Doc1 Merged Merged

6.1.
Mission Planner
Mission Planner is a full-featured ground station application for the ArduPilot open-source
autopilot project. Mission Planner is a ground control station for Plane, Copter and Rover. It is
compatible with Windows only.
Figure 6.1 Mission Planner
6.2. Q Ground control

Q Ground Control provides full flight control and mission planning for any MAV Link enabled
drone. It is open-source and its primary goal is ease of use for professional users and
developers.
Figure 6.2 Q Ground control
42
6.3. Beta Flight
Beta flight is flight controller software (firmware) used to fly multi-rotor craft and fixed wing
craft. This fork differs from Base flight and clean flight in that it focuses on flight performance
and leading-edge feature additions.
Figure 6.3 Beta Flight
6.4. Agri Assistant

Agri Assistant is a Ground Station Software used specially for K++ Flight Controller. It has a
Login facility for operations and also job record which includes username, spray time, spray
area, flight time etc.
Figure 6.4 Agri Assistant
43
CHAPTER-7
44
ASSEMBLY OF A DRONE
Drone Assembly is a combat anomaly inhabited that can different parts are assembled together
can make the drone (UAV) fly by using transmitter and flight controller.
Figure 7.1 Assembly Of A Drone
7.1. Steps For Assembly of Drone

1) Install The Drone Frame, Arms and Landing gear.
2) Attach Power distribution Board.
3) Attach the motors to each drone arm according to the frame configuration.
4) Connect the motors to each slot of power distribution board.
5) Install Avionics to the drone. (Install the firmware and do setup before installing).
6) Connect Motors ESCs to flight controller according to the numbering.
7) Switch on the Transmitter and Open the Flight software/Ground control software.
8) Connect the battery to the drone.
9) Check the telemetry date (battery %, GPS Count, Flight modes) in the flight software.
10) Arm the drone and check the controls. If everything is correct, disconnect the battery.
Then attach the Propellers and can go for Test Flight.
45
CHAPTER-8
46
PRE- FLIGHT CHECKS & POST FLIGHT CHECKS
8.1. Pre-Flight Checks
1) Check the weather conditions and do not fly in fog, rainy, heavy windy conditions.
2) Check the operation manual of drone if necessary.
3) Know and comply with specific drone operation laws in your area.
4) Ensure that the drone is fit for flight.
5) Keep your drone's firmware updated.
6) Airspace: Unrestricted or Restricted Airspace, Obstructions near flight path identified
7) Weather: Visibility >= 3 miles/500ft, wind <= 15mph.
8) Drone Airframe: No Structural defects
9) Drone Battery: Sufficient for Flight, not less than 80%.
10) Controller/GCS Battery: Sufficient for Indented Flight.
11) GCS/Controller Power: ON
12) Drone Power: Connect Battery
13) Compass Calibration for Current Location. (if necessary: if the home position is
showing wrong, go for compass calibration).
8.2. Post Flight Checks

1) LANDING: Ensure it is safe to land the drone, check for obstacles and for people.
2) TURNING OFF DRONE: Power down the drone first.
3) REMOVE BATTERY: Remove the battery from the drone.
4) TURNING OFF THE CONTROLLER: Power down the controller.
5) VISUAL INSPECTION: Inspect the drone to ensure no damage was made.
6) CLEAN: Clean the vision sensors from any dust, sand or debris.
7) DRY: If there is any residue, please wipe it dry.
8) CLEAN DRONE SENSORS: Double check all the vision and infrared sensors are
cleaned. (If attached to drone)
9) STORAGE: Place the drone back into the storage bag or safety case
47
CHAPTER-9
48
ACTIVITY LOG AND WEEKLY REPORTS
9.1 ACTIVITY LOG FOR WEEK-1
Brief description of Learning Person In-

Day Date the daily activity Outcome Charge
Signature
Joined and paid the fee Gained an overview

Interacted with the of the internship and
Day-1 30/04/2024
senior manager connected with the
regarding the senior manager.
internship
Programme Understood the

introduction and pre program structure
Day-2 01/05/2024
assessment and completed a pre-
assessment.
Introduction to drone Learned about drone

technologies & history evolution and
Day-3 02/05/2024
of drones and its various applications.
applications.
Working principle of Comprehended basic

drones drone operation
Day-4 03/05/2024
principles
Day-5 06/05/2024 Drone Controls Acquired knowledge

on drone operation
and control.
Day-6 07/05/2024 Components of a Identified and

Drone understood key
drone components
49
9.3.ACTIVITY LOG FOR WEEK-3
Brief description Learning Outcome Person In-

Day Date of the daily Charge
activity Signature
Learned the key factors

and considerations
Day-1 16/05/2024 Designing
crucial for optimizing
Factors &
drone design and
Considerations
performance.
Acquired knowledge on
selecting appropriate
Day-2 17/05/2024 Materials
materials and
selection &
understanding the
Manufacturing
manufacturing processes.
process of Drones
Understand the pre-flight

and post-flight checks to
Day-3 18/05/2024 Pre & post Flight
ensure safe drone
Checks
operations
Understands failsafe
methods and emergency
Day-4 20/05/2024 Failsafe Methods
protocols necessary to
of Drone
handle unexpected
situations during drone
flights.
Gained proficiency in
utilizing flight control
Day-5 21/05/2024 Flight Control
software to ensure precise
Software
manoeuvring and
navigation of drones.
Explored the diverse

applications of payloads
Day-6 22/05/2024 Pay Load and its
and how drones can be
Applications
utilized across various
industries to accomplish
different tasks.
53
9.3.1.WEEK -3 REPORT
WEEK – 1 (From Date: 16/05/2024 to Date:22/05/2024)
Objective of the Activity Done:

To understand the design, materials, safety protocols, control software, and payload
applications in drone technology.
Detailed Report:
This week, I focused on various essential aspects of drone technology and operations. I started
by learning about the key designing factors and considerations crucial for creating effective
and efficient drones. Next, I delved into materials selection and the manufacturing process of
drones, which are vital for building durable and high-performance drones.
I also learned about pre-post-flight checks, emphasizing the importance of thorough
inspections to ensure safe and successful drone operations. Following this, I explored the
failsafe methods of drones, understanding the protocols in place to handle emergencies and
prevent accidents.
Furthermore, I gained knowledge about flight control software, which is essential for the
precise operation and control of drones. Lastly, I studied payload and its applications, learning
how drones can be equipped with various payloads for different purposes and industries.
This week enhanced my understanding of the technical and safety aspects of drone design,
manufacturing, operation, and applications, building on the foundational knowledge from the
previous weeks.
54
Brief description Learning Person In-

Day Date of the daily Outcome Charge
activity Signature
Gained hands-on
experience and
Day-1 23/05/2024 Practical Session-1
practical skills in
drone operations.
Further practiced
the various Drone
Orientations and
Gained practical
knowledge.
Recognized for
successful
completion of the
Day-3 25/05/2024 Certificate internship
Distribution program,
acknowledging
acquired
knowledge and
skills in drone
technology.
55
9.4.1.WEEK-4 REPORT

To provide participants with hands-on experience, practical skills, and recognition for their
achievements in drone technology.
Detailed Report:
Throughout the week, participants engaged in two practical sessions aimed at enhancing their
proficiency in drone operations. During Practical Session-1, participants gained valuable
hands-on experience and learned essential skills in drone operation and basic manoeuvres.
This session provided a solid foundation for understanding the fundamental aspects of drone
control.
Building upon the knowledge gained in the first session, Practical Session-2 focused on
refining participants' skills in advanced drone operations and manoeuvres. Participants further
honed their proficiency, mastering complex flight techniques and enhancing their ability to
navigate drones in various scenarios.
The week concluded with the Certificate Distribution ceremony, where participants were
recognized for their successful completion of the internship program. Certificates were
awarded to acknowledge their dedication and the acquisition of valuable knowledge and skills
in drone technology. This recognition serves as a testament to their commitment and
achievements throughout the program.
56
CHAPTER-10
57
An Internship Report on
INNOVATION CENTRE FOR DRONE TECHNOLOGY
Submitted in accordance with the requirement for the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
By
BODDETI DINAKARA ADITYA

(Roll No. 22L35A0330)
Under the Faculty Guidance of
Mr.N. GANESH
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Vignan’s Institute of Information Technology(A)
(Approved by AICTE and Permanently Affiliated to JNTUGV, Vizianagaram)
Beside VSEZ, Duvvada, Visakhapatnam – 530049
2023-24
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the “Summer Internship report” submitted by BODDETI
DINAKARA ADITYA (Regd. No: - 22L35A0330) is work done by him and submitted
during 2023-24 academic year, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in Mechanical Department at
“INNOVATION CENTRE FOR DRONE TECHNOLOGY”, Visakhapatnam.
Internship Mentor Head-Internships

Mr.N. GANESH Dr.B. Prasad
Head of the Department

Dr. S. Rambabu
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my deep gratitude to my guide Mr.N. GANESH, Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vignan’s Institute of Information Technology,
Visakhapatnam for rendering me guidance and valuable advice always. He has been a
perennial source of inspiration and motivation right from the inception to the completion of
this project.
I am indeed very grateful to Dr. S. Rambabu, Head, Department of Mechanical,
Vignan’s IIT, Visakhapatnam for his ever willingness to share his valuable knowledge and
constantly inspire me through suggestions.
I sincerely thank all the Staff Members of the Department forgiving me their heart full support
in all stages of the project work and completion of this project. In all humility and reverence,
I express my profound sense of gratitude to all elders and Professors who have willingly
spared time, experience and knowledge to guide me in my internship.
BODDETI DINAKARA ADITYA

