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The exam is closed book and closed notes.
1. Consider an experiment in which the drag on a two-dimensional body immersed in a steady
incompressible flow can be determined from measurement of velocity distribution far upstream
and downstream of the body as shown in Figure below. Velocity far upstream is the uniform flow
𝑈∞ 𝑦2
𝑈∞ , and that in the wake of the body is measured to be 𝑢(𝑦) = ( 𝑏2 + 1), which is less than 𝑈∞
2
due to the drag of the body. Assume that there is a stream tube with inlet height of 2H and outlet
height of 2b as shown in Figure below. (a) Determine the relationship between H and b using the
continuity equation. (b) Find the drag per unit length of the body as a function of 𝑈∞ , b and 𝜌.

(Hint: Momentum Equation ∑𝐹𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢𝜌(𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛)𝑑𝐴 )

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2. A Newtonian fluid of density ρ and viscosity μ fills the annular gap between concentric cylinders
as shown blow. The inner cylinder of radius R1 is stationary, and the outer cylinder of radius R2
rotates steadily at a constant angular speed ω. The flow between the cylinders is laminar and
incompressible. Assume steady, purely circulating motion, 2D flow, circumferentially symmetric
pressure, and neglect gravity. Simplify the continuity and momentum equations and use
appropriate boundary conditions to determine the velocity distribution in the gap.

The equations of motion of an incompressible Newtonian fluid with constant density and viscosity in
cylindrical coordinates (r, θ, z) with velocity components (vr, vθ, vz):
Continuity:
1𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕
(𝑟𝑣𝑟 ) + (𝑣 ) + (𝑣𝑧 ) = 0
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜃 𝜕𝑧
r-momentum:
𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝜕𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃2 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 1𝜕 1 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑟 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑟 2 𝜕𝑣𝜃
𝜌( + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑧 − ) = 𝜌𝑔𝑟 − +𝜇[ ( (𝑟𝑣𝑟 )) + 2 + − ]
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃
θ-momentum:
𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃 1 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 1𝜕 1 𝜕 2 𝑣𝜃 𝜕 2 𝑣𝜃 2 𝜕𝑣𝑟
𝜌( + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑧 + ) = 𝜌𝑔𝜃 − +𝜇[ ( (𝑟𝑣𝜃 )) + 2 + + ]
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑟 2 𝜕𝜃
z-momentum:
𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑣𝑧 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑣𝑧 1 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑧 𝜕 2 𝑣𝑧
𝜌( + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑧 ) = 𝜌𝑔𝑧 − +𝜇[ (𝑟 )+ 2 + ]
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑧 2
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3. During major windstorms, high vehicles such as RVs and semis may be thrown off the road,
especially when they are empty and in open areas. Consider a 5000-kg semi that is 8m long, 2m
high, and 2m wide. The distance between the bottom of the truck and the road is 0.75m. The truck
is exposed to winds from its side surface. (a) Determine the wind velocity that will tip the truck
over to its side. Take the air density to be 1.1 kg/m3 and assume the weight to be uniformly
distributed. (b) If the wind arrives with a 45° angle on the side of the truck, does the tip velocity
increase or decrease (suppose same 𝐶𝐷 )? Why? (c) If you are to repeat the experiment for a 2 times
smaller model using Reynolds similarity and the new semi weights 2000-kg, determine the new
tipping velocity (consider that the distance between the bottom of the truck and the road is 0.5m).
𝐷 𝜌𝑈(2𝑚)
Hint: 𝐶𝐷 = 0.5𝜌𝐴𝑉 2 (use square rod) 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 = 𝜇
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4. A helicopter rotor rotates at 𝜔 =20.94 rad/s in air (ρ=1.2 kg/m3 and μ=1.8E-5 kg/m-s). Each
blade has a chord length of 53 cm and extends a distance of 7.3 m from the center of the rotor hub.
Assume that the blades can be modeled as very thin flat plates at a zero angle of attack. (a) At what
radial distance from the hub center is the flow turbulent (Recrit = 5E5). (b) Find the boundary layer
thickness at the blade tip trailing edge (c) At what rotor angular velocity does the wall shear stress
at the blade tip trailing edge become 80 N/m2?
𝜌𝑈𝐶
Hint: 𝑅𝑒 = 𝜇
where 𝑈 = 𝑟𝜔 , 𝐶: 𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
𝛿 0.16 2𝜏𝑤 0.027
Turbulent BL: ≈ , 𝑐𝑓 = ≈ 1/7
𝑥 𝑅𝑒 1/7 𝜌𝑈 2 𝑅𝑒𝑥

