Thomas John, carpenter, Barker street
Thomas John, superin. of police, Barker st.
Thomas Robert, shoemaker, Frankwell
Thomas Richard, beerhouse, Spring gardens
Thomas Samuel, beerhouse, Raven street
Thomas Wm., shoemaker, St. Michael’s st.
Thomas Mr. William, Islington
Thomas Wm., boot & shoe maker, Castle st.
Thomas William, shoemaker, New street
Thompson James, vict., Cross Guns, New street, Frankwell
Thornes Mrs. Charlotte, Holywell terrace
Thornton Mr. George, Abbey Foregate
Tibnam Wm., bookseller, printer, stationer, bookbinder, and religious
tract depository, Wyle cop
Tilston and Co., salt and slate merchants, Canal wharf
Tindall Rev. John (Wesleyan), Swan hill
Timbs Richard, victualler, Eagle and Tun, Castle Foregate
Tipton Miss Anna Catherine, Claremont hill
Tipton Edward Blakeway, stamp distributor and secretary to Salop
Fire Office, Corn market
Tisdale Eliz., shopkeeper, New street, Frankwell
Tisdale John, baker, Bridge street
Tisdale Thomas, auctioneer and land and estate agent, Quarry
terrace
Tisdale Thomas, civil engineer and architect, and surveyor, office
Mardol head, residence Mount Field
Tisdale Wm., hardware dealer and market gardener, Castle Foregate
Tisdale William, cooper, Frankwell
Tittensor John and Richard, cabinet makers and upholsterers, St.
Mary’s street
Tombs, Susannah, hosier, Corn market
Tomkins Henry, farrier, Coleham
Tomlins John, basket maker, Castle Foregate
Towers Mr. John, gentleman, Swan hill
Towers Mr. John, postmaster, Sutton cottage
Townsend Mary Ann, schoolmistress, Castle Foregate
Tract Depository, at Mr. William Tibnam’s, Wyle Cop
Trail Dewar, farmer, Coton hill farm
Tregortha Thos., circulating library, Meol road
Troughton Mr. Thomas, Abbey Foregate
Trouncer and Son, ale and porter brewers, Old Brewery, Coleham
Trouncer Thomas William, brewer, Coleham, residence St. John’s hill
Trouncer Wm. Henry, maltster, Frankwell
Tudor Dinah, cooper, Shoplatch
Tudor Miss Elizabeth, Islington
Turner Anna Maria, maltster, Frankwell
Taylor James, shoemaker, Castle Fields
Urwick Miss Ann, The Mount
Urwick Elenor, librarian, St. John’s hill
Upton Mr. Edward, Abbey Foregate
Vane Mrs. Sarah, Benbow terrace
Vaughan Edward, vict., King’s Arms Inn, Claremont street, and
proprietor of billiard rooms, Corn market
Vaughan Hannah, shopkeeper, Shoplatch
Vaughan John, carpenter and builder, Claremont street
Vaughan John, vict., Cross Keys, High street
Vaughan Richard, beerhouse keeper, Castle Foregate
Vickers George, coach builder, College hill, residence Coton hill
Wace George George, Esq., solicitor, College hill, residence Bellevue
Wace Hy. Thos., Esq., solicitor, College hill
Wace Richard, Esq., College hill
Wade George, cabinet maker, Wyle Cop
Wade Mrs. Anna Maria, Kingsland villa
Wade Geo., beerhouse keeper, Chester street
Wade James, accountant, Market square, residence Castle gates
Wakefield Rev. John Mort, M.A., assistant master, Grammar School
Walker Geo., hair dresser, St. Mary’s street
Walker George, butcher, Butcher’s row
Walker Wm., hair dresser & toy dealer, Mardol
Walker William, watch and clock maker, Market square
Wall Benjamin, news agent, Mardol
Walmsley John, surgeon, Abbey terrace
Walmsley John, vict., Red Lion, Hadnal road
Walton John, gentleman, Claremont hill
Ward Rev. Anth., (Wesleyan), Benbow place
Ward Rob., confectioner and baker, Wyle Cop
Ward Thos. Cooke, gentleman, Quarry terrace
Ward Thos., grocer & tea dealer, High street
Ward Wm., vict., Wheat Sheaf, Wyle Cop
Ward William Robert, R.N., manager of gas works, Castle place
Wardle William, bookseller, printer, and stationer, Mardol
Warren John, vict., Boar’s Head, Meol road
Wastall Thomas, wood turner, Fire Office court, High street
Watkins, James, Esq., Mardol
Watkins John, baker, Barker street
Watkins John H., baker and shopkeeper, Coton hill
Watkins Matthew, tailor and hosier, Claremont street
Watkis Mrs. Elizabeth, St. John’s hill
Watkis James Buckley, Esq., solicitor, Belmont, residence Abbey
Foregate
Watkis Richard, cabinet maker, Hills lane
Watson Joseph, vict., Buckley’s Arms, Abbey Foregate
Watton John, printer, bookseller, bookbinder, stationer, patent
medicine vender, and newspaper publisher, St. John’s hill
Weaver Mary Ann, boarding school, Belmont
Weaver Rev. Thos. (Independent), Swan hill
Weaver Wm., vict., Sun Inn, Roushill
Webster James, vestry clerk of St. Chads, Belmont
Westwood Henry, vict., Barge Inn, Wyle Cop
Werter Mr. Thomas, Abbey Foregate
White John, auctioneer, Corn market
White Joshua Pugh, cabinet maker and upholsterer, College hill and
Pride hill
White Sarah, tea dealer, Wyle Cop
White Timothy, inspector of weights and measures for borough, and
assistant overseer of St. Julian’s, Wyle Cop
Whitehurst John, gentleman, Mount house
Whitfield Christopher, market gardener, Castle Foregate
Whitmore John, refreshment rooms, railway station, residence Castle
street
Whitney George & Son, chemist and druggist, High street
Whitney James, bookseller, printer, and stationer, Pride hill
Whitaker Francis, inspector of weights and measures for North
Bradford Hundred
Whitwell Francis, surgeon, St. Mary’s street
Whitwell Francis, furrier, St. John’s hill
Whitwell Jas., commer. traveller, New park
Wicks Mary Ann, livery stables, Cross hill, residence St. John’s hill
Wigginton James, paviour, Coton hill
Wightman Rev. Charles Edward Leopold, vicar of St. Alkmund’s, St.
Alkmund’s sq.
Wigley Charles, accountant, St. John’s row
Wigley Joseph, banker’s clerk, Princess street
Wigley The Misses, Quarry place
Wilde Peter, bookseller, printer, stationer, and bookbinder, and agent
to Anchor Assurance Office, Pride hill
Wilde Thomas, glass & china dealer, Market street
Wildig Henry and Mary, glass, china, and earthenware dealer, Pride
hill
Wilding Elizabeth, grocer and tea dealer, Corn market
Wilding James, butcher, Mardol
Wilding Richard, butcher, Pride hill
Wilding William, wool merchant, College hill
Wilkes Clement, grocer and tea dealer, and hosiery manufacturer,
Princess street
Wilkes James, shopkeeper, Castle Fields

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