Chemistry

Question 1:

In extraction of iron, slag is produced, which is

a. CO
b. FeSiO3
c. MgSiO3
d. CaSiO3

Question 2:

Which of the following is not a method of concentration of metals?

a. Gravity separation
b. Froth floatation
c. Eletcrolytic separation
d. Smelting

Question 3:

All of the following are sulphide ores, except

a. stibnite
b. realgar
c. cinnabar
d. angelesite

Question 4:

Which of the following ores is concentrated by chemical leaching method?

A. Cinnabar

B. Argentite

C. Copper pyrites

a. Only A
b. Only B
c. Only C
 d. Either A or B

Question 5:

Which of the following copper minerals has the greatest purity?

a. Azurite
b. Cuprite
c. Malachite
d. Covellite

Question 6:

The chemical composition of slag formed during the smelting process in the
extraction of copper is

a. Cu2O + FeS
b. FeSiO3
c. CuFeS2

d. Cu2S + FeO

Question 7:

Which of the following metals are extracted from cyanide process?

a. Iron, gold
b. Tin

c. gold

d. Iron, tin

Question 8:

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

a. Extraction of tin metal involves carbon reduction process.

b. In aluminothermite process, aluminium acts as a fluxing agent.
c. Magnesium and aluminium cannot be obtained by electrolysis of aqueous
solution of their salts.
d. Extraction of gold is carried out by cyanide process.
Question 9:

Electrolytic reduction method is used for the extraction of

a. highly electronegative elements

b. highly electropositive elements
c. transition elements
d. noble elements

Question 10:

What is the reduction of an oxide by aluminium called?

a. Zone refining
b. Goldschmidt alumino thermite process
c. Kroll's process

d. Van Arkel process

Question 11:

Silver containing impurities of lead are purified by

a. leaching
b. poling
c. distillation
d. cupellation

Question 12:

Which of the following metals will never occur in the anode mud of the electrolytic
refining of copper?

a. Silver
b. Gold
c. Platinum
d. Copper

Question 13:

High purity metal can be obtained by using-

a. carbon reduction
b. hydrogen reduction
 c. electrolytic reduction
d. zone refining

Question 14:

The substance used as froth stabilisers in froth-floatation process is:

(1) Copper sulphate

(2) Aniline

(3) Sodium cyanide

a. Only (1)

b. Only (2)

c. Only (3)

d. Either (1) or (2)

Question 15:

Which of the following fluxes is used to remove acidic impurities in metallurgical

process?

a. Limestone

b. Sodium carbonate

c. Magnesite
d. Haematite

Question 16:

______ metal generally occurs in free state.

a. Sodium

b. Platinum

c. Magnesium

d. Potassium

Question 17:

Which of these is not the step involved in extraction of an ore?

 a. Concentration of the ore

b. Electrolysis

c. Reduction using carbon

d. Corrosion

Question 18:

An ore of tin containing FeCrO4 is concentrated by:

a. Gravity separation

b. Magnetic separation

c. Leaching

d. Froth floatation

Question 19:

Matrix is defined as:

a. The unwanted foreign material present in the ore.

b. The flux added to remove the unwanted impurities from ore.

c. The slag formed as a result of the reaction of flux with gongue.

d. The material used in the reduction of metal oxide to metal.

Question 20:

Gangue have:

a. Sand and soil

b. Silt

c. Gravel

d. All of these

Question 21:

In the extraction of some metals from their ores, coke can be used as:

a. Oxidizing agent
 b. Reducing agent

c. Catalyst

d. Flux

Question 22:

Ellingham diagram represents the change in:

a. G with temperature

b. H with temperature

c. G with pressure

d. G - TS with temperature

Question 23:

Select the correct statement.

a. During the decomposition of an oxide into oxygen and metal vapour, entropy
increases.

b. Decomposition of an oxide is an endothermic change.

c. To make △G0 negative, temperature should be high enough so that

0 ∘
T△S >ΔH .

d. All of the above

Question 24:

Aluminium is extracted by:

a. Heating sodium aluminium silicate to a high temperature

b. Treating cryolite with sodium hydroxide solution under pressure
c. Heating aluminium oxide with coke in a furnace
d. The electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide in fused cryolite

Question 25:

The process of leaching, alumina using sodium carbonate is called _________.

a. Bayer's process

b. Decomposition
 c. Cyanide process
d. Hall's process

Question 26:

From the Ellingham graphs on carbon, which of the following statements is false?

a. CO2 is more stable than CO at less than 983 K

b. CO reduces Fe2 O3 to Fe at less than 983 K

c. CO is less stable than CO2 at more than 983 K

d. CO reduces Fe2 O3 to Fe in the reduction zone of Blast furnace

Question 27:

In the cyanide process for extraction of gold and silver from ores, the cyanide
solution acts as a:

a. Reducing agent to reduce the gold and silver compounds present in the ores
into the metallic states.
b. Leaching agent to bring the gold and silver into solution as cyanide
complexes and thus separate these metals from the ores.
c. Leaching agent to dissolve all the other constituents of the ores leaving the
gold and silver as metals.
d. Leaching agent to bring the ores into solution.

Question 28:

Zone refining is a technique used primarily for which one of the following process?

a. Alloying
b. Tempering
c. Sintering
d. Purification

Question 29:

Assertion:

Lead, tin and bismuth are purified by liquation method.

Reason:

Lead, tin and bismuth have low m.p. as compared to impurities.

 a. Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct
explanation for Assertion.
b. Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct
explanation for Assertion.
c. Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
d. Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect

Question 30:

Ag can be obtained from purified Zn-Ag alloy by:

a. Distillation
b. Poling
c. Liquation
d. Reduction

Question 31:

Zn-Ag alloy formed in the upper layer of molten lead is skimmed off from the surface
of the molten lead by perforated ladles. This alloy contains lead as impurity. This
impurity of Pb is removed by:

a. Distillation process
b. Cupellation
c. Liquation
d. Bett's electrolysis

Question 32:

Which one of the following ores is best concentrated by froth-floatation method?

a. Magnetite
b. Cassiterite
c. Galena

d. Malachite

Question 33:

The oil used in the froth floatation method for the purification of ore is _________.

a. Coconut oil
b. Olive oil

c. Pine oil
 d. Castor oil

Question 34:

Which of the following metals can be used for sharp casting?

a. Iron

b. Copper

c. Aluminium

d. Silver

Question 35:

Which of the following is used in making planes?

a. Copper

b. Tungsten

c. Aluminium

d. Steel

Question 36:

Name the metal which is commonly used as a reducing agent in metallurgical

operations?

a. Aluminium

b. Copper

c. Iron

d. Zinc

Question 37:

During the process of electrorefining of Cu, some metals present as impurity settle
as anode mud. These are:

a. Sn and Ag

b. Pb and Zn

c. Ag and Au
 d. Fe and Ni

Question 38:

The method of extraction of silver by cyano complex formation followed by metal

displacement is called as:

a. Parke's method

b. MacArthur-Forest method

c. Serpeck method

d. Hall's method

Question 39:

Which one of the following is an oxidation-reduction reaction?

a. NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2 O

b. CaO + H2 O → Ca(OH)2

c. 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

d. Na2 SO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4 + 2NaCl

Question 40:

The powdered ore is agitated with water or washed with running stream of water.
The heavy ore particles and lighter impurities are separated. This method of
concentration is known as:

a. Metallurgy

b. Leaching

c. Froth floatation process

d. Gravity separation

Question 41:

Match column A (process) with column B (electrolyte).

A (process) B (electrolyte)
(I) Downs Cell (W) Fused MgCl2
 (II) Dow sea (X) Fused Al2O3+Na3AlF6
water
(III) Hall-Heroult (Y) Fused KHF2

(Z) Fused 4096 NaCl +

(IV) Moissan 6096CaCl2
Choose the correct alternative:

a. I-Z, II-W, III-X, IV-Y

b. I-X, II-Y, III-Z, IV-W

c. I-W, II-Z, III-X, IV-Y

d. I-X, II-Z, III-W, IV-Y

Question 42:

Which of the following technique is used in the manufacture of aluminium from

bauxite?

a. Reduction with magnesium

b. Reduction with coke

c. Electrolytic reduction

d. Reduction with iron

Question 43:

In Hall's process, the ore is mixed with:

a. Coke

b. Calcium carbonate

c. Sodium hydroxide

d. Sodium carbonate

Question 44:

Zone refining is a method to obtain:

a. Very high temperature

b. Ultra pure Al

c. Ultra pure metals

 d. Ultra pure oxides

Question 45:

Keeping in mind the concepts of oxidation and reduction, identify the correct
statement.

