Unit_1_transmission_media

Transmission Medium
A transmission medium can be broadly defined as anything that can carry

information from a source to a destination.
Classes of transmission media
Guided Media
Guided media, which are those that provide a medium from one device to another,
include
 twisted-pair cable,
 coaxial cable,
 fiber-optic cable.
Twisted-Pair Cable
 A twisted pair consists of two conductors (normally copper), each with its
own plastic insulation, twisted together.
CN UNIT-1 , TRANSMISSION MEDIUM BY DPPATI Page 1

 One of the wires is used to carry signals to the receiver, and the other is used
only as a ground reference.
Unshielded Versus Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable (UTP)

 The most common twisted-pair cable used in communications is referred to
as unshielded twisted-pair (UTP). STP cable has a metal foil or braided
mesh covering that encases each pair of insulated conductors.
 Although metal casing improves the quality of cable by preventing the
penetration of noise or crosstalk, it is bulkier and more expensive.
Applications
 Twisted-pair cables are used in telephone lines to provide voice and data
channels. Local-area networks, such as l0Base-T and l00Base-T, also use
twisted-pair cables.
Coaxial Cable
 Coaxial cable (or coax) carries signals of higher frequency ranges than those
in twisted pair cable. coax has a central core conductor of solid or stranded
wire (usually copper) enclosed in an insulating sheath, which is, in turn,
encased in an outer conductor of metal foil, braid, or a combination of the
two.
 The outer metallic wrapping serves both as a shield against noise and as the
second conductor, which completes the circuit. This outer conductor is also

enclosed in an insulating sheath, and the whole cable is protected by a
plastic cover.
 The most common type of connector used today is the Bayone-Neill-

Concelman (BNC), connector.
Applications
 Coaxial cable was widely used in analog telephone networks,digital
telephone networks Cable TV networks also use coaxial cables.
 Another common application of coaxial cable is in traditional Ethernet
LANs
Fiber-Optic Cable
 A fiber-optic cable is made of glass or plastic and transmits signals in the
form of light. Light travels in a straight line as long as it is moving through a
single uniform substance.
 If a ray of light traveling through one substance suddenly enters another
substance(of a different density), the ray changes direction. Bending of light
ray

Propagation Modes
Multimode is so named because multiple beams from a light source move through
the core in different paths. How these beams move within the cable depends on the
structure of the core, as shown in Figure

In
Multimode step-index fiber
 The density of the core remains constant from the center to the edges.
 A beam of light moves through this constant density in a straight line until it
reaches the interface of the core and the cladding.
 The term step index refers to the suddenness of this change, which
contributes to the distortion of the signal as it passes through the fiber.
 A second type of fiber, called multimode graded-index fiber , decreases
this distortion of the signal through the cable.
 The word index here refers to the index of refraction.
Single-Mode:
 Single-mode uses step-index fiber and a highly focused source of light that
limits beams to a small range of angles, all close to the horizontal Fiber
Construction

The subscriber channel (SC) connector, The straight-tip (ST) connector,
MT-RJ(mechanical transfer registered jack) is a connector
Applications
Fiber-optic cable is often found in backbone networks because its wide
bandwidth is cost-effective.Some cable TV companies use a combination of optical
fiber and coaxial cable,thus creating a hybrid network. Local-area networks such as
100Base-FX network (Fast Ethernet) and 1000Base-X also use fiber-optic cable
Advantages and Disadvantages of Optical Fiber
Advantages
Fiber-optic cable has several advantages over metallic cable (twisted pair or
coaxial).
 Higher bandwidth.
 Less signal attenuation.
 Fiber-optic transmission distance is significantly greater than that of other
guided media.
 A signal can run for 50 km without requiring regeneration. We need
repeaters every 5 km for coaxial or twisted pair cable.
 Immunity to electromagnetic interference. Electromagnetic noise cannot
affect fiber-optic cables.
 Resistance to corrosive materials. Glass is more resistant to corrosive
materials than copper.
 Light weight. Fiber-optic cables are much lighter than copper cables.
 Greater immunity to tapping. Fiber-optic cables are more immune to tapping
than copper cables. Copper cables create antenna effects that can easily be
tapped.
Disadvantages
There are some disadvantages in the use of optical fiber.
 Installation and maintenance
 Unidirectional light propagation. Propagation of light is unidirectional. If we
need bidirectional communication, two fibers are needed.
 Cost. The cable and the interfaces are relatively more expensive than those
of other guided media. If the demand for bandwidth is not high, often the use
of optical fiber cannot be justified.

UNGUIDED MEDIA: WIRELESS
 Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical
conductor. This type of communication is often referred to as wireless
communication.
 Radio Waves
 Microwaves
 Infrared
Unguided signals can travel from the source to destination in several ways: ground
propagation, sky propagation, and line-of-sight propagation, as shown in Figure

Radio Waves
 Electromagnetic waves ranging in frequencies between 3 kHz and 1 GHz are
normally called radio waves.
 Radio waves are omni directional. When an antenna transmits radio waves,
they are propagated in all directions.
 This means that the sending and receiving antennas do not have to be
aligned.
 A sending antenna sends waves that can be received by any receiving
antenna.
 The omni directional property has a disadvantage, too.
 The radio waves transmitted by one antenna are susceptible to interference
by another antenna that may send signals using the same frequency or band.
Omni directional Antenna
 Radio waves use omnidirectional antennas that send out signals in all
directions.
 Based on the wavelength, strength, and the purpose of transmission, we can
have several types of antennas. Figure shows an omni directional antenna.
Applications
 The Omni directional characteristics of radio waves make them useful for
multicasting, in which there is one sender but many receivers.

 AM and FM radio, television, maritime radio, cordless phones, and paging
are examples of multicasting.
Microwaves
 Electromagnetic waves having frequencies between 1 and 300 GHz are
called microwaves.
 Microwaves are unidirectional. The sending and receiving antennas need to
be aligned.
 The unidirectional property has an obvious advantage. A pair of antennas
can be aligned without interfering with another pair of aligned antennas
Unidirectional Antenna
 Microwaves need unidirectional antennas that send out signals in one
direction.
 Two types of antennas are used for microwave communications: the
parabolic dish and the horn
Applications:
Microwaves are used for unicast communication such as cellular telephones,
satellite networks, and wireless LANs
Infrared
 Infrared waves, with frequencies from 300 GHz to 400 THz (wavelengths
from 1 mm to 770 nm), can be used for short-range communication.
 Infrared waves, having high frequencies, cannot penetrate walls.
 This advantageous characteristic prevents interference between one system
and another; a short range communication system in one room cannot be
affected by another system in the next room.
 When we use our infrared remote control, we do not interfere with the use of
the remote by our neighbors.
 Infrared signals useless for long-range communication.
 In addition, we cannot use infrared waves outside a building because the
sun's rays contain infrared waves that can interfere with the communication.

Applications:
Infrared signals can be used for short-range communication in a closed area using
line-of-sight propagation.

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Transmission Medium

A transmission medium can be broadly defined as anything that can carry

Classes of transmission media

CN UNIT-1 , TRANSMISSION MEDIUM BY DPPATI Page 1

Unshielded Versus Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable (UTP)

CN UNIT-1 , TRANSMISSION MEDIUM BY DPPATI Page 2

 The most common type of connector used today is the Bayone-Neill-

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