materials_science (1)

MATERIALS SCIENCE
PREPARATION FOR FUNDAMENTALS OF

ENGINEERING EXAM
PROFESSOR MIKE RIGSBEE

MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
OBJECTIVES
1. PRESENT SOLUTIONS TO MATERIALS ENGINEERING PRACTICE

PROBLEMS TYPICAL OF THOSE ON THE FUNDAMENTALS OF
ENGINEERING EXAM
2. REVIEW AND DISCUSS MATERIALS ENGINEERING MATERIALS IN THE

FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING SUPPLIED-REFERNCE HANDBOOK,
8TH EDITION
STRUCTURES OF MATERIALS
Materials are composed of atoms, which are bonded together by:

- metallic bonds (for metals like gold or aluminum)
- covalent bonds (for ceramic materials like silicon or diamond)
- ionic bonds (for ceramic materials like sodium chloride, NaCl)
Polymers are special in that they consist of chains of atoms with strong covalent
bonds between carbon atoms along the chain and weak vanderWaals bonds
between the chains (thermoplastics) or strong covalent bonds between chains
(thermoset palstics)
Materials may be crystalline (all metals, most ceramics) where the atoms are
arranged in a regular, periodic, 3-dimensional array or amorphous (not
crystalline: most polymers, some ceramics like glass) where the atomic
arrangement is not regular and periodic
CRYSATALLINE AMORPHOUS
1. Amorphous materials like glass:

(a) are composed of a single element.
(b) have no apparent crystal structures.
(c) are electrically conductive.
(d) are composed of large rectangular crystals.
2. Interatomic distances in crystals can be determined by:

(a) nuclear magnetic resonance.
(b) x-ray diffraction.
(c) chemical analysis.
(d) tensile testing.
3. Barium has an atomic weight of 137.33. This is not a whole

number primarily because of the:
(a) presence of chemical impurities
(b) nuclear binding energy
(c) mixture of isotopes
(d) mass of orbital electrons
4. Which of the following materials has ionic bonds?

(a) Sodium fluoride
(b) Iron
(c) Carbon (diamond)
(d) Silicon crystal
CORROSION
EMF SERIES: STANDARD

OXIDATION POTENTIALS FOR
CORROSION REACTIONS
ANODIC = OXIDATION
REACTION (DISSOLUTION)
CATHODIC = REDUCTION
REACTION
CORROSION
5. If an aluminum crimp connector were used to connect a

copper wire to a battery, what would you expect to happen?
(a) The copper wire only will corrode
(b) The aluminum connector only will corrode
(c) Both will corrode
(d) Nothing
CORROSION
6. If the zinc coating on galvanized steel is scratched and the steel

below it exposed to a corrosive environment, the steel is not
attacked. Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for this?
(a) The Zn coating acts as an inhibitor.
(b) The Zn coating acts as the cathode and provides anodic protection.
(c) The Zn coating acts as a sacrificial anode and provides cathodic protection.
(d) The steel becomes passive.
DIFFUSION
7. The activation energy, Q, for Al in a Cu solvent at 575oC is 1.6 x 108 J/kmol. What
is the diffusion coefficient, D, if the constant of proportionality, D0, is 7 x 10-6 m2/s?
(a) 4.04 x 10-47 m2/s
(b) 2.04 x 10-20 m2/s
(c) 9.75 x 10-16 m2/s
(d) 2.31 x 10-5 m2/s
Hints
- Convert temperature from degrees Centigrade to degrees Kelvin (add 273)
- Convert activation energy from J/kmole to J/mole
DIFFUSION
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Important terminology for engineering stress-strain TENSILE TEST
1. engineering stress
2. engineering strain
3. elastic versus plastic strain
4. modulus of elasticity
5. yield point and offset yield point
6. Hooke’s Law
7. Ductility
8. Formability (not directly from stress-strain diagram but related)

8. The primary factor in determining if sheet metal can be bent and formed without
experiencing stress fractures and other undesirable effects is:
(a) modulus of electricity (should be elasticity)
(b) martensitic structure
(c) ductility
(d) surface hardness
9. A metal with high hardness will generally have

(a) high yield strength.
(b) high ductility.
(c) good formability.
(d) high impact toughness.
10. The mechanical deformation of a material at a temperature

above its recrystallization temperature is called:
(a) hot working.
(b) grain growth.
(c) cold working.
(d) strain aging.
11. Compared to a cold-worked steel part, an equally deformed hot-worked
steel part will have:
(a) greater hardness
(b) greater toughness
(c) higher yield strength
(d) less ductility
12. Which of the following properties describes martensite?

1. high hardness 2. formed by quenching austenite 3. high ductility
(a) 2 only (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 2 (d) 3 only
13. Normally, numerical values of the engineering properties of materials, like the
yield and tensile strengths are:
(a) independent of the microstructure of the material.
(b) based on many theoretical calculations.
(c) dependent on the testing method and the prior processing of the material.
(d) definite, fixed numbers for all materials of the same composition.
14. Which of the following is not a property of a material?

