CLIMATE OF INDIA

WEATHER:
More specifically, weather is the
mix of events that happen each
day in our atmosphere.
CLIMATE:
Whereas weather refers to short-
term changes in the atmosphere,
climate describes what the
weather is like over a long period
of time in a specific area. Different
regions can have different
climates.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CLIMATE OF INDIA

Factors which influence the climate of India are

1. Location and Latitudinal Extent
2. Distance from the Sea
3. The Northern Mountain Ranges
4. Physiography
5. Monsoon Winds
6. Upper Air Circulation
7. El-Nino Effect
8.La Nina
9. Southern Oscillation
1. Location and Latitudinal Extent
The mainland of India
extends roughly from
8°N to 37°N and the
Tropic of Cancer of
passes through the
middle of the country.
Areas south of the Tropic
of Cancer are closer to
the equator and
experience high
temperature throughout
the year.
2. Distance from the Sea
Oceans heat up and cool down much more slowly than land. This means that coastal
locations tend to be cooler in summer and warmer in winter than places inland at the
same latitude and altitude.
3. The Northern Mountain Ranges
As mentioned earlier, India is
separated from the rest of Asia by the
impenetrable wall of the Himalayan
mountain ranges. These ranges
protect India from the bitterly cold
and dry winds of Central Asia during
winter. Further, these mountain
ranges act as an effective physical
barrier for rain bearing south-west
monsoon winds to cross the northern
frontiers of India. Thus, the
Himalayan mountain ranges act as a
climatic divide between the Indian
Sub-continent and Central Asia.
4. Physiography
Physiography of India has a great
bearing on major elements of
climate such as temperature,
atmospheric pressure, direction of
winds and the amount of rainfall.
In fact, physical map of India is
very closely related to the climatic
conditions of the country. Places
located at higher altitude have cool
climate even though they are
located in the peninsular India,
i.e., Ooty.
5. Monsoon Winds
The most dominating factor of the Indian
climate is the ‘monsoon winds’ as a result
of which it is often called the monsoon
climate. The complete reversal of the
monsoon winds brings about a sudden
change in the seasons—the harsh summer
season suddenly giving way to eagerly
awaited monsoon or rainy season.
The south-west summer monsoons from
the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal
bring rainfall to the entire country. The
north-eastern winter monsoon travel
The Arabian Sea Branch of the Southwest Monsoon first hits
from land to sea and do not cause much
the Western Ghats of the coastal state of Kerala, India, thus
rainfall except along the Caromandel making this area the first state in India to receive rain from
coast after getting moisture from the Bay the Southwest Monsoon
of Bengal.
Onset and Advance of Monsoon

•The differential heating of land and sea is still believed to be the primary cause
of the monsoon by many meteorologists.
• Low pressure at ITCZ which is located over north India in month of May
becomes so intense that it pulls the trade winds of the southern hemisphere
northwards
•These southeast trade winds cross the equator and enter the Bay of Bengal and
the Arabian Sea, only to be caught up in the air circulation over India.
•Southwest monsoon first of all reaches in Andaman-Nicobar Islands on 20th
May. Kerala coast receives it on 1st June. It reaches Mumbai and Kolkata
between 10th and 13th June. By 15th of July, Southwest monsoon covers whole
of India
The Northern Limit of Monsoon (NLM) is
the northernmost boundary of India up
to which Monsoon rains have advanced
on any given day.
NLM is directly related to the onset and
advance of Monsoon. The term NLM
starts flowing right from the onset to the
withdrawal of Monsoon.
Southwest Monsoon normally sets in
over Kerala around June 1. It advances
northwards, usually in surges, and covers
the entire country by July 15.
6. Upper Air Circulation
The changes in the upper air
circulation over Indian landmass
influence the climate of India to a
great extent. Jet streams in the
upper air system influence the
Indian climate

জেট
স্ট্রিম বায়ুমণ্ডলের ঊদ্ধ ট্রল াস্ফিয়ালর প্রবাস্ফিত দ্রুতগস্ফত সম্পন্ন স্ট্রেওিস্ট্রিক বায়ু যা সস্ফ িো
কালর স্ফিম থেলক ূবি স্ফিলক প্রবাস্ফিত িয়। থেট স্ফিম বায়ু স্ফেওিস্ফ ক বায়ু, রসস্ফব তর
ঙ্গ ও োমিাে উইন্ড নালমও স্ফরস্ফিত। থেট স্ফিম শব্দটি প্রেম বযবিার কলরন স্ফসেকফ
(Seilkolf) ১৯৩৯ সালে।
(i) Westerly Jet Stream:

Westerly jet stream blows at a very high speed during

winter over the sub-tropical zone. This jet stream is
bifurcated by the Himalayan ranges. The northern
branch of this jet stream blows along the northern
edge of this barrier. The southern branch blows
eastwards south of the Himalayan ranges along 25°
north latitude.
Meteorologists believe that this branch of jet stream
exercises a significant influence on the winter weather
conditions in India. This jet stream is responsible for
bringing western disturbances from the Mediterranean
region in to the Indian subcontinent. Winter rain and
heat storms in north-western plains and occasional
heavy snowfall in hilly regions are caused by these
disturbances.
(ii) Easterly Jet:

Reversal in upper air circulation takes place in

summer due to the apparent shift of the sun’s
vertical rays in the northern hemisphere. The
westerly jet stream as replaced by the easterly jet
stream which owes its origin to the heating of the
Tibet plateau. This leads to the development of an
easterly cold jet stream centered around 15°N
latitude and blowing over peninsular India. This
help in the sudden onset of the south-west
monsoons.
7. Tropical Cyclones and Western Disturbances
•A western disturbance is an extratropical storm
originating in the Mediterranean region that
brings sudden winter rain to the northwestern
parts of the Indian subcontinent. Western
disturbances, specifically the ones in winter,
bring moderate to heavy rain in low-lying areas
and heavy snow to mountainous areas of the
Indian Subcontinent.
•They are the cause of most winter and pre-
monsoon season rainfall across northwest
India.
•Precipitation during the winter season has
great importance in agriculture, particularly for
the rabi crops.
7. El-Nino Effect
El-Nino effect: El-Nino is a narrow warm current
which occasionally appears off the coast of Peru in
December. It is a temporary replacement of the cold
Peru current which normally flows along the coast.
This current is responsible for wide spread floods
and droughts in the tropical region of the world.
Sometimes it becomes more intense and increases
the surface water temperatures of the sea by 10
degree centigrade. This warming of tropical Pacific
waters affects the global pattern of pressure and
wind systems including the monsoon winds in the
Indian Ocean. Meteorologists believe that severe
droughts of 1987, 2009 and 2014 in India were
caused by El-Nino.
8. La Nina
After an El-Nino, weather conditions
return to normal. However, sometimes
trade winds become so strong that they
cause abnormal accumulation of cold
water in the central and eastern Pacific
region. This event is called La Nina, which
in effect is the complete opposition of El
Nino. A La Nina also marks an active
hurricane season. But in India, the
presence of La Nina portends
exceptionally good news. It is the
harbinger of heavy monsoon showers in
India.
9. Southern Oscillation
There is a strange linkage of meteorological
changes often observed between the Indian and
the Pacific Oceans. It has been noticed that
whenever the surface level pressure is high over
the Indian Ocean, there is low pressure over the
Pacific Ocean and vice-versa.
This interrelation of high and low pressure over
the Pacific and the Indian Ocean is called
Southern Oscillation. When the winter pressure is
high over the Pacific Ocean and low over the
Indian Ocean, the south-west monsoons in India
tend to be stronger. In the reverse case, the
monsoons are most likely to be weaker.
Koeppen’s Classification of Climatic Regions of India
•Koeppen’s Classification of Climatic Regions of India is an empirical
classification based on mean annual and mean monthly temperature and
precipitation data.
•Koeppen identified a close relationship between the distribution of
vegetation and climate.
•He selected certain values of temperature and precipitation and related
them to the distribution of vegetation and used these values for classifying
the climates.
•Koeppen recognized five major climatic groups, four of them are based on
temperature and one on precipitation.
•The capital letters:
1.A, C, D and E delineate humid climates and

2.B dry climates.

Koeppen’s Classification of Climatic Regions of India
•A: Tropical rainy climate with no cool season temperature of the coolest
month is above 18 degree centigrade.
•B: Dry climate in which there is an exercise of evaporation over precipitation
•C: Middle latitude rainy climate with mild winter. Average temperature of
coldest month is below 18 degrees but above -3 degree. Average temperature
of warmest month over 10 degrees centigrade
•D: Middle latitude rainy climate with severe winter. Average temperature of
coldest month is below -3 degree centigrade and that of warmest month is
above 10 degree centigrade
•E: Polar climatic with no warm season. Average temperature of the warmest
month is below 10 degree
Koeppen’s Classification of Climatic Regions of India
•The capital letters S and W are employed to designate the two subdivisions
of dry climate:
1.semi-arid or Steppe (S) and

2.arid or desert (W).