a. HCl is a weak reducing agent than HBr and I2 is a stronger oxidising agent
than Br2.

b. The oxidation state of Sulphur in sodium thiosulphate is in fraction, while in

sodium tetrathionate it is a whole number.

c. The oxidizing power of halogens is directly proportional to their electrode

potential.

d. All of the above

Answers

1 : (d) 2 : (d) 3 : (d) 4 : (b) 5 : (b) 6 : (b)

7 : (c) 8 : (b) 9 : (b) 10 : (b) 11 : (d) 12 : (d)
13 : (d) 14 : (b) 15 : (b) 16 : (b) 17 : (d) 18 : (b)
19 : (a) 20 : (d) 21 : (b) 22 : (a) 23 : (d) 24 : (d)
25 : (d) 26 : (c) 27 : (b) 28 : (d) 29 : (a) 30 : (a)
31 : (c) 32 : (c) 33 : (c) 34 : (a) 35 : (c) 36 : (a)
37 : (c) 38 : (b) 39 : (c) 40 : (d) 41 : (a) 42 : (c)
43 : (d) 44 : (c) 45 : (c)

Explanations

Question 1 :This option is correct because in extraction of iron, gangue is removed by addition
of flux to remove it as slag. Here, in extraction of iron, flux used is CaO and slag formed will be
CaSiO3.
Question 2 :This option is correct as smelting is used to get pure metal out of metal oxide and
it is not a method of concentration of ores.

Question 3 :Angelesite (PbSO4) is the oxide ore of lead.

Question 4 :

In the metallurgy of silver, the respective metal is eached with a dilute solution of NaCN or KCN
in the presence of air, which supplies O2 . The metal is obtained later by replacement reaction.
The reactions involved are-
− − −
4Ag + 8CN + 2H2 O + O2 → 4[M(CN)2 ] + 4OH
− 2−
2[Ag(CN )2 ] + Zn → [Zn(CN )4 ] + 2Ag

Hence, Argentite being an ore of SIIver is concenrated by leaching.

Question 5 :The percentage of copper in cuprite (Cu2O) is 88.8%.

Hence, cuprite has the maximum purity among all the given minerals.

Question 6 :

FeO + SiO2 ⟶ FeSiO3

Question 7 :

Gold cyanidation (also known as the cyanide process or the MacArthur-Forrest process) is a
hydrometallurgical technique for extracting gold from low-grade ore by converting the gold to a
water-soluble coordination complex. It is the most commonly used leaching process for gold
extraction.

Question 8 :

Some metal oxides cannot be reduced satisfactorily by carbon. For them, aluminium, a more
reactive metal, is used. The process is called thermic process or alumino-thermic process.
Since this process is only for those metals that can't be reduced by Carbon. Therefore,
Aluminium is used in place of Carbon and it acts as an reducing agent.

Question 9 :

Electrolytic reduction process is generally used for the highly electropositive metals like
Potassium, which cannot get reduced in aqueous solutions.

Question 10 :
In Goldschmidt's alumino thermite process, is used when a high temperature is needed for
carbon to reduce an oxide. In this process a large amount of energy (1675 kJ mol−1) is
liberated on oxidation to Al2O3.

Question 11 :

Silver containing lead as impurity is removed by cupellation. ➡ This is the process by which we
can separate the noble metals such as gold and silver from base metals

Question 12 :

In electrorefining step, impurities like Fe, Ni, Zn get dissolved in the solution while Au, Ag, Se, Te
and Pt are deposited as anode mud below the anode.

Question 13 :

Zone melting or zone refining is a method of purifying crystals in which a narrow region of
crystal is molten and this molten zone is moved along the crystal. The molten region melts
impure solid at its front edge and leaves a wake of a pure metal solidified behind it. This
method is used to prepare high purity materials mainly semiconductors for transistors.

Hence, the correct option is (D).

Question 14 :

Aniline is used to stablises the forth.

Question 15 :

Solution : (d) Lime stone (CaCO3 ) is a basic flux. It is used to removed acidic impurities like
SiO2 as CaSiO3 (slag).

Question 16 :

Platinum generally occurs in free state.

Platinum is a chemical element with the symbol Pt and atomic number 78. It is a dense,
malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, silverish-white transition metal. Since it is noble
metal it is found in free state.

Hence, the correct option is (B).