22L35A0330
ABSTRACT
During the internship at the Innovative Centre for Drone Technologies, the rapidly evolving
field of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones. This experience
provided a comprehensive understanding of drone engineering, including hardware
components, software algorithms, and the integration of cutting-edge technologies such as
artificial intelligence and machine learning. The projects aimed at enhancing drone
capabilities, focusing on improvements in flight stability, payload capacity, and autonomous
navigation.
A significant focus of the internship was exploring the diverse applications of drones across
various sectors. The use of agricultural drones for precision farming, industrial drones for
infrastructure inspection, delivery drones in logistics, and surveillance drones in security and
defence. These applications demonstrated the versatility and efficiency of drones in data
collection, real-time monitoring, and task automation, highlighting their transformative
potential across industries. Hands-on experience with drone assembly, programming, and
flight testing further deepened my understanding of the challenges and solutions in drone
deployment, including regulatory compliance, safety protocols, and environmental
considerations.
The internship concluded with an analysis of emerging trends in drone technology, such as
advancements in swarm intelligence, enhanced battery life, and integration with Internet of
Things (IoT) networks. The potential for innovation in drone technology is immense,
promising significant contributions to both commercial and humanitarian efforts. It not only
broadened my technical skills but also reinforced my interest in pursuing a career in drone
technology. The insights and experiences gained at the Innovative Centre for Drone
Technologies will undoubtedly shape my future endeavours in this dynamic and impactful
field.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................... 3
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ 4
1. INTRODUCTION OF DRONES .................................................................................................... 2
1.1. Basic characteristics of Drone ................................................................................................... 2
1.2. History ...................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3. Historical Timeline ................................................................................................................... 3
1.4. Historical References ................................................................................................................ 4
1.5. Types Of Drones ....................................................................................................................... 6
1.6. Categories Of UAV................................................................................................................... 8
1.6.1. Further sub-categories ........................................................................................................ 8
1.7. Four main types of drones ......................................................................................................... 8
1.8. Classification Of Unmanned Aerial System ............................................................................. 9
1.9. Drone Architecture.................................................................................................................... 9
1.10. Drone Parts ........................................................................................................................... 10
2. DRONES RULES INDIA, 2021 .................................................................................................... 12
2.1. Definitions .............................................................................................................................. 12
3. BRIEF OVERVIEW ON DRONE TECHNOLOGY IN GLOBAL MARKET ............................ 15
3.1. Global Developments in Drone usage..................................................................................... 15
3.2. Agri-tech ................................................................................................................................. 15
3.3. Air Mobility / Drone Taxis ..................................................................................................... 15
3.4. Safety Inspections ................................................................................................................... 16
3.5. Military and Defence services ................................................................................................. 16
3.6. Shipping and delivery ............................................................................................................. 16
3.7. Conservation of Wildlife......................................................................................................... 16
3.8. Building / infrastructure inspection ......................................................................................... 16
3.9. Disease Control ....................................................................................................................... 16
3.10. Healthcare ............................................................................................................................. 17
3.11. Thermal sensor drones for search and rescue operations .......................................................17
3.12. Internet Beams ...................................................................................................................... 17
4. DESIGN OF A DRONE ................................................................................................................ 19
4.1. Payload capacity ..................................................................................................................... 19
4.2. Flight time ............................................................................................................................... 19
4.3. Manoeuvrability ...................................................................................................................... 19
4.4. Frame configuration ................................................................................................................ 19
4.5. Application ............................................................................................................................. 20
4.6. The basic calculations for designing a drone .......................................................................... 20
4.7. 3d model analysis on ANSYS ................................................................................................. 22
4.8. Diﬀerent manufacturing process and materials for making a drone ........................................ 23
4.9. Benefits of compression moulding ......................................................................................... 24
4.10. Most common materials used in manufacturing a drone ....................................................... 24
4.11. Planning and Prototyping ...................................................................................................... 25
4.12. Framing ................................................................................................................................. 25
5. Brief Architecture of Drone ........................................................................................................... 27
5.1. Avionics .................................................................................................................................. 27
5.2. Flight Controller ..................................................................................................................... 27
5.3. Sensors .................................................................................................................................... 28
5.4. Communication/Control Interfaces ......................................................................................... 29
5.5. Navigation ............................................................................................................................... 29
5.5.1. How it works .................................................................................................................... 30
5.6. Remote Controllers ................................................................................................................. 30
5.7. Telemetry ................................................................................................................................ 31
5.8. Propulsion Systems ................................................................................................................. 32
5.9. Brushless DC Motors .............................................................................................................. 32
5.9.1. Types ................................................................................................................................ 32
5.9.2. Working ........................................................................................................................... 33
5.10. Electronic Speed Controller .................................................................................................. 33
5.11. Propellors .............................................................................................................................. 34
5.11.1. Features .......................................................................................................................... 34
5.12. Power Systems ...................................................................................................................... 35
5.12.1. Types of Power Systems ................................................................................................ 35
5.13. Types of Batteries ................................................................................................................. 36
5.14. Cell Compositions and Voltage Calculations........................................................................ 36
5.15. Payloads & Optical Sensors .................................................................................................. 36
5.16. Payload Categories................................................................................................................ 37
5.17. Brief Overview of Payload Sensors in drones ....................................................................... 37
5.18. Design Software for Electronic Parts in Drones ................................................................... 38
5.19. Drones w.r.t Payloads and Applications ............................................................................... 39
6. DRONE FLIGHT SOFTWARE GROUND CONTROL STATION ............................................ 41
6.1. Mission Planner ...................................................................................................................... 42
6.2. Q Ground control .................................................................................................................... 42
6.3. Beta Flight............................................................................................................................... 43
6.4. Agri Assistant ......................................................................................................................... 43
7. ASSEMBLY OF A DRONE ......................................................................................................... 45
7.1. Steps For Assembly of Drone ................................................................................................. 45
8. PRE- FLIGHT CHECKS & POST FLIGHT CHECKS ................................................................ 47
8.1. Pre-Flight Checks ................................................................................................................... 47
8.2. Post Flight Checks .................................................................................................................. 47
9. ACTIVITY LOG AND WEEKLY REPORTS ............................................................................. 49
9.1. ACTIVITY LOG FOR WEEK-1 ............................................................................................ 49
9.1.1. WEEKLY -1 REPORT .................................................................................................... 50
9.2.1. WEEK-2 REPORT .......................................................................................................... 52
9.3.1. WEEK -3 REPORT.......................................................................................................... 54
9.4.1. WEEK-4 REPORT .......................................................................................................... 56
10. OUTCOMES DESCRIPTION ..................................................................................................... 58
11. DAILY ACTIVITY GPS PHOTOS ............................................................................................ 60
12. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE .................................................................................. 65
CHAPTER-1
1
INTRODUCTION OF DRONES
Drone: - Surely you are not expecting me to say "A drone is a male honey bee's humming
sound while flying" but it’s true and you will be surprised to know that the term 'Drone' coined
from this similarity of flying drone with flying bee’s sound.
Definition: - Any aircraft or flying machine operated without a human pilot such machines is
called an “UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (UAV)”. IT can be guided autonomously or
remotely by a human operator using onboard computers and robots.
The technical definition of drone. In my sense below these three definitions are perfect for
giving you an idea of what exactly is drone.
 According to most of the dictionaries "A Drone is an unmanned aircraft or ship guided by
remote control or onboard computers."
 "A drone is a flying robot that can be remotely controlled or fly autonomously through
software-controlled flight plans in their embedded systems, working in conjunction with
onboard sensors and GPS."
 "Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or Drones are aircraft with no onboard crew or
passengers. They can be automated ‘drones’ or remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs)."
1.1. Basic characteristics of Drone:

 A drone is an unmanned Aircraft, a flying Robot and known as UAV or RPV.
 Drone can be completely Autonomous with the help of onboard software and FCB.
 Drones can be remotely controlled (RC) by Bi-directional radio wave.
 Most Drones works in conjunction with onboard sensors and GPS.
 Drone can have fixed wing, rotary wing or hybrid designs.
 Most drones have various kinds of Autonomy related features like Headless mode, Follow
me, One key return etc.
1.2. History
When it comes to aviation war worth it. World war 1 & 2 and cold war as well was the golden
age of design and manufacturing newer and better manned, unmanned aircrafts throughout the
world. You might not believe the first unmanned aerial exploding balloons to the unmanned
flying taxi in this section, we will let you know when everything originated at the very
beginning. Get ready to travel the timeline of UAV milestones.
The founding father of UAV: Abraham Karem was born in Baghdad to a Jewish couple. His
family moved to Israel in 1951, where he grew up. Since an early age, he had an innate passion
for aeronautics, and at the age of 14, he started building model aircraft. Karem is regarded as
the founding father of UAV (drone) technology. He graduated in aeronautical engineering from
the Technion. He built his first drone during the Yom Kippur war for the Israeli Air Force. In
the 1970s, he immigrated to the United States. He founded Leading Systems Inc. in his home
garage, where he started manufacturing his first drone, Albatross, and later on, the more
2
sophisticated Amber, which eventually evolved into the famous Predator drone, which brought
him the title of "Drone father".
1.3. Historical Timeline:

1839: The earliest UAV in the history of drones was seen in 1839, when Austrian soldiers
attacked the city of Venice with unmanned balloons filled with explosives.
1896: First use of UAV using camera for surveillance.
1907: The world’s first quadcopter was created by inventor brothers Jacques and Louis Breguet.
1917: The Ruston Proctor Aerial Target became the first pilotless winged aircraft in history. It
was a radio-controlled pilotless airplane, based on RC technology from the inventor Nikola
Tesla.
1943: Created for use by the German military during World War II, “Fritz X” was the nickname
given to the FX-1400, the first remote-controlled weapon that was actually put into operational
use. Boom in RC planes popularity in the U.S. Mostly coming in kit form, these RC planes
offered everything.
1960: Boom in RC planes popularity in the U.S. Mostly coming in kit form, these RC planes
offered everything from indoor-flyable models to much larger outdoor models. Modern drone
warfare began in 1982, when Israel coordinated the use of battlefield UAVs alongside.
1982: Modern drone warfare began in 1982, when Israel coordinated the use of battlefield
UAVs alongside manned aircraft to wipe out the Syrian fleet with very minimal losses.
1993: Monitoring of climate and environment using drone begins.
2001: In the aftermath of 9/11, the CIA began flying armed drones over Afghanistan as part of
the war against the Taliban. The first CIA drone-based kill operation took place in February
2002.
3
1.4. Historical References:
Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2
1483: Air Gyroscope by Leonardo Da Vinci 1782: Unmanned Balloons Filled with explosives

1917: First Automatic Gyro UAV (Curtiss N-9) 1918: Kettering Bug (UAV)
1935: Queen Bee Drone 1950: Ryan Ferebee UAV
4
1973: Mastiff First Israel Military UAV 1986: RQ2 Pioneer UAV
1995: RQ1 – Predator UAV 2001: First Armed Drone Strikes
2006: DJI Commercial Use of Drones 2010: Introduction of Parrot AR. Drone
5
2014: Amazon Drone Delivery 2018: First Passenger Drones on The Market
1.5. Types Of Drones
Single-Rotor Drones: These are by far some of the most

basic types of drones. As the name would imply, it
employs only a single rotor
Figure 1.15 Single-Rotor Drones
Multi-Rotor Drones: Where a single-rotor drone looks like a

helicopter and is able to maintain flight with a single rotor, these
units have several rotors positioned at strategic points on the craft.
These extra rotors can make it easier for the craft to maintain its
balance and keep hovering.
Figure 1.16 Multi-Rotor Drones
Fixed Wing Drone: The lack of rotors and fixed-wing

style of these drones make them more similar to
controllable airplanes rather than the helicopter style of
other drones. Rather than rotors, their wings provide
vertical lift, which means they only need enough
energy.
Figure 1.17 Fixed Wing Drone
6
Fixed-Wing Hybrid Drones: These types of drone
attempt to take the best from fixed-wing and rotor-based
designs, making for drones that feature both. A fixed-
wing hybrid drone will tend to have a couple rotors
attached to the ends of fixed wings
Figure 1.18 Fixed-Wing Hybrid Drones
Tactical Drones: These drones are large enough to not

be pocket-sized, while still being far smaller than the
type used for general combat and larger tasks. These
types of drones are often used for surveillance work.
Figure 1.19 Tactical Drones
Reconnaissance Drones: With another military drone

class, we once again move up in size a bit to drones
that are not designed to be handheld. Instead, these
drones measure around 16 ft long, are launched from
the ground, and are called Medium Altitude Long
Endurance (MALE) or High-Altitude Long
Endurance (HALE) drones.
Figure 1.20 Reconnaissance Drones
High Altitude Combat Drones: By contrast, there are

large drones that are not meant to be used in combat.
These can take on a variety of jobs, often reconnaissance,
and are used for more large-scale recon missions than
their miniscule Black Hornet and Raven counterparts
Figure 1.21 High Altitude Combat Drones
7
Target and Decoy Drones: some target and decoy
drones can carry out their mission by simulating an
incoming missile. This can draw fire from ground
anti- aircraft units, thereby distracting them from
any actual combat drones or incoming missiles
Figure 1.22 Target and Decoy Drones
1.6. Categories Of UAV

IN 3 CATEGORIES
(1) Aeroplane (2) Rotorcraft (3) Hybrid unmanned aircraft system
1.6.1. Further sub-categories

(a) Remotely Piloted Aircraft System
(b) Model Remotely Piloted Aircraft System
(c) Autonomous Unmanned aircraft System
1.7. Four main types of drones

(1) Multi-Rotor Drones
(2) Fixed-Wing Drones
(3) Single-Rotor Drones
(4) Fixed-Wing Hybrid VTOL Drones
1) Multi-Rotor Drones: Multi-rotor drones are the easiest and cheapest option for getting an
‘eye in the sky.’ They also offer greater control over position and framing, and hence they
are perfect for aerial photography and surveillance. Multi rotors are drones with more than
one rotor like bi-copter, tri-copter, quad-copter, hex-copter and octo-copter.
2) Fixed-Wing Drones: A fixed-wing drone has one rigid wing that is designed to look and
work like an aeroplane, providing the lift rather than vertical lift rotors. Hence, this drone
type only needs the energy to move forward and not to hold itself in the air. This makes
them energy-efficient.
8
3) Single-Rotor Drones: Single-rotor drone types are strong and durable. They look similar
to actual helicopters in structure and design. A single-rotor has just one rotor, which is like
one big spinning wing, plus a tail rotor to control direction and stability.
4) Fixed-Wing Hybrid VTOL Drones: Hybrid VTOL drone types merge the benefits of
fixed-wing and rotor-based designs. This drone type has rotors attached to the fixed wings,
allowing it to hover and take off and land vertically. This new category of hybrids is only a
few on the market, but as technology advances, this option can be much more popular in
the coming years.
1.8. Classification Of Unmanned Aerial System

Drones shall be classified based upon the maximum all-up weight including payload as under
Nano drone: Less than or equal to 250 grams
Micro drone: Greater than 250 gram and less than or equal to 2 kilograms
Small drone: Greater than 2 kilogram and less than or equal to 25 kilograms
Medium drone: Greater than 25 kilogram and less than or equal to 150 kilograms
Large drone: Greater than 150 kilograms.
MALE: Medium Altitude, Long Endurance – Up to 30,000 feet, Range over 200 kilograms.
HALE: High Altitude, Long Endurance – More than 30,000 feet, Range over Indefinite.
1.9. Drone Architecture
Figure 1.23 Drone Architecture
9
1.10. Drone Parts
1) Frame: This is a structure (FRAME) in which all the other parts fit in. It acts as a skeleton
in which different components are placed in such a manner that they uniformly distribute
the drone’s center of gravity. Different drone designs have different frames structure with
a minimum of 3 propeller fitting gaps.
2) Motors: Motors are essential for the propeller’s rotation. This enhances a thrust force for
propelling the drone. Still, the number of motors should be the same as the number of
propellers. The motors are also fitted in a way such that they are easily rotated by the
controller. Their rotation enhances the drone control in terms of direction.
3) Electronic speed controller (ESC): This is an electronic control board that varies the
motor’s speed. It also acts a dynamic brake. The component helps the ground pilot to
approximate the height at which the drone is running in.
4) Flight Control/Board: The flight board makes a log of the take-off place just in case the
need arises for the drone to go back to its take-off location without being guided. This is
known as ‘return to home’ feature. It also determines and calculates the drone’s altitude in
respect to the amount of power it consumes.
5) Propellers: Propellers are clove like blades structured to create a different in air pressure.
When in motion, they cut through the air creating difference in pressure between the top
and bottom of the rotors.
6) Radio Transmitter: It is a channelled transmitter and a communicator to the drone. Each