•Capital letters T and F are similarly used to designate the two subdivisions of
polar climate
1.tundra (T) and

2.icecap (F).
Koeppen’s Classification of Climatic Regions of India
•The above mentioned major climatic types are further
subdivided depending upon the seasonal distribution of
rainfall or degree of dryness or cold.
a: hot summer, average temperature of the warmest
month over 22°C
c: cool summer, average temperature of the warmest
month under 22°C
f: no dry season
w: dry season in winter
s: dry season in summer
g: Ganges type of annual march of temperature;
hottest month comes before the solstice and the
summer rainy season.
h: average annual temperature under 18°C
m (monsoon): short dry season.
Koeppen’s Classification of Climatic Regions of India
1. AMW (Monsoon type with short dry winter
season). This climate is found in the Western
coastal region, south of Mumbai. This area
receives over 300 CM of annual rainfall in summer
from the south-west monsoons.

2. As (Monsoon type with dry season in high Sun

period). This is the region in which rainfall occurs
in winter and summer is dry. Coromandel coast
experiences this type of climate. Coastal Tamil
Nadu and adjoining areas of Andhra Pradesh are
included in it. The amount of rainfall, mostly in
winter is 75-200 cm and is received from the
retreating monsoons.
Koeppen’s Classification of Climatic Regions of India
3. Aw (Tropical Savanah type). This climate is found
in most parts of the peninsular plateau barring
Coromandel and Malabar coastal strips. The northern
boundary of this climate region roughly coincides
with the Tropic of Cancer. The average annual rainfall
is about 75 cm which is received in summer season
from the south West Monsoon.

4. BShw (semi-arid steppe type). Some rain shadow

areas of Western ghat, large part of Rajasthan and
contiguous areas of Haryana and Gujarat have this
type of climate. Rainfall varies from 12 to 25 cm and
most of it occurs in summer. Winter is completely dry
fullstop some arid steppe vegetation is found here.
Koeppen’s Classification of Climatic Regions of India
5. BWhw (hot desert type). Most of Western
Rajasthan has hot desert type of climate where the
amount of annual rainfall is less than 12 cm.
Temperatures are very high in summer. Natural
vegetation is almost absent.

6. Cwg (monsoon type with dry winters). This type

of climate is found in most part of the Ganges plain
eastern Rajasthan Assam and in Malwa plateau. The
summer temperature rises to 40 degree centigrade
which falls to 27 degrees in winter. Most of the
rainfall occurs in summer and winter is dry
Koeppen’s Classification of Climatic Regions of India
7. Dfc (cold humid winters type with shorter summer).
Some of the north eastern state such as Sikkim Arunachal
Pradesh and part of Assam have this type of climate
winter is called humid and of longer duration. The winter
temperatures are about 10 degree centigrade the Samar
short but humid.
8. Et (tundra type). This climate is found in the mountains
areas of Uttarakhand the average temperature varies
from 0 degree to 10 degree centigrade there is a fall in
temperature with altitude.
9. E (polar type). The higher areas of Jammu Kashmir and
Himachal Pradesh experience polar climate in which the
temperature of the warmest month varies from 0 degree
to 10 degree centigrade. These areas are covered with
snow for most part of the year
 Koeppen’s Scheme – Climatic Regions of India
Climate type Region Annual rainfall
Amw
(Monsoon type with short dry winter Western coastal region, south of Mumbai over 300 cm
season)
As
Coromandel coast = Coastal Tamil Nadu and adjoining areas of Andhra 75 – 100 cm
(Monsoon type with dry season in
Pradesh [wet winters, dry summers]
high sun period)
Aw Most parts of the peninsular plateau barring Coromandel and Malabar
75 cm
(Tropical Savanah type) coastal strips

BShw Some rain shadow areas of Western Ghats, large part of Rajasthan and
12 to 25 cm
(Semi-arid Steppe type) contiguous areas of Haryana and Gujarat

BWhw
Most of western Rajasthan less than 12 cm
(Hot desert type)
Cwg Most parts of the Ganga Plain, eastern Rajasthan, Assam and in Malwa
100 – 200 cm
(Monsoon type with dry winters) Plateau
Dfc
(Cold, Humid winters type with Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and parts of Assam ~200 cm
shorter summer)
Et Mountain areas of Uttarakhand
Rainfall varies from year to year.
(Tundra Type) The average temperature varies from 0 to 10°C