Question 17 :
Corrosion is not a step in the extraction of ore.

The metals extracted from Earth's crust endure the process of concentration to remove
impurities from the ore. Several processes, different for each metal like roasting and reduction
are done to get the pure metal from it's combined state like sulphides or oxides.

Hence, the correct option is (D).

Question 18 :

An ore of tin containing FeCrO4 is concentrated by magnetic separation.

An ore of tin-containing FeCrO4 is concentrated by magnetic separation as FeCrO4 is

ferromagnetic in nature. Magnetic separation based on differences in magnetic properties of
the ore components. Iron ores are attracted towards the magnet, hence, non-magnetic
impurities can be separated from them using magnetic separation.

Hence, the correct option is (B).

Question 19 :

Matrix is defined as the unwanted foreign material present in the ore.

The ore that exists inside our earth contains dust, stone, quartz and other foreign materials. The
impurities are called gangue or matrix in the ore. During the concentration process, care is
taken to remove the matrix from the ore.

Hence, the correct option is (A).

Question 20 :

Gangue have Sand and soil, Silt and Gravel.

The definition of gangue is worthless rock or mineral in which valuable minerals are
found. Gangue are the impurities which are mixed closely with the ores. It is unwanted material
which is of no market value and it is waste rock or mineral or sand etc.

Hence, the correct option is (D).

Question 21 :

In the extraction of some metals from their ores, coke can be used as reducing agent.

Metals below carbon in the reactivity series can be extracted using carbon. Carbon reduces the
metal oxides that are extracted when heated.

For example, the common ores of iron are both iron oxides, and these can be reduced to iron by
heating them with carbon in the form of coke.

Hence, the correct option is (B).

Question 22 :

Ellingham diagram represents the change in free energy (ΔG) with temperature.

An Ellingham diagram is a graph showing the temperature dependence of the stability for
compounds. This analysis is usually used to evaluate the ease of reduction of metal oxides and
sulphides.

The diagrams are useful in predicting the conditions under which an ore will be reduced to its
metal. The analysis is thermodynamic in nature and ignores reaction kinetics. Thus, processes
that are predicted to be favourable by the Ellingham diagram can still be slow.

Hence, the correct option is (A).

Question 23 :

During the decomposition of an oxide into oxygen and metal vapour entropy increases as gas is
produced in the reaction.

Decomposition of an oxide is an endothermic change. This is because it is reverse of

combustion reaction and all combustion reactions are exothermic in nature.

Since, both ΔH and ΔS are positive, the temperature should be high enough so that TΔS>ΔH,

Thus, all are correct answers.

Hence, the correct option is (D).

Question 24 :

Aluminium is extracted by the electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide in fused cryolite.

The ore is first converted into pure aluminium oxide by the Bayer Process and this is then
electrolysed in solution in molten cryolite another aluminium compound. The aluminium oxide
has too high a melting point to electrolyse on its own. The usual aluminium ore is bauxite.

Hence, the correct option is (D).

Question 25 :

The process of leaching, alumina using sodium carbonate is called Hall's process.

Bauxite is concentrated through Hall’s process, in which sodium aluminate is prepared using
sodium carbonate in bauxite. When excess carbon dioxide is passed through sodium aluminate
in the presence of water, it forms aluminium hydroxide along with sodium carbonate. When
dried aluminium hydroxide is ignited, alumina is formed.

Hence, the correct option is (D).

Question 26 :

CO2 is less stable than CO at more than 983 K.

At these temperatures, the ΔG (change in free energy) value of formation of CO is more

negative than the ΔG value of formation of CO2 . More negative, the value of ΔG, the greater
is the tendency of the element to combine with oxygen.

Hence, the correct option is (C).

Question 27 :

In the cyanide process for extraction of gold and silver from ores, the cyanide solution acts as a
leaching agent to bring the gold and silver into solution as cyanide complexes and thus
separate these metals from the ores.

Silver and gold are extracted by the cyanide process (Mac Arthur - Forrest process). After the
preliminary crushing and concentration by froth floatation process, the ore (crushed auriferous
rocks in the case of gold) is leached with dilute (0.4 - 7%) solution of sodium cyanide made
alkaline by adding lime kept agitated by a current of air. Silver (or gold) pass into solution as
argentocyanide (or aurocyanide).

It is based on the fact that gold/silver dissolves in dilute solution of sodium cyanide in presence
of atmospheric oxygen with the formation of complex cyanide.

