13. Flooring _ Roofing

Flooring & Roofing
Muhammad Salman
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT Bombay
Flooring
Introduction
• Floors: The horizontal elements of building structures which divide
building into different levels for the purpose of creating more
accommodation within the restricted space, one above the other and also
provide support to the occupants, furniture and equipment of a building.
Requirements: • Thermal insulation
• Pleasing appearance • Fire resistance
• Non-absorbent and can be • Smoothness
cleaned easily • Hardness
• Resistant to wear & temperature • Less maintenance
changes
• Economic
• Damp resistance
• Sound insulation
Types of flooring
HARD FLOORING:
• Example:Wood, Stone and Tile
SOFT FLOORING:
• Example: Carpet, Resilient, Rubber
Hard flooring
1.Timber:
• Many different species of wood are fabricated into
wood flooring.
• The major forms are strip flooring, random plank

and parquet.
Hard flooring
2. Marble:
• Form of metamorphic rock.
• Made up of calcium carbonate; it

comes in numerous colors, white,
grey, green, ochre.
Hard flooring
3. Granite:
• Granite is a form of Igneous rock made up of
feldspar quartz and mica.
• This is a luxury floor covering as it is an

expensive product.
• It is long lasting, as it is hardwearing and

resistant to chemicals and has a timeless look.
• It comes in limited colors - black, red, green,

grey, blue, pink.
Hard flooring
4. Slate:
• Slate is a foliated metamorphic rock. It

occurs as a result of shale rock undergoing
metamorphosis.
• It is normally grey in color. However, it can

still occur in other colors: Purple, green,
Cyan.
• It can be slippery when used in external

locations subject to rain.
Hard flooring
5. Limestone and Sandstone:
• These are derived from sedimentary rocks.
• Limestone is rarely used for floors today as it becomes

slippery when it is worn.
• It is grey or beige in color.
• Sandstone is used more in outdoor paving than indoor,

but looks great in an area that flows to the outdoors
such as a conservatory.
• Its irregular natural pattern is its best feature.

Hard flooring
6. Mosaic:
• It is made of small pieces of broken tiles of

china glazed or of cement, or of marble,
arranged in different pattern.
• This is a superior type of flooring used in
bathrooms and kitchens of residential
buildings and in hospitals, sanatoriums and
temples where extra cleanliness is required.
• They are laid in different sizes usually in
rectangular and square shapes.
• They are durable.
• They are slippery when polished.
Hard flooring
7.Terrazzo:
• This is included in artificial hard flooring.
• This is a composite material made up of cement and

marble aggregate in proportion to 1:1.25 to 1:2, it is
then mixed and poured in situ on to a concrete base.
• It is then ground waxed and polished.
• It is very useful in commercial situations i.e. malls and

shopping centers as it is very durable and easy to clean.
Hard flooring
8.Vitrified:
• Vitrified tile is made by baking fine

minerals like clay and silica, at extreme
high temperatures where the individual
grains or particles melt and fuse make
a vitreous surface.
• Thus creating a single mass making them

extremely hard with low porosity.
Hard flooring
9. Ceramic Flooring:
• Ceramic tile includes a wide variety of clay products
fired into thin units which are set in beds of mortar
or mastic with the joints between tiles grouted.
• Varieties include quarry tile, porcelain tile, terracotta

tile, and others.
Soft flooring
1. Resilient flooring:
• Resilient flooring is made of material that has
some elasticity.
• It includes many different manufactured
products including linoleum, sheet vinyl, vinyl
composition tile (VCT), cork (sheet or tile),
rubber, and others.
Soft flooring
2. Rubber flooring
• It consists of sheets or tiles of rubber, in variety

of patterns and colours with thickness varying
from 3 to 10 mm.
• The sheets are fixed to the concrete floor with

the help of appropriate adhesives.
• Rubber floorings are resilient and noise proof.
• They are costly, hence used in very specific