E Higher areas of Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh in which the Precipitation occurs in the form of
(Polar Type) temperature of the warmest month varies from 0° to 10°C snow
ভারতের েলবায়ু অঞ্চল সংতকে ভারতে জকাথায় জেখা যায় ববস্ট্রিষ্ট্য

স্বল্প শুষ্ক শীতকােীন থমৌসুমী Amw স্ফিম উ কূেীয় অঞ্চে িস্ফিণ িস্ফিণ স্ফিম থমৌসুস্ফম বায়ু দ্বারা 300 থসস্ফিস্ফমটার
েেবায়ু মুম্বাই এর অস্ফিক বৃস্ফি াত িয়

শুষ্ক ঋতু যুক্ত থমৌসুমী অঞ্চে As করমন্ডে উ কূে উ কূেীয় শীতকােীন বৃস্ফি াত িয় গ্রীষ্মকাে শুষ্ক 75 থেলক
তাস্ফমেনাডু অন্ধ্রপ্রলিলশ 100 থসস্ফিস্ফমটার বৃস্ফি াত িয় প্রতযাবতি নকারী
থমৌসুমী বায়ু দ্বারা
ক্রান্তীয় সাভানা অঞ্চে Aw উ দ্বী ীয় মােভূ স্ফম করমন্ডে িস্ফিণ স্ফিম থমৌসুস্ফম বায়ু দ্বারা গ্রীষ্মকালে বৃস্ফি াত
উ কূে ও মাোবার উ কূে ছাডা িয় শীতকাে শুষ্ক
প্রায় শুষ্ক থে অঞ্চে BShw ূ িঘাট বিলতর বৃস্ফিচ্ছায় অঞ্চে
ব গ্রীষ্মকালে বৃস্ফি ালতর স্ফরমাণ 12 থেলক 35
রােস্থালনর স্ফবস্তীণি অংশও স্ফমস্ফনলটর মলিয শীতকাে শুষ্ক
িাস্ফরয়ানা গুেরালটর সংেগ্ন অঞ্চলে
উষ্ণ মরু অঞ্চে BWhw স্ফিম রােস্থান বাস্ফষিক বৃস্ফি ালতর স্ফরমাণ 12 থসস্ফিস্ফমটার এর কম
গ্রীলষ্ম উষ্ণতার স্ফরমাণ খুব থবস্ফশ
শুষ্ক শীতকােীন োতীয় থমৌসুমী Cwg গালঙ্গয় সমভূ স্ফম ূবি রােস্থান গ্রীষ্মকােীন উষ্ণতা 40 স্ফিস্ফগ্র থসস্ফিলগ্রলি থ ৌৌঁছায়
অঞ্চে আসাম শীতকােীন 27 স্ফিস্ফগ্র থসস্ফিলগ্রলি থ ৌৌঁছয় শীতকােীন
বৃস্ফি াত িয় শীতকাে শুষ্ক
স্বল্পস্থায়ী গ্রীষ্মকাে যুক্ত শীতে Dfc উত্তর- ূলবি স্ফকছু রােয থযমন শীতকাে শীতো ও বহুস্ফিন স্থায়ী
আর্দ্ি শীতকাে স্ফসস্ফকম অরুণািে আসালমর স্ফবলশষ
অংশ
ভারতের েলবায়ু অঞ্চল সংতকে ভারতে জকাথায় জেখা যায় ববস্ট্রিষ্ট্য

তু ন্দ্রা প্রকৃ স্ফত Et উত্তরাখান্ড াবিতয অঞ্চে গড উষ্ণতা 0 থেলক 10 স্ফিস্ফগ্র থসস্ফিলগ্রি উচ্চতা
বৃস্ফদ্ধলত তা মাত্রার স্ফরবতি ন িয়

থমরু প্রকৃ স্ফতর E েম্মু ও কাশ্মীর এবং স্ফিমািে 0 থেলক 10 স্ফিস্ফগ্র থসস্ফিলগ্রি বছলরর থবস্ফশরভাগ
প্রলিলশর অস্ফিক অঞ্চে সময় তু ষারবৃত োলক
Koeppen’s
Classification of
Climatic
Regions of
India
WIND
PRESURE BELT OF WORLD