Reaction:

Ag S + 4NaCN → 2Na [Ag(CN)2 ] + Na2 S

2

Silver is obtained by reaction with Zn:

2NaAg(CN)2 + Zn → Na2 Zn(CN)4 + 2Ag

Hence, the correct option is (B).

Question 28 :

Zone refining is a method of purification used for semiconductors like Si, Ge and Ga.

Zone refining process is used to get the purest form of elements. It is a technique for the
purification of a crystalline material and especially a metal in which a molten region travels
through the material to be refined, picks up impurities at its advancing edge, and then allows
the purified part to recrystallize at its opposite edge.

Hence, the correct option is (D).

Question 29 :

Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

Liquation process is based on the difference in fusibility of the metal and impurities. When the
impurities are less fusible than the metal itself, the process is employed. Lead, tin, and bismuth
possess a low melting point and the refining of such metals is carried out through the process
of liquidation as their melting point is lower than the impurities.

Hence, the correct option is (A).

Question 30 :

Ag can be obtained from purified Zn-Ag alloy by distillation.

Lead contains impurities such as cu, Ag, Bi, sb and sn. Silver is removed by parke's process
where motten zinc is added to motten impure lead, The former is inmiscible with the latter. Siver
is more soluble in motten zinc than in molten lead. Zinc - silver alloy solidifies earlier then
molten lead and thus can be separated.

Ag can be thus oftained from Zn - Ag alloy by distillation process.

Hence, the correct option is (A).

Question 31 :

Impurity of lead is removed by liquation.

It is used for the refining of metals having low melting point and are associated with high
melting impurities. Example, Pb, sn, sb, Bi and Hg. The impure metal is heated on the sloping
hearth of a furnace. The pure metal flows down leaving behind the non-fusible material on the
hearth.

Hence, the correct option is (C).

Question 32 :

Galena ores is best concentrated by froth-floatation method.

Froth flotation is a process for selectively separating of hydrophobic materials from hydrophilic.
This is used in mineral processing, paper recycling and waste-water treatment industries. This
method is used for the concentration of sulphide ores such as galena (PbS ), zinc blende (ZnS)
and copper pyrite (CuFeS2 ).

Hence, the correct option is (C).

Question 33 :

The oil used in the froth floatation method for the purification of ore is Pine oil.

Froth Floatation process is suitable for sulphide ores. The process is based on different wetting
characteristics of the ore and gangue particles with water and pine oil.

The ore is wetted by oil and impurities are wetted by water. Ore particles are adsorbed on
potassium or sodium ethyl xanthate (as a collector) and come at the surface along with the
froth. Froth stabiliser (cresols, aniline) stabilise the froth.
Hence, the correct option is (C).

Question 34 :

The Iron metals can be used for sharp casting.

Casting is a manufacturing process by which a liquid material is usually poured into a mold,
which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. The solidified
part is also known as a casting, which is ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the
process. Iron is the best metal amongst the given options for sharp casting.

Hence, the correct option is (A).

Question 35 :

"Aluminium" is used in making planes.

1
Aluminium is a strong and lightweight metal. This weight of aluminium is almost rd the
3

weight of steel. This allows the aircraft to carry more weight. The metal aluminium is corrosion
resistant and this ensures the safety of passengers.

Hence, the correct option is (C).

Question 36 :

Aluminium is commonly used as a reducing agent in metallurgical operations, It is used in

those cases where the metal oxide is of a comparatively more reactive metal than zinc which
cannot be satisfactorily reduced by carbon.

Oxides of Mn and Cr are not satisfactorily reduced by carbon. So, these metals are extracted
by the reduction of their oxides with Aluminium powder.

3MnO2 (s) + 4Al(s) ⟶ 3Mn + 2Al2 O3 ( s) + Heat

Hence, the correct option is (A).

Question 37 :

During the process of electrorefining of Cu, some metals present as impurity settle as anode
mud. These are Ag and Au.

When an electric current is passed through the electrolyte, the anode gradually dissolves and
pure copper is deposited on the cathode which gradually grows in size. The impurities like
Fe,Zn,Ni, etc, dissolve in the solution as sulphates while gold, silver, platinum settle down below
the anode as anode mud.

Hence, the correct option is (C).