5. The flowrate between tank A and tank B shown in the figure is to be increased by 30% (i.e.
from Q to 1.30Q) by the addition of a second pipe (indicated by the dotted lines) running from
node C to tank B. If the elevation of the free surface in tank A is 25ft above that in tank B,
determine the diameter, D, of this new pipe. Neglect minor losses and assume that the friction
factor for each pipe is 0.02.
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6. A practice facility for the Cal football team is to be covered by a semi-circular cylindrical
dome, as shown in the sketch. The dome with radius a is placed normal to the cross flow of
velocity U. Assume that the dome is very long (into the page) so you can ignore end effects.

a. The stream function and velocity potential for this flow 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 are given by
𝑎2
𝛹 = 𝑈𝑟 (1 − 2 ) sin 𝜃
𝑟
𝑎2
𝛷 = 𝑈𝑟 (1 + 2 ) cos 𝜃
𝑟
Use potential flow theory to find the tangential velocity along the surface of the dome
(𝑟 = 𝑎) as a function of the angle θ.

𝜕𝛷 1 𝜕𝛷
Hint: 𝑢𝑟 = , 𝑢𝜃 =
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃

b. Choose a reference condition to be 𝑝 = 𝑝0 at z=0 (on the ground) far from the cylindrical
dome. Use the Bernoulli equation to find the pressure field on the surface of the dome (𝑟 =
𝑎) as a function of θ. Do NOT neglect hydrostatic variations.
5
c. If the vertical force on the dome per unit length (upwards) is given by 𝐹𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡 = 3 𝜌𝑈 2 𝑎,
find the mass per unit length (𝑚𝑐 ) required to keep the cylindrical dome on the ground
when the wind blows at 30m/s, with air density ρ=1.2kg/𝑚3 , and a=50m.
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1. Solution
a) Continuity:
𝑏 𝑏
𝑈∞ 𝑦 2 (2)
2𝜌𝐻𝑈∞ = 𝜌 ∫ 𝑢(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝜌 ∫ ( 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑦
−𝑏 −𝑏 2 𝑏
𝑏
𝑈∞ 𝑏 𝑦 2 𝑈∞ 𝑦 3
2𝜌𝐻𝑈∞ = 𝜌 ∫ ( 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜌 ( + 𝑦)] (1)
2 −𝑏 𝑏 2 3𝑏2 −𝑏
1 𝑏3 𝑏3 1 8 4
2𝐻 = ( 2 + 𝑏 + 2 + 𝑏) = ( 𝑏) = 𝑏 (1)
2 3𝑏 3𝑏 2 3 3
2𝑏
𝐻= (1)
3
b) x-momentum:
∑𝐹𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢𝜌(𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛)𝑑𝐴 (2)
Drag per unit length:
𝑏
2(
−𝐹𝐷 = −𝜌𝑈∞ 2𝐻) + 𝜌 ∫ 𝑢2 (𝑦)𝑑𝑦 (1)
−𝑏
𝑏 2 𝑏 2
2(
𝑈∞ 𝑦 2 2(
𝑈∞2
𝑦2
𝐹𝐷 = 𝜌𝑈∞ 2𝐻) − 𝜌 ∫ [ ( 2 + 1)] 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜌𝑈∞ 2𝐻) − 𝜌 ∫ ( 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑦
−𝑏 2 𝑏 4 −𝑏 𝑏
Calculating integral:
𝑏 2
𝑏 𝑏
𝑦2 𝑦 4 2𝑦 2 𝑦 5 2𝑦 3 𝑏 2𝑏 56
∫ ( 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ( 4 + 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑦 = 4 + 2 + 𝑦] = 2 ( + + 𝑏) = 𝑏 (1)
−𝑏 𝑏 −𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 5𝑏 3𝑏 −𝑏
5 3 15
Entering into the momentum equation:
2
1 2 56 2
4 14 2
2𝑏
𝐹𝐷 = 2𝜌𝐻𝑈∞ − 𝜌𝑈∞ ( 𝑏) = 𝜌𝑈∞ ( 𝑏 − 𝑏) = 𝜌𝑈∞ (1)
4 15 3 15 5

2. Solution
ASSUMPTIONS: (1)
𝜕
1. Steady flow ( = 0)
𝜕𝑡
2. Purely circumferential flow (vr=vz=0)
𝜕
3. 2D flow (𝜕𝑧 = 0)
𝜕𝑝
4. circumferentially symmetric pressure (𝜕𝜃 = 0)
5. Negligible gravity

ANALYSIS:
Continuity:
1𝜕 1 𝜕 𝜕
(𝑟𝑣𝑟 ) + (𝑣𝜃 ) + (𝑣𝑧 ) = 0
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧
1 𝜕
0(2) + (𝑣𝜃 ) + 0(2) = 0
𝑟 𝜕𝜃
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𝜕𝑣𝜃
(2)
𝜕𝜃
=0 (6)
θ-momentum:

𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝜕𝑣𝜃 𝑣𝑟 𝑣𝜃

𝜌( + 𝑣𝑟 + + 𝑣𝑧 + )
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝑟
1 𝜕𝑝 𝜕 1𝜕 1 𝜕 2 𝑣𝜃 𝜕 2 𝑣𝜃 2 𝜕𝑣𝑟
= 𝜌𝑔𝜃 − +𝜇 [ ( ( ))
𝑟𝑣𝜃 + 2 + + 2 ]
𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝜕 1𝜕
𝜌(0(1) + 0(2) + 0(6) + 0(2,3) + 0(2)) = 0(5) − 0(4) + 𝜇 [ ( (𝑟𝑣𝜃 )) + 0(6) + 0(3) + 0(2)]
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟

𝜕 1𝜕 (2)
( (𝑟𝑣𝜃 )) = 0
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟
Integrate:
1𝜕
(𝑟𝑣𝜃 ) = 𝐶1
𝑟 𝜕𝑟

𝜕
(𝑟𝑣𝜃 ) = 𝐶1 𝑟 (1)
𝜕𝑟
Integrate again:
𝑟2
𝑟𝑣𝜃 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2
2
𝑟 𝐶2
𝑣𝜃 = 𝐶1 + (1)
2 𝑟
B.C.:

1) At r = R1, vθ = 0 (0.75)

2) At r = R2, vθ = R2ω (0.75)

Replace:
𝑅1 𝐶2
0 = 𝐶1 +
2 𝑅1
𝑅2 𝐶2
𝑅2 𝜔 = 𝐶1 +
2 𝑅2
And find:
2𝜔
𝐶1 = (0.25)
𝑅1 2
1−( )
𝑅2

−𝜔𝑅1 2
𝐶2 = (0.25)
𝑅 2
1 − (𝑅1 )
2
Substitute into the expression for 𝑣𝜃 :
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𝜔𝑅1 𝑟 𝑅1
𝑣𝜃 = (1)
2( − )
𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑟
1−( )
𝑅2

3. Solution

(a)
From table: L/D=2/2 → 𝐶𝐷 = 2.2 (2)
When the truck is first tipped, the wheels on the wind-loaded side of the truck will be off the ground, and
thus all reaction forces from the ground will act on wheels on the other side. Taking the moment about an
axis passing through these wheels and setting it equal to zero gives the required frag force and
consequently the wind speed:

∑ 𝑀 = 0 → 𝑀𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 − 𝑀𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 0 (1)

𝑀𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 = 𝐹𝐷 × 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 (1)

𝐹𝐷 = 0.5𝜌𝐴𝑉 2 𝐶𝐷 = 0.5(1.1)(8)(2)𝑉 2 (2.2) = 19.36𝑉 2 (1)

2
𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 = + 0.75 = 1.75𝑚
2

𝑀𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑚𝑔 × 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (1)

2
𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = =1
2

→ 19.36𝑉 2 (1.75) − 49050 (1) = 0

→ 𝑉 = 38.05𝑚/𝑠 (1)

(b)

It the wind arrives with a 45° angle, the normal area decreases, reducing 𝐹𝐷 and increasing the tipping
velocity. (1)

(c)

Reynolds similarity:

𝜌𝑉𝐿 𝜌𝑉𝑚 𝐿𝑚
= (1)
𝜇 𝜇
𝑉𝐿 2𝑉
𝑉𝑚 = = = 2𝑉
𝐿𝑚 1
𝑀𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 = 𝐹𝐷 × 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔

𝐹𝐷 = 0.5𝜌𝐴𝑉 2 𝐶𝐷 = 0.5(1.1)(4)(1)(2𝑉)2 (2.2) = 19.36𝑉 2

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1
𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑔 = + 0.5 = 1𝑚
2

𝑀𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑚𝑔 × 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

1
𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = = 0.5
2

→ 19.36𝑉 2 (1) − 19620(0.5) = 0

→ 𝑉 = 22.51𝑚/𝑠 (1)

4. Solution
a)

𝑈 = 𝑟𝜔

𝜌𝑈𝑐 𝜌𝑟𝜔𝑐
𝑅𝑒 = = (1)
𝜇 𝜇
𝜌𝑟𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 𝜔𝑐
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 =
𝜇

𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 𝜇 (5𝐸5)(1.8𝐸 − 5)
𝑟𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡 = = = 0.68 𝑚 (1)
𝜌𝜔𝑐 (1.2)(20.94)(0.53)

b) At the tip trailing edge:

𝜌𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑝 𝜔𝑐 (1.2)(7.3)(20.94)(0.53)
𝑅𝑒 = = = 5,401,124 (1)
𝜇 (1.8𝐸 − 5)