The distribution of atmospheric pressure

across the latitudes is known as the global
horizontal distribution of pressure.
Differences in pressure conditions over the
Earth result in the creation of various
pressure belts. different parts of the Earth
get heated differently. Because the equatorial
regions receive maximum sunlight, warm air
rises creating low pressure conditions Major
pressure belts of the Earth:
PRESURE BELT OF WORLD
Equatorial Low Pressure Belt
• This belt lies between 0°N to 5°N and 0°S
to 5°S.
• Because the vertical rays of the Sun fall on
the Earth, the heat is intense and the
temperature is high. The air becomes
warm and expands.
• The convection currents help spread the
heat to the upper layers of the atmosphere
also.
• This leads to the creation of a low pressure
belt in the region. Winds in this pressure
belt do not blow at a fast pace, and hence,
this belt is known as the Belt of Calms or
the Belt of Doldrums.
PRESURE BELT OF WORLD
Main characteristics of trade winds:
• The trade winds blow in the tropics between the
sub-tropical high pressure belt and the equatorial
low pressure belt between 30°N and 30°S.
• Trade winds are warm winds, and hence, they pick
up moisture and bring heavy rainfall on the eastern
sides of the tropical islands.
• They are deflected to the right of their course in the
Northern Hemisphere and to the south in the
Southern Hemisphere. Thus, in the Northern
hemisphere, they become North Trade Winds, and in
the Southern Hemisphere, they are called Southeast
Trade Winds.
• Trade winds blow at a constant speed and are
regular.
PRESURE BELT OF WORLD
Sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt
• This belt is located between 30°N to 35°N
and 30°S to 35°S.
• As the air at the Equator moves towards
the Poles, it begins to cool and sink at
about 30° North and South of the Equator.
This creates areas of high air pressure.
• Because of the rotation of the Earth, air
from 60°N and 60°S also descends in the
Sub-Tropical Belts.
• This pressure belt is also a Belt of Calms
and is called Horse Latitudes.
PRESURE BELT OF WORLD
Main characteristics of the Westerlies:
• They blow from Sub-Tropical High Pressure
Belts to Sub-Polar Low Pressure Belts
between 30° and 60°N of the Equator in
the temperate latitudes.
• Because of the Coriolis Effect, they deflect
to their right to become the South
Westerlies in the Northern Hemisphere
and deflect to their left to become the
North Westerlies in the Southern
Hemisphere..
 PRESURE BELT OF WORLD

Circum Polar Low Pressure Belt

• This belt is located between 60°N to
65°N and 60°S to 65°S.
• It is a zone of two winds—the warm
Westerly winds meet the cold Polar
Easterlies. As the Westerlies are
lighter, they rise over the cold polar
winds creating a low pressure area.
• These belts experience stormy
weather and cyclonic activity,
especially during winters.
 PRESURE BELT OF WORLD

Main characteristics of the Polar Easterlies:

• Polar winds blow from the polar high pressure belt
towards the Sub-Polar Low Pressure Belt between
60°N to 60°S. In the Northern Hemisphere, they
blow from the northeast and are known as the
Northeast Polar Winds. In the Southern
Hemisphere, they blow from the southeast and are
known as the Southeast Polar Winds.
• Because they are deflected in the west in both
hemispheres by the Coriolis Effect, they are known
as the Polar Easterlies.
 PRESURE BELT OF WORLD

Polar High Pressure Belts

• This belt is located between 85°N to 90°N and 85°S
to 90°S.
• The Polar Regions experience cold climatic
conditions as the rays of the Sun are extremely
slanting.
• The cold air sinks giving rise to high pressure areas.
• At places where the temperature is permanently
low, air is dense and heavy. These Polar Regions
have permanent ice caps.
Droughts

Droughts are outcome of variability of climate.

Though drought causes little structural damage
and has slow onset, it is considered as natural
hazard. Drought in India is related to both scarcity
of rainfall and water resource management.
Definition: IMD defines Drought as situation
occurring in any area when mean annual rainfall is
less than 75% of the normal rainfall.
Categories of Drought
Drought can be classified into three types
according to National commission on agriculture
in India. They are agricultural, hydrological and
meteorological drought.
❑ ভারলতর েেবায়ু

খরা: ভারতীয় আবিাওয়া িপ্তলরর (IMD) মলত যখন থকান অঞ্চলে স্বাভাস্ফবক
বৃস্ফি ালতর তু েনায় বাৎসস্ফরক বৃস্ফি াত ৭৫ শতাংলশর কম িয় তখন তালক খরা
বলে। এটি িুই প্রকার। যো-