Question 38 :

The method of extraction of silver by cyano complex formation followed by metal displacement
is called as MacArthur-Forest method. Cyanide process is used for the extraction of Ag which is
also called as MacArthur-Forest process.

Reactions involved in the extraction of silver are as follows:

Ag
2
S + 4NaCN → 2Na [Ag(CN)2 ] + Na2 S (reversible reaction)

2Na [Ag(CN)2 ] + Zn → Na2 [Zn(CN)4 ] + 2Ag

Hence, the correct option is (B).

Question 39 :

2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

In this, Magnesium undergoes oxidation adding 2 electrons from Oxygen while Oxygen
undergoes reduction by losing two electrons. Therefore, the reaction has simultaneous
oxidation and reduction reaction and called Redox Reaction.

In NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2 O there is no change in oxidation state.

In CaO + H2 O → Ca(OH)2 there is no change in oxidation state.

In Na2 SO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4 + 2NaCl too there is no change in oxidation state.

Hence, the correct option is (C).

Question 40 :

The powdered ore is agitated with water or washed with running stream of water. The heavy ore
particles and lighter impurities are separated. This method of concentration is known as Gravity
separation.

Hydraulic washing is based on the difference between specific gravities of the ore and the
gangue particles. It is, therefore, a type of gravity separation. In one such process, an upward
stream of running water is used to wash the powdered ore. The lighter gangue particles are
washed away and the heavier ore particles are left behind.

Hence, the correct option is (D).

Question 41 :

The correct match is: I-Z, II-W, III-X, IV-Y

(II) In Downs cell molten M gCl2 is electrolyzed, the electrolyte used in the cell is a fused
mixture of 4096N aCl and 6096CaCl2 .
(II) In Dow process, M g(OH )2 is precipitated from sea-water by slurrying with calcined
dolomite and then converting it to M gCl2 by reacting with H Cl. In Dow sea water process, the
electrolyte used is fused M gCl2 .

(III) In the Hall-Heroult process, the electrolyte used is a fused mixture of Al2 O3 and
N a3 AI F 6 .

(IV) In Moissan process, the electrolyte used is fused KH F 2 .

Hence, the correct option is (A).

Question 42 :

Electrolytic reduction is used in the manufacture of aluminium from bauxite.

Highly electropositive elements like Na, K, Al, Mg, Ca, Al can't be reduced by Carbon at
moderate temperature. At high temperature, the metal combines with carbon to form carbide.
So, these metals are extracted by electrolysis of their oxides and this process is called
electrolytic reduction.

Hence, the correct option is (C).

Question 43 :

In Hall's process, the ore is mixed with Sodium carbonate.

Hall's process is used for the extraction of Aluminum from Alumina. Bauxite is concentrated
through Hall’s process, in which sodium aluminate is prepared using sodium carbonate in
bauxite. When excess carbon dioxide is passed through sodium aluminate in the presence of
water, it forms aluminum hydroxide along with sodium carbonate. When dried aluminum
hydroxide is ignited, alumina is formed.

The reaction involved in Hall's process is as follows:

Al2 O3 .2H2 O + 2N a2 CO3 → 2N aAlO2 + CO2 + 2H2 O

Hence, the correct option is (D).

Question 44 :

Zone refining is a method to obtain Ultra pure metals.

Zone refining is based upon fractional crystallization as the impurity prefers to stay in the melt
and on solidification only pure metals solidifies on the surface of melt.

In this process solubility of the impurities in the metal in molten and solid states is
different. This process is known as ultra-purification because it results in impurity level
decreasing to ppm level.

Hence, the correct option is (C).

Question 45 :

Halogens have a strong tendency to accept electrons. The substances that accept electrons
from others are termed oxidizing agents. Thus, halogens act as good oxidizing agents.

The oxidizing powers of halogens are measured in terms of their electrode potentials. The
electrode potential is the potential difference developed between the electrode and the
electrolyte.

The electrode potentials of halogens decrease in the order:

F2 (+2.87 V) > Cl2 (+1.36 V) > Br2 (+1.09 V) > I2 (+0.54 V)

Same is the order of their oxidizing powers.

HCl is a weak reducing agent than HBr and Br2 is a stronger oxidizing agent than I2 .

The oxidation state of Sulphur in sodium thiosulphate (Na2 S2 O3 ) is a whole number (+2),
while that in sodium tetrathionate (Na2 S4 O6 ) it is a fraction (+2.5).

Hence, the correct option is (C).