channel has specific frequency capable of steering the drone in a certain motion. Drones
require at least 4 channels for effective operation.
7) Battery, Electronics, and Power Distribution Cables: The battery acts as the power
source to the drone. Nickel Metal Hybrid or Nickel cadmium-based batteries were first
used; however, their use has diminished while the use of lithium batteries has increased.
8) Landing Gear: This is structure meant for safely landing the drone. However, it can be
exempted since an experienced user is capable of balancing the motors speed for safe
landing I emergencies. There are two major types of landing gear. One is fixed landing gear
and the other is retractable landing gear.
10
CHAPTER-2
11
DRONES ACTS IN INDIA, 2021.
The draft of the Drone Rules, 2021, which the Central Government had proposed to make in
supersession of the Unmanned Aircraft System Rules, 2021, were published, as required under
section 14 of the Aircraft Act, 1934.
These rules shall apply to
1) All persons owning or possessing, or engaged in leasing, operating, transferring or
maintaining an unmanned aircraft system in India;
2) All unmanned aircraft systems that are registered in India; and
3) All unmanned aircraft systems that are being operated for the time being, in or over India.
4) These rules shall not apply to an unmanned aircraft system belonging to, or used by, the
naval, military or air forces of the Union of India.
2.1. Definitions:
1) “Drone” means an unmanned aircraft system;
2) “Drone acknowledgement number” means the unique number issued by the digital sky
platform under the voluntary disclosure scheme for unmanned aircraft systems in India;
3) “Geo-fencing” means restricting the movement of unmanned aircraft system within a
defined airspace;
4) “Green zone” means the airspace of defined dimensions above the land areas or territorial
waters of India, up to a vertical distance of 400 feet or 120 metre that has not been designated
as a red zone or yellow zone in the airspace map for unmanned aircraft system operations and
the airspace up to a vertical distance of 200 feet or 60 metre above the area located between
a lateral distance of 8 kilometre and 12 kilometres from the perimeter of an operational
airport.
5) “Yellow zone” means the airspace of defined dimensions above the land areas or territorial
waters of India within which unmanned aircraft system operations are restricted and shall
require permission from the concerned air traffic control authority. The airspace above 400
feet or 120 metre in the designated green zone and the airspace above 200 feet or 60 metre in,
the area located between the lateral distance of 8 kilometre and 12 kilometres from the
perimeter of an operational airport, shall be designated as yellow zone.
6) “Red zone” means the airspace of defined dimensions, above the land areas or territorial
waters of India, or any installation or notified port limits specified by the Central Government
beyond the territorial waters of India, within which unmanned aircraft system operations shall
be permitted only by the Central Government.
7) “Rotorcraft” means a heavier-than-air aircraft supported in flight by the reactions of the air
on one or more power driven rotors on substantially vertical axes;
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8) “Type certificate” means a certificate issued by the Director General or any other entity
authorised by the Director General, certifying that the unmanned aircraft system of a specific
type meets with the requirements specified under these rules.
9) “Unique Identification Number” means the unique identification number issued for
registering an unmanned aircraft system in India.
10) Any person who intends to register and obtain a unique identification number for his
unmanned aircraft system shall make an application in Form D-2 on the digital sky platform
along with the fee as specified in rule 46 and provide requisite details including the unique
number of the type certificate to which such unmanned aircraft system conforms.
11) An individual shall be eligible to obtain a remote pilot licence, if he––
a) is not less than eighteen years of age and not more than sixty-five years of age.
b) has passed class tenth examination or its equivalent from a recognised Board
c) has successfully completed such training as may be specified by the Director
General, from any authorised remote pilot training organization.
12) Any person who intends to obtain the authorisation to establish a remote pilot training
organisation shall submit an application to the Director General in Form D-5 on the digital
sky platform, along with the fees as specified in rule 46.
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CHAPTER-3
14
BRIEF OVERVIEW ON DRONE TECHNOLOGY IN
GLOBAL MARKET
 The Indian legal regime’s relationship with drones has been eventful in the recent years and
rather tumultuous at its best times. When the Government of India notified the revised law
on drones in March 2021, the industry was taken aback by the extent of restrictions and
compliance requirements that were introduced. This was despite years of consultations and
negotiations with various stakeholders undertaken by the Government.
 From an economic perspective, the drone industry has massive potential in terms of giving
a boost by attracting significant global investments in India.
 The Unmanned Aircraft System (“UAS”) market in India is projected to yield a turnover
of USD 1.8 billion by 2026 in light of the recent government approved PLI scheme in India.
This would be a massive increase, given that the drone manufacturing companies in India
yield a turnover of approximately INR 80 crore (USD 10 million).
1.1. Global Developments in Drone usage:

Over the past few years, drones have come to be used in various industries and for varied
purposes. Other uses of drones include aerial photography, express shipping or delivery of
goods, supplying essentials to remote places, thermal sensor drones for search and rescue
operations, geographic mapping, crop monitoring, forecasting, etc. The usage of drones in
urban planning, infrastructure development, construction planning, maritime procedures,
manufacturing and inventory management, etc., are also notable. We have detailed some of
these use cases below.
1.2. Agri-tech:
With the use of drones, the agricultural sector is able to gather data, automate redundant
processes, and improve efficiency. drones can also be used for crop observation / monitoring
along with analyses of the fields / soil which would aid in crop health. Thus, farmers can
optimize the use of inputs (fertilizers, seed, water, etc) and react suitably which in turn would
save / enhance crop yield.
1.3. Air Mobility / Drone Taxis:

With the crowding of the streets with cars and hours of traffic jams falling in the way of hassle-
free commute, numerous companies around the world are exploring the idea of drone taxis or
passenger drones that can be summoned like the Olas and Ubers of the world, where the latter
is also in the process of enabling such air mobility through tie-ups with aircraft manufacturers.
Some reports suggest that within 20 years, electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL)
aircraft manufacturers, operators and infrastructure providers will have a market value of $318
billion.
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1.4. Safety Inspections:
Various companies are required to carry out inspections on a regular basis in order to ensure
the safety of work environment and the foolproofness of the infrastructure. Drone usage has
enabled these companies to eliminate human factor in such inspections and has made the
process more time efficient and safe. Drones enabled with imagery technology enables
companies to get a detailed output of such inspections in order to undertake improvements in
the infrastructure or safety requirements.
1.5. Military and Defence services:

Given the strategic size of drones, their use in military operations surfaced decades ago.
Numerous countries (with the US, UK, China and Israel being some of the first countries) have
already adopted drone technology for military activities. While drones have been in use by the
defence forces of these countries for a few years, drones are being designed exclusively for
surveillance and defence, as well as for offensive operations and bomb detection.
1.6. Shipping and delivery:

The commercial usage of drones for shipping and delivery of goods has gained momentum in
the recent years as it aids the logistics chain and provides faster and efficient means of transport.
The deliveries may range from that of medicines to posts, packages and even pizzas. While
India struggled with the supply-chain disruptions during the pandemic, drones emerged as a
new ray of hope in enabling such deliveries to the doorstep and to remote areas. This will not
only solve logistical issues but would enable time sensitive and faster deliveries to take place
around the world.
1.7. Conservation of Wildlife:

While drones enable the monitoring of agriculture related activities, they have also come to
assist in monitoring the fauna of various regions. Wildlife monitoring is essential as it can assist
in the prevention of poaching and the footage from such drones would assist in studying animal
behaviour and patterns.
1.8. Building / infrastructure inspection:

Given the ease of accessibility that drones provide, they are also being used for inspecting
remote / hazardous areas of various infrastructure such as chimneys, boilers, etc. The visual
capability of drones is a great substitute for actual human inspection, and drones can even be
equipped with thermal or multispectral sensors for specialised inspection.
Drones are also being developed for monitoring of highways and inaccessible terrains for
accidents, traffic control, etc. they are coupled with an alerting system to bring attention of the
officials to incidents that may not be reported otherwise.
1.9. Disease Control:

An example of monitoring of diseases by the use of drones is the study carried out for tracking
the spread of and predicting the transmission of a tropical disease caused by parasitic worms
i.e. schistosomiasis. The drones are used for tracking certain types of vegetation where snails
which transmit these diseases may make their habitats. Microsoft is also leveraging drone
technology to capture and test mosquitoes for infectious disease. Ideally, this intelligence could
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be used to protect local residents, and in the future could help prevent epidemics before they
begin.
1.10. Healthcare:
In times of the pandemic and the necessity of accessing healthcare for individuals all over the
world including individuals situated in remote places, the use of drones for the last mile
delivery is gain immense popularity. While medical supplies can be delivered by traditional
means, certain circumstances call for quick access to drugs, blood, and medical technology,
drones have expedited access to these facilities for remote regions. One of the most well-
known medical delivery companies is Zipline International, which offers delivery drones in
rural areas throughout Africa and in numerous other countries.
1.11. Thermal sensor drones for search and rescue operations:

When drones are equipped with a camera and thermal or optical sensors, their usage in disaster
management and rescue operations becomes especially crucial. For example, predator drones
which are commonly used for military operations, were used to rescue and detect citizens in
the aftermath of the hurricane Katrina in the US. The use of such drones enables safe navigation
and efficiency in rescue operations.
1.12. Internet Beams:

Companies such as Facebook and Google are developing drones run by solar power which
would beam the internet access to remote areas. It is a technology under discussion and may
develop in the coming years with an aim of bringing more people online or providing them
with greater access to internet.
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CHAPTER-4
18
DESIGN OF A DRONE
While designing a drone/drone airframe a person must have some basic idea on concepts like
engineering drawing, 3D and isometric views. These basic concepts will help through 3d
designing and modelling of structures in design software.
Below are the essential factors to take into consideration while designing a drone
1.13. Payload capacity:

The payload is the weight a drone or unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can carry. It is usually
counted outside of the weight of the drone itself and includes anything additional to the drone
such as extra cameras, sensors, or packages for delivery, and tank (agriculture spraying tank).
1.14. Flight time:

Flight time is the duration of drone in flying from take-off to landing.
1.15. Manoeuvrability:
It is the quality of a drone being easy to move and direct. Manoeuvrability of drone is mostly
relay on few different aspects of drone like weight, configuration or type of the drone which
should be considered while designing a drone.
1.16. Frame configuration:

The configuration of drone in simple terms is the airframe design/type of the drone having
number of arms or rotors configured to the air frame which will explain the type of the drone
to be design to the requirement.
Figure 4.1 Frame configuration
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1.17. Application:
Drones have many applications to meet different requirements. By understanding the
application of the drone, we design or built the air frame to meet the requirements. In this
process all the above considerations are met to produce a drone.
a) Agriculture spraying.
b) Aerial Photography & Videography.
c) Real estate photography.
d) Mapping & Surveying.
e) Asset Inspection.
f) Payload carrying.
g) Military.
Figure 4.2 Application
1.18. The basic calculations for designing a drone:

1. Thrust to weight ratio
2. Motor type to propeller size ratio
3. Drone frame configuration/Air frame type
4. Maximum take-off weight
1. Thrust to weight ratio calculations:

In all types of multirotor, it is important to make sure that the motors used in your drone can
product around 50% more thrust than the actual weight of the drone. If the thrust of all motors
is less, the drone will not respond well to your control and its take-off. You drone motors have
to remain stable and well functional even in times of slightly windy condition. With the high
thrust to weight ratio, a drone will have greater agility and acceleration but it will be harder to
control as well.
For example, if the total weight of your drone is 1 kg, the total thrust generated by the motors
at 100% throttle should be 2Kg or 500g per motor (for quadcopter.
If you are planning to fly the drone slow and stable aerial photography, you should have to
maintain the thrust to weight ratio of 3:1 or 4:1
2. Motor type to propeller size ratio:

Generally, the brushless motors categorized by a four-digit number. For example, motor named
like 2205, the first 2 digits represents the diameter of the stator (in mm). The last 2 digits
represent stator height (in mm). Essentially, the wider and taller the motor can produce more
torque.
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Figure 4.3 Motor type to propeller size ratio
Taller stator = more power at higher

RPM Wider stator = more torque at lower RPM
What kind of motor size we should use depends on the actual frame size. The dependency is
like that the frame size limits propeller size and propeller measurement limits the motor size
and KV.
Figure 4.4 Frame size
3. Drone frame configuration/Air frame type:

There are few calculations referring to drone frame configuration based on number of rotors
installed on to the Airframe. According to the above calculations and the weight, flight time,
manoeuvrability of the drone. The airframe and number of rotors are estimated.
4. Maximum take-off weight:

Maximum take-off weight of the drone is calculations includes overall weight of the drone
(airframe, avionics, propellers, motors, battery, GPS, etc) plus payload to the maximum thrust
of the motors at 50% throttle gives you the maximum take-off weight of the drone.
Designing and 3d modelling of drone air frame can be done using many available software’s
like (CATIA, SOLIDWORKS, AUTODESK FUSION 360, ANSYS/SPACECLAIM) ETC.
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1.19. 3d model analysis on ANSYS:
3d model or structural analysis can be done by using ANSYS software Generating a mesh for
structural analysis of variable loads on drone airframe using ANSYS
This is the drone airframes which are designed using ANSYS Space claim. It is a quadcopter
with a payload capacity of 10 to 15 kg and expected flight time of 12 to 15 minutes. The
materials composition of the frame consists of (high quality plastic, high grade aluminium and
carbon fibre, other composites).
Figure 4.5 3D model
ANSYS is a general-purpose, finite element modelling package for numerically solving a wide
variety of mechanical problems. These problems include static/dynamic, structural analysis,
heat transfer, and fluid problems, as well as acoustic and electromagnetic problems.
Figure 4.6 3D Model Analysis
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1.20. Different manufacturing process and materials for making a drone:
Most common manufacturing processes used for produce a drone are:
1. CNC MACHINING
2. INJECTION MOULDING
3. 3D PRINTING.
4. COMPRESSION MOULDING
1. CNC machining:
It is a computerized manufacturing process in which pre-programmed software and code
controls the movement of production equipment. CNC machining controls a range of complex
machinery, such as grinders, lathes, and turning mills, all of which are used to cut, shape, and
create different parts and prototypes.
2. Injection moulding:
The process of injection moulding is divided into 6 major steps as shown below.
• Clamping.
• Injection.
• Dwelling
• Cooling
• Moulding
• Removal of Product
Figure 4.7 Injection moulding

3. 3d printing:
Below are the some of the benefits of 3d printing.
• Flexible Design.
• Rapid Prototyping.
• Print on Demand.
• Strong and Lightweight Parts.
• Fast Design and Production.
• Minimizing Waste.
• Cost Effective.
Figure 4.8 3D printing
4. Compression moulding:
Compression moulding is a process of moulding in which a feeding material is placed into an
open, heated mould cavity. The mould is then closed with a top plug and compressed with large
23
hydraulic presses in order to have the material contact all areas of the mould. The charge cures
in the heated mould
1.21. Benefits of compression moulding:

• It is a simpler process.
• It involves lower tooling costs.
• It is great for producing large items and thicker parts.
• It can be a good choice for insert moulding and multi colour moulding.
• It is cost-effective for short production runs.
• It has a higher chance of post moulding costs.
Figure 4.9 Compression Moulding
1.22. Most common materials used in manufacturing a drone:

• Aluminium/aluminium alloys
• Carbon fibre
• Glass fibre
• Polyamide-Nylon
• Composite metals
• PLA (Polylactic acid)
• ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene)
Figure 4.10 Materials
• PETG (polyethylene terephthalate glycol)
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1.23. Planning and Prototyping:
Resource and design planning is a key element in any manufacturing process, as it ensures that
all potential issues are addressed before large-scale production. This step of the manufacturing
process becomes even more important in low-volume manufacturing, as the costs are higher.
So, for those looking to craft their own drone, plenty of time and attention should be dedicated
to this phase.
Prototyping is an experimental process where design teams implement ideas into tangible
forms from paper to digital. Teams build prototypes of varying degrees of fidelity to capture
design concepts and test on users. With prototypes, you can refine and validate your designs.
A drone prototype starts with a proposed design, which should be completed to scale before
any parts are purchased. The plan should also clearly indicate the purpose of the drone. Is it a
multi-purpose device that does a few basic functions or will it serve a specific purpose, such as
aerial photography or transportation? These decisions indicate key considerations, such as how
much it will need to be able to carry which translates into the weight of the materials and the
size of the motor.
A prototype may be assembled and found wanting, requiring changes to the original design to
get it right before final production.
changes to the original design to get it right before final production.
1.24. Framing:
The frame of a drone is the main contributor to structural integrity. This is often comprised of
a sturdy, yet lightweight material to find a balance between aerodynamics and durability. This
could be a plastic blend or even hollow metal.
In most cases, the frame is assembled in an X formation to provide additional support for the
motors and added durability overall.
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CHAPTER-5
26
Brief Architecture of Drone
Figure 5.1 Brief Architecture of Drone
5.1. Avionics
Avionics is a combination of aviation and electronics. Avionics are the electronic systems that
are used on airframe. Avionic systems include communications, navigation, the display and
management of multiple systems, and the hundreds of systems that are fitted to aerial vehicles
to perform specific functions.
The avionics installed in an airframe can include engine controls, flight control systems,
navigation, communications, flight recorders, lighting systems, threat detection, electro-optic
(EO/IR) systems, weather radar, performance monitors, and systems that carry out hundreds of
other mission and flight management tasks.
5.2. Flight Controller

The flight controller is the brain of the drone. Flight controllers are circuit boards that make
the decision to fly the drone. One of the major functions of a flight controller includes receiving
and processing the input signals from the receiver and executing appropriate commands given
by the users. It has specific sensors such as gyroscopes, accelerometers, a barometer, and a
compass. It includes 16/32-bit Processor, I/O module and several communication Interfaces to
communicate with other electronics.
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CAN
Figure 5.2 Flight Controller
5.3. Sensors
Gyroscopes help determine the angular orientation, and accelerometers help measure the
vibrations of a motor. The barometer finds the altitude, whereas the compass provides the
orientation relative to the earth’s magnetic field.
Figure 5.3 Sensors
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5.4. Communication/Control Interfaces
CAN - It is serial bus which connects device and allows them to communicate without any
host.
USB - It is a plug and play interface that allows a computer to communicate with peripheral
and other devices.
I2C - It is an Inter-Integrated Circuit which supports half-duplex communication.
SPI - The Serial Peripheral Interface is a synchronous serial communication interface
specification used for short-distance communication,
PPM/PWM - The PWM signal is used to control a single ESC or a single servo pulse width
modulation signal. PPM signal is a signal modulated by putting multiple control channels
together.
5.5. Navigation
Satellite Navigation is based on a global network of satellites that transmit radio signals from
medium earth orbit. It is a Satellite System which uses satellites to provide latitudes, longitudes
and altitude precisely to Navigation Receivers. This system is called GLOBAL NAVIGATION
SATELLITE SYSTEM (GNSS). GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO, BeiDou and IRNSS are current
GNSS systems.
Figure 5.4 Navigation
Each System consists of several group of satellites which called Constellation of Satellites. A
Constellation Satellite provides precise or global coverage such that anytime, every time at
least one satellite is available.
GPS is a Global Positioning system from US which uses 31 satellites which are operational at
any time. However, GPS receiver needs four satellites to work out its position in three
dimensions.
GLONASS, Globalnaya Navigazionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema, is a Russian Satellite System
consists of 24 Satellites which are currently operational.
Galileo is a European Satellite System which have 24 operational satellites.
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BeiDou is a Chinese Satellite System currently operational satellites are 44.
IRNSS, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System, identified as NAVIC, comprises of 7
active satellites, which covers overall India.
5.5.1. How it works

Navigation satellites are constantly transmitting signals. These are radio signals travelling at
the speed of light. These signals are detected by a GPS receiver. The receiver determines how
far they are from some of them. When the receiver calculates its distance from four or more
GPS satellites, it can determine your location. A GPS device works independently of the user's
internet connection or phone signal. However, their presence improves the accuracy of GPS
positioning.
The trilateration method is used to precisely determine the location. Trilateration/triangulation
is a method in which the receiver determines its distance from each satellite and then calculates
the intersection point to determine its location. The distance between a GPS receiver and a
satellite is calculated by deducting the time the signal was sent from the GPS satellite from the
time the signal was received by the GPS receiver.
Figure 5.5 Navigation satellites
5.6. Remote Controllers