buildings or offices.
Roofing
Introduction
• Uppermost part of the building, provided to protect building from weather
• Consists of structural materials which support roof covering
• The structural elements can be trusses, portals, beams, slabs, shells, domes
• Roof coverings : A.C. sheets, G.I. sheets, wooden shingles, tiles, slates or RC slab
• In most countries a roof protects primarily against rain. Depending upon the
nature of the building, the roof may also protect against heat, against sunlight,
against cold and against wind.
History
• Although most of the growth within the roofing industry has been within the last
200 years, the complete history of roofing starts much earlier than that.
• The Greeks and Romans were the first to experiment with differing roofing styles.
The Romans introduced slating and tiling to Great Britain as early as 100 BC.
• Thatch roofs were introduced and implemented around the year 735 AD and
existed predominantly for another 300 years until wooden shingles were first
implemented as well.
Roof types
• Flat • Gambrel
• Shed • Mansard
• Gable • Butterfly
• Hip • Dome
• Dutch Hip
Flat roof
• A flat roof is not truly flat but angled slightly to
allow for water runoff.
• It is economic to build initially, however will cost

much more than other roof types in maintenance
costs (in case of poor workmanship).
• Slope is less than 10 degrees

Shed roof
• A shed roof is basically a flat roof with a
slightly greater angle allowing for greater
runoff.
• They are relatively easy to build and

inexpensive as compared to most other roof
types.
• They are usually used on home extension

rooms and porches.
Gable roof
• A gable roof consists of two shed roof structures joined at the peak forming a
ridge line.
• The gable roof is a very popular type of roof. It is easy to build, sheds water well,
provides for ventilation, and can be applied to most house designs.
• Dormers are room construction extensions from the roof structure. They usually
have windows or doors on the front wall structure.
• Dormers are often used in 1 ½ story construction to provide light and
ventilation to the upper story.
Hip roof
• A hip roof is a gable roof with angled ends
taking the place of the gable end of the
structure.
• The hip roof is slightly more difficult to build

than a gable roof.
• It is a popular choice, but does not provide for

ventilation as well as some other designs.
Dutch hip roof
• A Dutch roof design is a hip roof with
small gable ends at the ridge allowing
for attic ventilation
Gambrel roof
• Gambrel roof design is similar to gable construction
With two angles on each side. Steep lower surfaces and
shallow angle top surfaces allow greater floor space in 1
½ story construction.
• The gambrel roof is sometimes called a barn roof
because it has been used extensively on barns.
• It provides additional headroom in the attic.
Mansard roof
• Mansard roof construction consists of a compound
hip roof design with a lower and upper hip format
• The mansard roof is a French design and is more
difficult to construct than the hip or gable roof.
Butterfly roof
• The butterfly roof is an inverted gable roof
design creating a central valley for runoff.
• The design is visually stunning but impractical

for water tightness.
• The butterfly roof is not widely used.
• It provides plenty of light and ventilation, but

drainage may be a problem.
Dome roof
• Dome construction is one of the most difficult to
build but is often the most interesting visually.
• A dome is an architectural element that resembles

the hollow upper half of a sphere.
• Geodesic roof construction consists of triangular

framing placed together to form a dome.
• These structures have surprising strength and visual

interest.

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Flooring & Roofing

• The major forms are strip flooring, random plank

• Made up of calcium carbonate; it

• This is a luxury floor covering as it is an

• It is long lasting, as it is hardwearing and

• It comes in limited colors - black, red, green,

• Slate is a foliated metamorphic rock. It

• It is normally grey in color. However, it can

• It can be slippery when used in external

• These are derived from sedimentary rocks.

• Limestone is rarely used for floors today as it becomes

• It is grey or beige in color.

• Sandstone is used more in outdoor paving than indoor,

• Its irregular natural pattern is its best feature.

• It is made of small pieces of broken tiles of

• This is included in artificial hard flooring.

• This is a composite material made up of cement and

• It is then ground waxed and polished.

• It is very useful in commercial situations i.e. malls and

• Vitrified tile is made by baking fine

• Thus creating a single mass making them

• Varieties include quarry tile, porcelain tile, terracotta

• It consists of sheets or tiles of rubber, in variety

• The sheets are fixed to the concrete floor with

• Rubber floorings are resilient and noise proof.

• They are costly, hence used in very specific

• Consists of structural materials which support roof covering

• It is economic to build initially, however will cost

• Slope is less than 10 degrees

• They are relatively easy to build and

• They are usually used on home extension

• The hip roof is slightly more difficult to build

• It is a popular choice, but does not provide for

• The design is visually stunning but impractical

• The butterfly roof is not widely used.

• It provides plenty of light and ventilation, but

• A dome is an architectural element that resembles

• Geodesic roof construction consists of triangular

• These structures have surprising strength and visual

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