Lecture 15

LECTURE 15, EEE 4305 (OCTOBER 12, 2022) -----------------------------------------------------------------
IMPROVING COMMUTATION---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Means ensuring current reversal in the shorted coil as sparkless as possible.
• 2 ways:
a) Resistance commutation and
b) Emf commutation
RESISTANCE COMMUTATION-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• High–resistance C brushes are replaced by low–resistance Cu brushes.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------≪ Figure ≫----------------------------------
• Primary cause of sparking is reactance voltage.
• Only changing the brush resistance cannot entirely eliminate but reduce the sparking.
• For C brush:
a) More brush contact drop ≫ Not used for small m/c s,
b) More loss ≫ Larger commutator to dissipate heat more efficiently, and
c) Lower current density ≫ Large brush holders.
• For C brush:
a) Self–lubricating ≫ Graphite is slimy &
b) Less damage due to sparking.
EMF COMMUTATION-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Reactance voltage is neutralized by inducing a reversing emf in the shorted–coil. Done in 2 ways:
a) Providing a forward lead to the brushes by 𝜃 &
b) Interpoles.
• Technique a) is an old method & outdated now a days.
INTERPOLES OR COMPOLES----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Small poles fixed in yoke & placed in between main poles.
• Wound by a few heavy gauge Cu wires.
• In series with armature.
• Polarity is same as the previous main pole in the direction of rotation.
• As their polarity is same as the previous pole, they induce a reversing emf opposite to the
reactance voltage in the shorted coil.
• Compoles can manage sparkless commutation up to 20 − 30% overload.
• In addition, Compoles neutralize cross–magnetization effect of AR.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------≪ Figure ≫----------------------------------
• Explanation.
BREAK (1) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHARACTERISTICS OF DC G---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• 3 important ones are:
𝐸
a) No–load saturation curve ( 0⁄𝐼 ) ≫ AKA Magnetic Characteristic Curve or Open Circuit
𝑓
Characteristic Curve (OCC curve).
b) Internal or Total Characteristic curve (𝐸⁄𝐼 ) ≫ 𝐸 = 𝐸0 − 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐴𝑅, of
𝑎
interest to designers only, not used for practical purposes.
c) External Characteristic curve (𝑉⁄𝐼 ) ≫ 𝑉 = 𝐸0 − 𝐴𝑅 𝐷𝑟𝑜𝑝 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
𝐿
SEPARATELY–EXCITED G-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• For OCC:
∅𝑃𝑁 𝑍
a) 𝐸𝑔 = 60 × 𝐴
b) For constant speed, E= 𝑘∅ ≫ ∅ ∝ 𝐼𝑓
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------≪ Figure ≫----------------------------------
c) Ideally, 𝐼𝑓 = 0 will produce no voltage, but practically, there will be some (+) voltage.
d) At low ∅, 𝜇 is high, reluctance is low, & we get a straight line.
e) At high ∅, 𝜇 is low, reluctance is high, & we reach saturation.
• For load–saturation curve:
a) 𝑉 vs. 𝐼𝑓 is plotted.
b) Can be deduced from OCC.
c) Load–saturation curve = OCC + AR Drop + Armature Resistance Drop.
d) AT (Ampere–Turn) for 𝐸0 is 𝑂𝑎.
e) At loaded situation, for 𝑂𝑎, less voltage will be generated.
f) To produce 𝐸0 , AT ↑ to 𝑂𝑐.
g) 𝐸0 = 𝑂𝑏, at OCC.
h) 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑏𝑑, so that 𝑑 lies on the curve 𝐿𝑑.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------≪ Figure ≫----------------------------------
i) 𝐿𝑑 ∥ 𝑂𝑏.
j) 𝑉 = 𝐿𝑑 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 , which lies at 𝑒 of the curve 𝑀𝑁.
k) 𝑀𝑁 is the load saturation curve.
l) △ 𝑏𝑑𝑒 IKA drop reaction triangle. In fact, any right–angled triangle on these three curves
IKA drop reaction triangle.
m) We may similarly develop a straight-line representation of the OCC, internal, & external
characteristics curve.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------≪ Figure ≫----------------------------------
BREAK (2) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EoC--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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LECTURE 15, EEE 4305 (OCTOBER 12, 2022) -----------------------------------------------------------------

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