Remote controller comes with a sky station module. Basically, RC is a Transmitter which
communicates with the receiver (sky station module). Remote Controller is a device which
operator or pilot uses to control the drone.
Every remote Controller set comes with knobs and switches where 4 channels are dedicated to
four controls like throttle, pitch, yaw and roll. Sticks in RC can be set for different flight modes
which includes RTL, Stabilize, GPS, Attitude, etc.
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Figure 5.6 Remote Controllers
RC communicates with a receiver in the drone via radio waves. The flight controller is linked
to the receiver via RC input. When the RC's controls are moved, signals are sent to the receiver
module, which then communicates with the flight controller. The signal is then sent to the
motors by the flight controller, causing the drone to fly in the desired direction.
Figure 5.7 Componenta of a Remote Controllers
5.7. Telemetry
Telemetry refers to data collected about the UAV and its surroundings and sent back to the
operator or receiver or ground control station (GCS). The telemetry provides altitude, speed,
direction, voltage, current and other properties of flying drone in real time. Telemetry can be
wired or wireless. Telemetry is a digital two-way data stream, which can both send data about
the flight down to a ground station and send command up to the flight controller. For this
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sending and receiving process, a device also named telemetry is used. It comes with a pair of
transmitter and receiver module with antennas.
Figure 5.8 Telemetry
5.8. Propulsion Systems

The propulsion system converts electrical energy into mechanical energy via motor propellers
to take a flight. The four controls on the wireless controller regulate the movement of the drone
via this propulsion system. It includes DC power sources, electronic speed controllers,
electronic converters, energy management systems, and electric motors.
5.9. Brushless DC Motors

Brushless motors are electronically commutated DC motors which doesn’t works with brushes.
Brushless Motors are much better than Brushed motors because of its smooth rotation.
Brushless Motors doesn’t produce much friction as much as brushed motors do. Brushless
Motors use speed controller which provides pulses of current to motor windings which control
the speed and torque of a motor.
5.9.1. Types
Motor consists of two parts. One is stator and other is rotor. The rotational part of the motor is
called Rotor whereas Stationary part is called Stator. The rotor part consists of permanent
magnets whereas stator part consists of coil windings which are called electromagnets.
In runner – If the rotor located in the center of the motor and stator winding surround the rotor,
it is called “In runner”. In this design, it produces a large amount of torque and heat get
dissipated easily.
Out runner – If the stator part is located at the core and rotor part is the outside of a motor, it
is called “Out runner”. this type of motors is highly preferred because of it operates at low rated
current.
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Figure 5.9 Brushless DC Motors
5.9.2. Working:
When the coil windings in the stator part are activated by current pulses, it produces magnetic
field and are called Electromagnets. These electromagnets of a stator attracts and repulses
permanent magnets of a rotor thus produces torque for the movement of a motor. As it is
brushless DC motor, DC voltage is not applied directly as same as brushed DC motor as it is
brushless. The Brushless DC motor is controlled by a controller. The controller which is a 3-
phase wired is called Electronic Speed Controller.
As it is controlled by 3 phase, overall coil windings of a stator part are arranged in 3 pairs. Each
pair is connected to each phase of a controller. For example. If there are 12 coil windings, there
are arranged in 3 pairs called 3 phases A, B, C. Each pair consisting of 4 windings.
5.10. Electronic Speed Controller
Figure 5.10 Electronic Speed Controller
An ESC or an Electronic Speed Controller controls the brushless motor movement or speed by
activating the appropriate MOSFETs to create the rotating magnetic field so that the motor
rotates. The Controller’s each wire is connected to each pair of winding. Controller switches
the MOSFET’s switch ON and OFF thus activating each phase one by one. So, if one phase is
activated, it produces magnetic field either attracting or repelling the permanent magnets thus
resulting the rotation of a rotor. This process is continued for each phase one by one
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continuously for the continuous rotation of a motor. But which phase should be activated
depends on the position of a rotor which can be done by placing hall sensors. As the rotors
permanent magnets rotate the Hall-effect sensors sense the magnetic field and generate a logic
“high” for one magnetic pole or logic “low” for the opposite pole. According to this information
the ESC knows when to activate the next commutation sequence or interval.
5.11. Propellors
Propellers are mechanical devices that convert rotary motion into linear thrust. The purpose of
the propeller is to provide a method of propulsion so the drone is able to fly. The propeller itself
consists of two or more blades connected together by a central hub that attaches the motor.
Propellors are attached to motors and propellor speed is dependent on how much voltage is
applied to the motor. This can be controlled by electronic speed controller (ESC).
Figure 5.11 Propellors
Drone propellers provide lift for the aircraft by spinning and creating an airflow, resulting in a
pressure difference between the propeller's top and bottom surfaces. This accelerates a mass of
air in one direction, creating lift that counteracts the force of gravity. Propellers for multirotor
drones are arranged in pairs and spun either clockwise or anti-clockwise to create balance. The
drone can hover, ascend, descend, or change its yaw, pitch, and roll by varying the speed of its
propellers.
5.11.1. Features
1. The propellors are clockwise (called pushers) and counter clockwise (called pullers).
The most reliable to recognize the correct propeller type by its shape as shown. The
thicker edge is the leading edge which moves in the direction of rotation. The trailing
edge is more radical scalloped and usually thinner.
2. Propellor is defined by Diameter and Pitch.
3. Diameter is the is the total length of the propeller from end to end. is the distance across
the circle made by the blade tips as the propeller rotates.
4. Pitch is the angle of the propeller and is defined as how far the propeller will move
forward under ideal conditions for every rotation.
5. Shorter propellers require less energy to get up to a particular speed, and easier to
control. Longer propellers generate more lift for a particular RPM and create greater
stability when hovering, but require more motor power.
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Figure 5.12 Propellors Features
5.12. Power Systems

Power Systems are the drone's energy source. It either includes a battery or an electric engine
Electrical power is generated by a starter generator.
5.12.1. Types of Power Systems
Hybrid System- Its power system is made up of two systems; Electric drive and a traditional
engine. The gasoline generator charges the battery, which powers the electric engine. Power
can be supplied by batteries, gasoline generators, or both. It is more compact and efficient than
a single gasoline engine. Hybrid UAV’s can accomplish a good take-off performance, climb
performance, silence and ultra -long endurance.
Electric System- An electric system represents good DC battery. It is simple to attach, simple
to replace and makes no noise, but its battery life is relatively short. A battery pack stores energy
in order to offer a steady supply for the required minimum operational time.
Figure 5.13 Types of Power Systems
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5.13. Types of Batteries
 Nickel Cadmium (NiCad): NiCad batteries use nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic
cadmium as electrodes. They have low energy capacity, discharge slowly, and have a shorter
lifespan compared to LiPo batteries. Their weight also leads to faster energy loss.
 Lithium High Voltage (Li Hv): Li Hv batteries are a type of LiPo battery with higher
voltage capacity, charging up to 4.35V per cell (compared to 4.2V for standard LiPo). They
provide more power initially but experience a rapid voltage drop when discharged.
 Li-ion Battery: Li-ion batteries offer high power density, long lifespan, and better
performance than NiCad batteries. They store energy through the reversible movement of
lithium ions, making them ideal for extended daily use.
 Lithium Polymer (LiPo) Battery: LiPo batteries use a polymer electrolyte, offering higher
specific energy and lighter weight than other lithium batteries. With a full voltage of 4.2V and
a nominal voltage of 3.7V, they are well-suited for applications with space constraints.
5.14. Cell Compositions and Voltage Calculations

Battery Pack consists of number of cells. Each cell has maximum voltage and minimum voltage
(nominal voltage). Number of cells used in battery depends on the power consumption of
overall drone. It mainly depends on motor input voltage, payload capacity, Maximum take-off
weight and weight category of the drone.
Each type of Battery has their own voltage. The total voltage for a battery can be calculated by
multiplying no. of cells and voltage of that type of cell. For example, Li-po battery nominal
voltage is 3.7 and full voltage is 4.2. If a 6 cell Li-Po battery provides
Minimum Voltage of 6s battery = 6×3.7 = 22.2v
Maximum Voltage of 6s battery =6 ×4.2 = 25.2v where s represents cell.
5.15. Payloads & Optical Sensors

The payload refers to the additional weight a drone can carry beyond its own structural weight.
This includes any equipment or cargo attached to the drone, such as cameras, sensors, pesticide
tanks, or delivery packages. Payload capacity varies depending on the drone model and design,
affecting its endurance and operational range. Drones can be equipped with various payloads
or sensors, depending on their purpose, to support applications like aerial photography,
environmental monitoring, agriculture, and logistics.
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`
Figure 5.14 Payloads & Optical Sensors
5.16. Payload Categories

Payload Categories are classified into 2 types depending on the mounting and how it works
during flight mission.
1. Active Payloads:
Active Payloads are payloads that are fully or partially active throughout the mission. The
active payload's functions include mapping, data collection, surveillance, and so on. Active
payloads include cameras, LiDAR, thermal imaging sensors, spraying pipes, water pumps and
so on.
2. Passive Payloads:
Passive Payloads are payloads that are inactive during the mission. Passive payloads are
typically deliverable at a predefined destination, such as food delivery or product delivery.
These payloads are capable of being released from the aerial vehicle during flight based on the
signal received from the radio controller (RC) or ground control station (GCS). In some
situations, based on the previously entered destination location, it will be released
automatically
5.17. Brief Overview of Payload Sensors in drones