𝛿 0.16
≈ 1/7 (1)
𝑥 𝑅𝑒

0.16(0.53)
𝛿≈ 1 = 0.00926 𝑚 = 9.26 𝑚𝑚 (2)
(5401124)7

c)

𝜌𝑈 2 0.0135𝜇 1/7 𝜌6/7 𝑈13/7

𝜏𝑤 = 0.0135 1/7
= (2)
𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑥1/7

Re-arrange to find U:
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7/13
𝜏𝑤 𝑥1/7
𝑈 = 𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑝 𝜔 = ( ) (1)
0.0135𝜇 1/7 𝜌6/7

7/13
1 (80.0)(0.53)1/7
𝜔= ( ) = 29.88 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 (1)
(7.3) 0.0135 (1.8𝐸 − 5)1/7 (1.2)6/7

5. Solution

With the single pipe:

p αV 2 p αV 2
( + + z) = ( + + z) + ℎ𝑓 (2)
ρg 2g A
ρg 2g B

Where 𝑝𝑎 = 𝑝𝑏 = 0, 𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝑏 = 0, 𝑧𝑎 = 25𝑓𝑡, 𝑧𝑏 = 0.

Thus,
𝐿1 + 𝐿2 V1 2 (1)
𝑧𝑎 = 𝑓
𝐷1 2g
(600 + 500) V1 2
25𝑓𝑡 = 0.02
6/12 2(32.2)
V1 = 5.96 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
𝜋
Q1 = A1 V1 = (0.52 )5.96 = 1.188𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑠 (1)
4
With the second pipe Q=1.3Q=1.54𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑠.

Therefore, Q1 = Q 2 + Q 3 and
Q1 1.52
=𝜋 V1 = = 7.84𝑓𝑡/𝑠 (2)
A1 (0.5 2)
4
For fluid flowing from A to B through pipes 1 and 2:

𝐿1 V1 2 𝐿2 V2 2
𝑧𝑎 = ℎ𝐿1 + ℎ𝐿2 =𝑓 +𝑓 (1)
𝐷1 2g 𝐷2 2g

600 7.842 500 V2 2

𝑧𝑎 = 0.02 + 0.02
0.5 2(32.2) 0.5 2(32.2)
Hence, V2 = 2.6𝑓𝑡/𝑠
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And
𝜋
Q 2 = A2 V2 = (0.52 )2.60 = 0.511𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑠
4
Thus,

Q 3 = Q1 − Q 2 = 1.03𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑠 (1)
For fluid flowing from A to B through pipes 1 and 3,

𝐿1 V1 2 𝐿3 V3 2
𝑧𝑎 = ℎ𝐿1 + ℎ𝐿3 = 𝑓 +𝑓
𝐷1 2g 𝐷3 2g
Where

Q3 1.03 1.31
V3 = =𝜋 =
A3 (𝐷 3
2
) 𝐷3 2
4
2
1.31
( )
(600) 7.842 (500) 𝐷3 2
25𝑓𝑡 = 0.02 + 0.02
0.5 2(32.2) 𝐷3 2(32.2)

𝐷3 = 0.662𝑓𝑡 (1)
6. Solution

a. Find the tangential velocity along the surface of the dome

1 𝜕𝛷 1 𝜕 𝑎2
𝑢𝜃 = = (𝑈𝑟 (1 + 2 ) cos 𝜃) (2)
𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟
2
1 𝑎
𝑢𝜃 = (−𝑈𝑟 (1 + 2 ) sin 𝜃)
𝑟 𝑟
At r=a, we have
𝑢𝜃 = −2𝑈 sin 𝜃 (1)

b. Apply Bernoulli between any 2 points

1 1
𝑝0 + 𝜌𝑉0 2 + 𝛾𝑧0 = 𝑝𝑠 + 𝜌𝑉𝑠 2 + 𝛾𝑧𝑠 (3)
2 2
s in on the surface.
1 1
𝑝0 + 𝜌𝑈 2 + 0 = 𝑝𝑠 + 𝜌(−2𝑈 sin 𝜃)2 + 𝛾𝑎 sin 𝜃
2 2
1 2
𝑝𝑠 = 𝑝0 + 𝜌𝑈 − 2𝜌(𝑈 sin 𝜃)2 − 𝛾𝑎 sin 𝜃 (2)
2

c.
Name: ------------------ Final Exam Time: 120min

ME:5160 Fall 2022

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∑ 𝐹𝑧 = 0 (1)

𝐹𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡 − 𝐹𝑤 = 0
5 2
𝜌𝑈 𝑎 = 𝑚𝑐 𝑔
3
5 1
𝑚𝑐 = (1.2)(30)2 (50) ( )
3 9.8
𝑚𝑐 = 9170𝑘𝑔/𝑚 (1)