(a) flexural rigidity
(b) modulus of elasticity
(c) Poisson’s ratio
(d) endurance limit
QUESTIONS 15 – 20 APPLY TO THIS TENSILE TEST FIGURE
15. The relationship indicated by ϕ is directly related to a measure of the:

(a) offset yield point.
(b) modulus of elasticity.
(c) Poisson ration.
(d) shear modulus.
16. The modulus of elasticity in GPa for the above material is most nearly
(A) 50 GPa (B) 100 GPa (C) 150 GPa (D) 200 GPa
17. The test depicted above is called a

(A) Compression test (B) Resilience test
B) Toughness test (C) Tensile test
18. The yield strength MPa at strain offset of .005 is most nearly
(A) 300 MPa (B) 400 MPa (C) 500 MPa (D) 600 MPa
19. The maximum load in Newtons that can be sustained by a cylindrical

specimen whose diameter is 14.2 mm is
(A) 10,000 N (B) 60,000 N (C) 100,000 N (D) 140,000 N
20. If the length of the specimen before being stressed is 280 mm, its length in mm
when stressed by 300 MPa is most nearly
(A) 281 mm (B) 282 mm (C) 283 mm (D) 284 mm
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES – FRACTURE MECHANICS
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES – FRACTURE MECHANICS
21. An alumina (ceramic) sample is loaded in tension. On the exterior of the

sample is a 0.5 mm deep sharp crack. What is the maximum stress that the
sample can sustain without failure?
(A) 25 MPa
(B) 50 MPa
(C) 75 MPa
(D) 100 MPa
STEEL and Fe–C PHASE DIAGRAM
22. An Fe-C alloy with 0.395 weight % carbon is austenitized at 1000 C and very
slowly cooled to 728 C. What is the amount (weight percent) of austenite present
in the microstructure at 728 C?
(A) 25 (B) 40 (C) 50 (D) 100
22. An Fe-C alloy with 0.395 weight % carbon is austenitized at 1000 C and
very slowly cooled to 728 C. What is the amount (weight percent) of austenite
present in the microstructure at 728 C?
(A) 25 (B) 40 (C) 50 (D) 100
STEEL --- HARDENABILITY
Hardenability for steel is directly related to the formation of martensite, which is

the hardest phase that steel can form. The more martensite, the harder the
steel will be. The level of carbon in the steel determines the hardness of the
martensite phase, so the higher the carbon level, the higher the maximum
hardness of the steel will be.
Martensite is formed by quenching, very rapidly cooling, a steel from a fully

austenitic state (typically about 1000C) to room temperature, without the
formation of a diffusional transformation “phase” like pearlite, which is actually
composed of two phases – ferrite and cementite.
Hardenability is measured using a standardized Jominy quench test, hence it is

sometimes referred to as Jominy Hardenability
23. Heat treatable steels generally have high hardenabilities. Comparing a

1040 steel with a 4340 steel, how much deeper can the 4340 steel be
hardened to level of Rc of 50?
(A) 60mm (B) 45mm (C) 30mm (D) 15mm
23. Heat treatable steels generally have high hardenabilities. Comparing a

1040 steel with a 4340 steel, how much deeper can the 4340 steel be
hardened to level of Rc of 50?
(A) 60mm (B) 45mm (C) 30mm (D) 15mm
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
24. A rod of composite material consisting of a magnesium matrix (80 volume

fraction) and continuous carbon fibers (20 volume fraction) aligned along the
rod length is pulled in tension. What is the elastic modulus of the rod?
(A) 159 GPa (B) 176 GPa (C) 225 GPa (D) 310 GPa
IMPACT TESTING
25. The Charpy Impact Test is very useful to determine:
(A) the fracture behavior of a material at different temperatures
(B) the creep properties of a material as the temperature increases
(C) the variation of elastic modulus with increasing temperature
(D) all of the above

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MATERIALS SCIENCE

PREPARATION FOR FUNDAMENTALS OF

PROFESSOR MIKE RIGSBEE

1. PRESENT SOLUTIONS TO MATERIALS ENGINEERING PRACTICE

2. REVIEW AND DISCUSS MATERIALS ENGINEERING MATERIALS IN THE

Materials are composed of atoms, which are bonded together by:

1. Amorphous materials like glass:

2. Interatomic distances in crystals can be determined by:

3. Barium has an atomic weight of 137.33. This is not a whole

4. Which of the following materials has ionic bonds?

EMF SERIES: STANDARD

5. If an aluminum crimp connector were used to connect a

6. If the zinc coating on galvanized steel is scratched and the steel

Important terminology for engineering stress-strain TENSILE TEST

3. elastic versus plastic strain

5. yield point and offset yield point

8. Formability (not directly from stress-strain diagram but related)

9. A metal with high hardness will generally have

10. The mechanical deformation of a material at a temperature

12. Which of the following properties describes martensite?

14. Which of the following is not a property of a material?

15. The relationship indicated by ϕ is directly related to a measure of the:

17. The test depicted above is called a

19. The maximum load in Newtons that can be sustained by a cylindrical

21. An alumina (ceramic) sample is loaded in tension. On the exterior of the

Hardenability for steel is directly related to the formation of martensite, which is

Martensite is formed by quenching, very rapidly cooling, a steel from a fully

Hardenability is measured using a standardized Jominy quench test, hence it is

23. Heat treatable steels generally have high hardenabilities. Comparing a

23. Heat treatable steels generally have high hardenabilities. Comparing a

24. A rod of composite material consisting of a magnesium matrix (80 volume

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