The sensor can be defined as a device which can be used to sense/detect the physical quantity
like force, pressure, strain, light etc and then convert it into desired output like the electrical
signal to measure the applied physical quantity.
The overview of each payload sensors used in drones as follows:
1. Obstacle Avoidance Sensor
The Infrared Obstacle Avoidance Sensor is equipped with both sending and receiving infrared
sensors. When an obstruction occurs in the line of infrared light, it is reflected back by the
obstacle and detected by the receiver. Sound waves are used in ultrasonic obstacle avoidance
sensors. The ultrasonic sensor emits sound waves, which are reflected back if an item is in front
37
of it. The sensor detects these waves and measures the time it takes for those waves to be
transmitted and received. The time interval between sensor and object is then used to calculate
distance.
2. Multispectral Sensor
Multispectral sensors can gather visible wavelengths (R, G, B) as well as wavelengths that are
not visible. Near-infrared radiation (NIR), short-wave infrared radiation (SWIR), and others
are examples.
Multispectral technologies image various parts of the light spectrum at the same time using
sensors. This is especially important in agricultural operations for detecting plant varieties and
diseases because plants reflect light differently depending on development stage, stress level,
and disease degree.
3. Thermal Image Sensor
Thermal imaging is an essential skill for drone operations performing industrial inspection
missions. It allows pilots to see through difficult lighting conditions. Thermal cameras with
radiometric capabilities enable pilots to estimate the surface temperature of objects at a scene
in addition to "seeing" heat. Inspecting big solar panel arrays or industrial roofs, sometimes in
combination with RGB cameras, are two popular thermal-based missions.
4. Lidar Sensor:
Lidar is acronym of Light Detection and Ranging. It is a way of calculating ranges by using a
laser to target an item or a surface and measuring the time it takes for the reflected light to
return to the receiver. By altering the wavelength of light, it can also be used to create
computerized 3-D renderings of locations on the Earth's surface and ocean bottom in near-
coastal zone. It has uses on the ground, in the air, and on mobile devices. That is why it is also
known as 3-D laser scanning, a rare mix of 3-D scanning and laser scanning
5.18. Design Software for Electronic Parts in Drones

Drones rely heavily on electronic components. As an Unmanned Ariel
Vehicle, a Drone requires a Control Unit, communication system and Positioning System.
These Electronics are made up of appropriate components that are assembled on a Printed
Circuit Board. Before assembling the components, the board must be designed and fabricated
using Designing Software and PCB Manufacturing Machinery.
Design software commonly used include Easy EDA, Altium, Eagle, Proteus, KiCad, and
OrCAD.
38
5.19. Drones w.r.t Payloads and Applications
Drone Payload Application
Sprayer Drone Sprayers with • Pesticide Spraying

Water pump • Fire Prevention
Agriculture Sprayers, • Agriculture spraying,

Drone Seed Spreaders, • Precision Spreading
Water Tanks, • Crop Monitoring
Imaging sensors • Soil health Monitoring
Surveillance Multispectral • Industrial Area,

Drone Sensor • Public Gatherings
• Coastal Inspections
• Search and Rescue
• Industrial Inspections
Delivery Drones Parcels, • Logistics

Packages, • Transportation of Emergency
Medicine Boxes Supplies
Mapping Drones RGB sensor • Land Surveying

• Marine
• Wildlife conservations
• Constructions
Nano drones Optical Cameras • Photogrammetry

Tracking systems • Military Inspections
• Law Enforcement
• Surveying
39
CHAPTER-6
40
DRONE FLIGHT SOFTWARE GROUND CONTROL
STATION
Drone control software allows for the safe and precise operation of unmanned aerial vehicles.
Flight control software can be used for drone navigation and ground control, as well as payload
and autopilot management, due to a set of functions and control interfaces. Monitoring and
security settings in UAV flight control software can help to reduce the danger of failure,
accident, or cyber-attack.
Features:
 Waypoints can be used to create an autonomous flight plan.
 It is able to adjust the altitude and speed.
 In real time View of the camera can be seen
 During flying, flight modes such as GPS mode, alt hold and RTL can be
changed.
 Parameters Battery voltages and spray functionalities can be modified.
 The software displays the remote controller's position as well as the drone's
position and direction of flight in real time.
 Boundary points, altitude limits, and distance limits can be configured to
prevent the drone from flying over visible areas in the event of a control failure.
 The amount of pesticide sprayed in a certain region can be determined and
recorded.
 If the remote controller fails to control the drone, it can be controlled using
ground control software.
The software displays the GPS signal strength, battery voltage, and flight mode of the drone.
Some of the drone flight software’s in the market are
1. Mission Planner
2. Q Ground Control
3. Betalight
4. Agri Assistant
41
6.1. Mission Planner

developers.
42
6.3. Beta Flight
6.4. Agri Assistant

43
CHAPTER-7
44
ASSEMBLY OF A DRONE

45
CHAPTER-8
46

47
CHAPTER-9
48

Signature

Day-1 30/04/2024
internship

Day-2 01/05/2024
assessment.

Day-3 02/05/2024
applications.

Day-4 03/05/2024
principles

on drone operation
and control.

drone components
49
WEEKLY -1 REPORT

To provide a foundational understanding of drone technologies, their history, applications,
working principles, controls, and key components.
Detailed Report:
During the first week of my summer internship, I gained a comprehensive introduction to the
program and its objectives. I started by completing the enrollment process and interacting
with the senior manager, which provided an overview of the internship and established initial
communication.
The next day, the program structure was introduced, and I undertook a pre-assessment to
evaluate my initial knowledge levels. I then focused on the history and evolution of drone
technologies, learning about various applications of drones across different industries.
Following this, I delved into the working principles of drones, which helped me understand
the fundamental aspects of drone operation. Later, I dedicated time to learning about drone
controls, acquiring essential knowledge on operating and controlling drones.
Finally, I explored the key components of drones, gaining a clear understanding of each
component's function and importance. This week laid a solid foundation for my understanding
of drones and their applications, preparing me for more advanced topics in the upcoming
weeks.
50
9.2. ACTIVITY LOG FOR WEEK-2

Signature
Understood the
forces
Day-1 08/05/2024 Forces acting upon a
influencing drone
Drone and its
flight and the
propulsion system
principles of its
propulsion
system.
Learned about
various drone
Day-2 09/05/2024 Frame Configuration
frame
& Payloads
configurations
and their payload
capacities.
Gained
knowledge of
Day-3 10/05/2024 Power systems of
drone power
Drone System and
systems and
Battery Management
effective battery
management.
Explored various
drone flight
Day-4 11/05/2024 Different types of a
modes and their
Flight modes
specific uses.
Learned about
different zones
Day-5 14/05/2024 Different types of
and regulations
Zone considerations
for safe drone
to a Fly a Drone
operation.
Understood
drone power
Day-6 15/05/2024 Power Systems and
systems and the
Power Distribution
distribution of
power within the
drone.
51
9.2.1.WEEK-2 REPORT

To understand the dynamics of drone flight, including forces, configurations, power systems,
flight modes, zone considerations, and power distribution.
Detailed Report:
This week, I focused on several critical aspects of drone technology. I began by understanding
the forces acting upon a drone and its propulsion system, gaining insights into the
aerodynamics and mechanics involved in drone flight. I then learned about various frame
configurations and payload capacities, which are essential for designing and customizing
drones for specific applications.
Following this, I explored the power systems of drones and effective battery management,
ensuring efficient and reliable power supply for prolonged operations. I also delved into
different types of flight modes, which are crucial for controlling drones in various scenarios
and environments.
Additionally, I learned about the different zone considerations necessary for safe and legal
drone operation, emphasizing the importance of adhering to regulations. Lastly, I gained
knowledge about power distribution within a drone, understanding how power is managed
and allocated to different components for optimal performance.
This week provided a deeper understanding of the technical and regulatory aspects of drone
operation, building on the foundational knowledge from the previous week.
52

activity Signature

and considerations
Factors &
drone design and
Considerations
performance.
materials and
selection &
understanding the
Manufacturing
process of Drones

ensure safe drone
Checks
operations
of Drone
handle unexpected
flights.
Software
manoeuvring and

Applications
different tasks.
53

Detailed Report:
prevent accidents.
previous weeks.
54

activity Signature
Gained hands-on
experience and
practical skills in
drone operations.
Further practiced
the various Drone
Orientations and
Gained practical
knowledge.
Recognized for
successful
completion of the
acknowledging
acquired
knowledge and
skills in drone
technology.
55
9.4.1.WEEK-4 REPORT

