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Vocabulary: Passage 1
Mummification is the practice of the ancient Egyptians whereby the body is embalmed, naturally
conserved, or treated for burial with 1 . The process varied from age to age in Egypt,
but it always involved removing the internal organs, treating the body with resin, and wrapping it
in linen bandages. There was a 2 belief that Egyptian mummies were prepared with
bitumen, which was supposed to have 3 value as it was widely used by doctors to treat
wounds and injuries. Throughout the Middle Ages, mummy made by pounding mummified
bodies, was a 4 product commonly found in every apothecary shop. Unfortunately,
people today associate mummies with horror, which is not only disrespectful to the Egyptian
monarchs and royalties, but also their original aim of serving an educational 5 .
1. 1) primitives 2) incentives 3) correctives

4) contraceptives 5) preservatives
2. 1) foolish 2) toxic 3) widespread

4) hazardous 5) peculiar
3. 1) clarified 2) disregarded 3) manipulated

4) established 5) emphasized
4. 1) medicinal 2) paternal 3) transitional

4) sensational 5) recreational
5. 1) destiny 2) experience 3) situation

4) purpose 5) imagination
The early bird may catch the worm, but people who live around in bed in the morning and work
into the evening are more intelligent, according to Richard Roberts of the University of Sydney.
The scientists asked 400 volunteers to fill in questionnaires to work out if they 1
themselves early-rising 'morning types' or late-working 'evening types'. Each was then subjected
to mental 2 and memory tests. The researchers discovered that the 'evening types' had
significantly better mental speed and memory. The results indicate that, contrary to 3
folk wisdom, evening types are more likely to have higher intelligence scores. It is also suggested
that the 4 between intelligence and working late may be a remnant from prehistoric
times, when those who were still alert after dark would be more likely to survive attacks by
nocturnal 5 .
1. 1) adjusted 2) translated 3) summarized

4) predicted 5) considered
2. 1) ability 2) turmoil 3) conquest

4) departure 5) alternative
3. 1) progressive 2) conventional 3) innovative

4) comprehensive 5) contradictory
4. 1) fragment 2) separation 3) classification

4) association 5) arrangement
5. 1) allies 2) felonies 3) predators

4) companions 5) defenders
Those who think that distance learning is a relatively new idea might be surprised to learn that
English educator, Sir Isaac Pitman, had the same idea, although at that time they were called
correspondence courses. Taking advantage of the development of a 1 postal system
in 1840, Pitman began to teach shorthand, which is a system for writing down what people are
saying using 2 signs to represent words, letters and phrases, by mail to thousands of
students who did not have time to attend school. The lessons consisted of copying short
3 of the Bible in shorthand and posting them to Mr. Pitman to be 4 . His
brother, Ben Pitman, introduced the idea to the United States, and the Pitman shorthand system,
which has been 5 to fifteen other languages, is still one of the most widely used
shorthand systems in the world.
1. 1) reliable 2) drastic 3) principal

4) foremost 5) confidential
2. 1) magnetic 2) lethal 3) distinctive
4) elementary 5) approximate
3. 1) streams 2) excerpts 3) surfaces

4) consequences 5) diagrams
4. 1) corrected 2) utilized 3) captured

4) recovered 5) Investigated
5. 1) adapted 2) managed 3) withdrawn

4) harvested 5) transmitted
Past generation tended to think that all animals existed simply for the benefit of man, and little
thought was given to their protection. Many species were hunted to extinction or their habits
destroyed to such an extent that they could no longer 1. . Only in the last 100 years has
been any real 2. for the conservation of wildlife, and although this was too late for
many species, other on the brink of extinction are now protected and slowly 3. in
numbers. Most countries now 4. hunters and fishermen to be licensed and also place
restrictions on the number of animals that maybe killed and the season when they may be
hunted.
Large areas have been set aside as national parks, where wildlife can live in 5. and
tourists can observe creatures in their natural surroundings. Some countries have also set aside
wildness areas with very limited 6. for Man so that the animal can live in perfect
freedom. There are many 7. dealing with wildlife conservation on both a national and
an international scale. It is important that nations co-operate in these matters, otherwise
migratory species that are protected in one area of their range could be 8. in another.
Conservationists are constantly at odds with 9. over the protection of wildlife, a good
example being the hunting of whales. Though the efforts of conservationists, many countries
have conservationists, many countries have 10. or entirely ceased, their whaling
industry, but others continue the slaughter, placing some species in serious danger of
extinction.
1. 1) settle 2) suffer 3) survive 4) surrender
2. 1) remark 2) contact 3) concern 4) opinion
3. 1) raising 2) reducing 3) extending 4) increasing
4. 1) insist 2) comment 3) suggest 4) require
5 1) safety 2) comfort 3) harmony 4) forestry
6. 1) space 2) access 3) closure 4) entrance
7. 1) situations 2) occupations 3) organizations 4) representatives
8. 1) escaped 2) enlarged 3) estranged 4) endangered
9. 1) authorities 2) merchantmen 3) whale-hunters 4) industrialists
10. 1) preserved 2) shortened 3) prevented 4) restricted

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Vocabulary: Passage 1

1. 1) primitives 2) incentives 3) correctives

2. 1) foolish 2) toxic 3) widespread

3. 1) clarified 2) disregarded 3) manipulated

4. 1) medicinal 2) paternal 3) transitional

5. 1) destiny 2) experience 3) situation

1. 1) adjusted 2) translated 3) summarized

2. 1) ability 2) turmoil 3) conquest

3. 1) progressive 2) conventional 3) innovative

4. 1) fragment 2) separation 3) classification

5. 1) allies 2) felonies 3) predators

1. 1) reliable 2) drastic 3) principal

3. 1) streams 2) excerpts 3) surfaces

4. 1) corrected 2) utilized 3) captured

5. 1) adapted 2) managed 3) withdrawn

2. 1) remark 2) contact 3) concern 4) opinion

3. 1) raising 2) reducing 3) extending 4) increasing

4. 1) insist 2) comment 3) suggest 4) require

5 1) safety 2) comfort 3) harmony 4) forestry

6. 1) space 2) access 3) closure 4) entrance

7. 1) situations 2) occupations 3) organizations 4) representatives

8. 1) escaped 2) enlarged 3) estranged 4) endangered

9. 1) authorities 2) merchantmen 3) whale-hunters 4) industrialists

10. 1) preserved 2) shortened 3) prevented 4) restricted

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