(ক) Severe Drought: স্বাভাস্ফবক বৃস্ফি ালতর তু েনায় ৫০ শতাংলশর থবস্ফশ

বৃস্ফি ালতর অভাব থিখা যায়।

(খ) Moderate Drought: বৃস্ফি াত যখন স্বাভাস্ফবলকর তু েনায় ২৫-৫০ শতাংলশর

মলিয িয়, তখন তালক খরা বলে।
❑ ভারলতর েেবায়ু
i) ভারত উষ্ণ-আর্দ্ ক্রান্তীয় থমৌসুমী েেবায়ু অঞ্চলের অন্তভুি ক্ত।
ii) ii) উলেখলযাগয বায়ুপ্রবাি:
বায়ুপ্রবাহ জকাথায় জেখা যায়?
১. আৌঁস্ফি উত্তর- স্ফিম ভারত স্ফবলশষত াঞ্জাব,
িস্ফরয়ানা, স্ফিস্ফে
২. কােববশাখী স্ফিমবঙ্গ উস্ফডষযা- কােববশাখী
অসম- বরিইস্ফছো
৩. আম্রবৃস্ফি িস্ফিণ ভারত - থকরাো ও কনিাটলকর
উ কূেবতী অঞ্চে তাস্ফমেনাডু ও অন্ধপ্রলিশ
৪. কস্ফফবৃস্ফি কণিাটক
৫. িা বৃস্ফি অসম
৬. েু উত্তরপ্রলিশ, স্ফবিার, রােস্থান, াঞ্জাব
৭. আস্ফিলনর ঝড স্ফিমবলঙ্গ শরৎকালে
❑ ভারলতর েেবায়ু
iii) বছলর িুবার বৃস্ফি াত যুক্ত অঞ্চে: i) াঞ্জাব-িস্ফরয়ানা
ii) করমন্ডে উ কূে (তাস্ফমেনাডু)
iv) স্ফিমী ঝঞ্ঝার প্রভাব: i) াঞ্জাব-িস্ফরয়ানায় শীতকালে বৃস্ফি াত
ii) েম্বু ও কাশ্মীলর শীতকালে বৃস্ফি াত ও
তু ষার াত
v) ভারলতর বৃস্ফিচ্ছায় অঞ্চে: i) থমঘােলয়র রােিানী স্ফশেং
ii) স্ফিমঘাট বিলতর ূবি ঢাে (থবঙ্গােুরু)
vi) ভারলতর বৃস্ফি াত বিলনর মুখয ববস্ফশিয িে ঋতু লকস্ফন্দ্রকতা
MONEX – এর ুলরা কো িে MONSOON EXPERIMENT.
ভারতীয় উ মিালিলশ থমৌসুমী বায়ুর উৎ স্ফত্ত, গঠন, কাযিপ্রণােী, গস্ফত
প্রভৃ স্ফত স্ফবষয়াবেী সংক্রান্ত গলবষণামূেক একটি কমিসূিী িে MONEX .
এই কমিসূিীলত ভারত মিাসাগলরর উ লর অবস্থানরত ‘GOES INDIAN
OCEAN’ নামক একটি কৃ স্ফত্রম উ গ্রি ৬০° ূবি র্দ্াস্ফঘমায় থেলক সমগ্র
ভারত ও সংেগ্ন প্রস্ফতলবশী থিশগুস্ফেলত থমৌসুমী বায়ুর কাযিকো থরকিি
কলর এবং থসই থরকিিেব্ধ তেয আবিাওয়া িপ্তরগুস্ফেলত সমীিার
উলেলশয থপ্ররণ কলর । এই কমিসূিীর প্রিান স্ফরিােক থিশ িে ভারত
এবং অনযানয সিকারী থিশগুস্ফে িে স্ফিলটন, আলমস্ফরকা যুক্তরাষ্ট্র,
রাস্ফশয়া ও ফ্রান্স ।Total 144 countries.
Distribution of Annual Rainfall
Category Rainfall in cms Regions

Western coast, western ghats, sub-Himalayan region of

north-east, Garo, Khasi and Jaintia hills of Meghalaya. In
Heavy Rainfall More than 200 some parts, rain exceeds 1000 cm.

100 cm isohyet extends from Gujarat to south up to

Kanyakumari parallel to western ghats. Northern Andhra
Pradesh, eastern part of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh,
Moderate rainfall Between 100 to 200 Odisha, some parts of Jammu and Kashmir

Most parts of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh,

Low rainfall Between 60 to 100 eastern Rajasthan, southwestern Uttar Pradesh
Punjab, Haryana, northwestern Rajasthan, Kachchh,
Inadequate rainfall Less than 60 Kathiawar