Detailed Report:
control.
56
CHAPTER-10
57
OUTCOMES DESCRIPTION
1. Work Environment
The work environment at the Innovation Center for Drone Technology is dynamic and
technologically advanced, equipped with cutting-edge drones and systems for practical
learning and experimentation. Each team member is assigned a specific role that aligns with
overall project and research goals, creating a cohesive workflow. Structured processes and
systematic procedures are in place to uphold high standards of quality and efficiency. Time
management is emphasized across all tasks, ensuring projects are completed punctually. The
team leader fosters a collaborative atmosphere by motivating members and recognizing their
contributions, and strict adherence to safety and regulatory guidelines ensures a productive and
secure work setting.
2. Real-Time Technical Skills
During my internship, I acquired hands-on skills in drone hardware and software, including the
assembly, programming, and flight testing of UAVs. This exposure allowed me to enhance my
technical understanding of UAV components and systems. I also improved my ability to
communicate complex project details clearly and efficiently within a team setting.
Additionally, I gained experience in interpreting technical drawings.
3. Managerial Skills
My internship provided valuable insights into essential managerial skills, including leadership
and teamwork dynamics. Observing and participating in team collaboration helped me develop
an appreciation for effective coordination, with each team member contributing toward shared
project objectives. I learned the importance of punctuality and professional behavior, which
play a crucial role in maintaining a harmonious and efficient workplace.
4. Communication Skills Improvement
To improve my communication skills, I plan to engage more in face-to-face conversations for

clarity and effective information exchange. Using specific examples will help me communicate
ideas more vividly, making it easier for others to understand my perspectives. Asking questions
when unclear will ensure tasks are accurately comprehended, reducing potential
misunderstandings. I aim to speak confidently and assertively while remaining respectful, and
to express gratitude and warmth in interactions to foster a positive and supportive team
atmosphere.
5. Enhancing Group Discussion and Team Abilities
In group discussions, I aim to prepare thoroughly and confidently initiate conversations, setting
a constructive tone. I will practice active listening to understand diverse viewpoints and
contribute thoughtfully, striving to balance speaking and listening. Observing body language
and maintaining a polite demeanor will be crucial for productive discussions. To lead
discussions effectively, I will guide the flow of ideas, encouraging contributions from all team
members, while focusing on motivating the group and leading activities with an emphasis on
collaboration and efficiency.
58
CHAPTER-11
59
DAILY ACTIVITY GPS PHOTOS
30/04/2024 01/05/2024
02/05/2024 03/05/2024
06/05/2024 07/05/2024
08/04/2024 09/05/2024
60
10/05/2024 14/05/2024
15/05/2024 16/05/2024
17/04/2024 18/05/2024
61
20/05/2024 21/05/2024
22/05/2024 23/05/2024
62
24/04/2024 25/05/2024
63
CHAPTER-12
64
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE
1. Conclusion:
The Innovation Center for Drone Technology was an invaluable experience that broadened my
knowledge and skills in drone systems. Working on diverse projects, the hands-on experience
in drone assembly, programming, and implementing advanced algorithms for autonomous
navigation and data analysis. Mentorship from experienced professionals further sharpened
my problem-solving abilities, while the collaborative environment improved my teamwork
and communication skills. It not only depened my passion for drones but also equipped me
with practical skills to contribute to advancements in this rapidly evolving field.
2. Future Scope:
Drone technology is rapidly advancing, presenting numerous opportunities for research and
development. Based on my experience at the Innovation Center for Drone Technology,
several key areas for future exploration include:
1. Enhanced Autonomy and AI: Developing advanced AI for autonomous navigation
and decision-making in complex environments, leveraging machine learning, computer
vision, and sensor fusion.
2. Swarm Technology: Implementing swarm intelligence for coordinated drone tasks
could transform industries, necessitating efficient communication and cooperative
behavior models.
3. Advanced Materials and Batteries: Lightweight materials and high-capacity batteries
will boost drone endurance and payload capacity, with alternative energy sources like
solar also promising longer operations.
4. Regulatory and Ethical Challenges: Addressing regulatory and ethical issues, such as
privacy and airspace management, is essential for sustainable growth.
5. Industry-Specific Applications: Tailoring drone technologies for fields like
agriculture, logistics, and healthcare can unlock new efficiencies.
6. Urban Air Mobility: Drone-based urban air transport, including passenger drones, is a
futuristic goal requiring safe, scalable solutions.
In conclusion, it provided a strong foundation in drone technology. With ongoing innovation
and collaboration, to contribute to this dynamic field and its transformative impact on society.
65
By
MALLADI YATEESH VARDHAN

(Roll No. 22L35A0372)
Mr.N. GANESH
Assistant Professor

2023-24
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the “Summer Internship report” submitted by MALLADI
YATEESH VARDHAN (Regd. No: - 22L35A0372) is work done by him and submitted
during 2023-24 academic year, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in Mechanical Department at
“INNOVATION CENTRE FOR DRONE TECHNOLOGY”, Visakhapatnam.

Mr.N. GANESH Dr.B. Prasad

Dr. S. Rambabu
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my deep gratitude to my guide Mr.N. GANESH, Assistant Professor,
this project.
MALLADI YATEESH VARDHAN

22L35A0372
ABSTRACT
navigation.
considerations.
field.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ 4
1.2. History ...................................................................................................................................... 2
1.5. Types Of Drones ....................................................................................................................... 6
1.10. Drone Parts ........................................................................................................................... 10
2.1. Definitions .............................................................................................................................. 12
3.2. Agri-tech ................................................................................................................................. 15
3.9. Disease Control ....................................................................................................................... 16
3.10. Healthcare ............................................................................................................................. 17
3.12. Internet Beams ...................................................................................................................... 17
4. DESIGN OF A DRONE ................................................................................................................ 19
4.2. Flight time ............................................................................................................................... 19
4.5. Application ............................................................................................................................. 20
4.12. Framing ................................................................................................................................. 25
5.1. Avionics .................................................................................................................................. 27
5.3. Sensors .................................................................................................................................... 28
5.5. Navigation ............................................................................................................................... 29
5.5.1. How it works .................................................................................................................... 30
5.7. Telemetry ................................................................................................................................ 31
5.9.1. Types ................................................................................................................................ 32
5.9.2. Working ........................................................................................................................... 33
5.11. Propellors .............................................................................................................................. 34
5.11.1. Features .......................................................................................................................... 34
5.12. Power Systems ...................................................................................................................... 35
6.1. Mission Planner ...................................................................................................................... 42
6.2. Q Ground control .................................................................................................................... 42
6.3. Beta Flight............................................................................................................................... 43
6.4. Agri Assistant ......................................................................................................................... 43
9.1.1. WEEKLY -1 REPORT .................................................................................................... 50
9.2.1. WEEK-2 REPORT .......................................................................................................... 52
9.3.1. WEEK -3 REPORT.......................................................................................................... 54
9.4.1. WEEK-4 REPORT .......................................................................................................... 56
CHAPTER-1
1

1.2. History
2

Tesla.
offered everything.
2002.
3

4
5



energy.
6



7

IN 3 CATEGORIES


8
the coming years.

9
1.10. Drone Parts

10
CHAPTER-2
11
2.1. Definitions:
defined airspace;
airport.
12
13
CHAPTER-3
14
GLOBAL MARKET

1.2. Agri-tech:

billion.
15


around the world.



16
begin.
1.10. Healthcare:


17
CHAPTER-4
18
DESIGN OF A DRONE

1.14. Flight time:


19
1.17. Application:
g) Military.


control as well.

torque.
20

and KV.


21
Figure 4.5 3D model
22
1. CNC MACHINING
3. 3D PRINTING.
1. CNC machining:
• Clamping.
• Injection.
• Dwelling
• Cooling
• Moulding

3. 3d printing:
• Cost Effective.
23
in the heated mould


• Carbon fibre
• Glass fibre
• Polyamide-Nylon
24
to this phase.
size of the motor.
1.24. Framing:
25
CHAPTER-5
26
5.1. Avionics

27
CAN
5.3. Sensors
Figure 5.3 Sensors
28
host.
and other devices.
together.
5.5. Navigation
GNSS systems.
dimensions.
29
5.5.1. How it works

positioning.

30
5.7. Telemetry
31


5.9.1. Types
dissipated easily.
current.
32
5.9.2. Working:
33
5.11. Propellors
propellers.
5.11.1. Features
34
5.12. Power Systems

35


36
`

1. Active Payloads:
so on.
automatically

37
distance.
are examples.
and disease degree.
4. Lidar Sensor:

OrCAD.
38





• Marine
• Constructions

• Law Enforcement
• Surveying
39
CHAPTER-6
40
STATION
Features:
changed.
recorded.
1. Mission Planner
2. Q Ground Control
3. Betalight
4. Agri Assistant
41

developers.
42
6.3. Beta Flight
6.4. Agri Assistant

43
CHAPTER-7
44
ASSEMBLY OF A DRONE

45
CHAPTER-8
46

47
CHAPTER-9
48

Signature

Day-1 30/04/2024
internship

Day-2 01/05/2024
assessment.

Day-3 02/05/2024
applications.

Day-4 03/05/2024
principles

on drone operation
and control.

drone components
49
WEEKLY -1 REPORT

Detailed Report:
communication.
weeks.
50

Signature
Understood the
forces
influencing drone
Drone and its
flight and the
propulsion system
principles of its
propulsion
system.
Learned about
various drone
frame
& Payloads
configurations
and their payload
capacities.
Gained
knowledge of
drone power
Drone System and
systems and
Battery Management
effective battery
management.
Explored various
drone flight
modes and their
Flight modes
specific uses.
Learned about
different zones
and regulations
Zone considerations
for safe drone
to a Fly a Drone
operation.
Understood
drone power
systems and the
Power Distribution
distribution of
power within the
drone.
51
9.2.1.WEEK-2 REPORT

Detailed Report:
and environments.
52

activity Signature

and considerations
Factors &
drone design and
Considerations
performance.
materials and
selection &
understanding the
Manufacturing
process of Drones

ensure safe drone
Checks
operations
of Drone
handle unexpected
flights.
Software
manoeuvring and

Applications
different tasks.
53

Detailed Report:
prevent accidents.
previous weeks.
54

activity Signature
Gained hands-on
experience and
practical skills in
drone operations.
Further practiced
the various Drone
Orientations and
Gained practical
knowledge.
Recognized for
successful
completion of the
acknowledging
acquired
knowledge and
skills in drone
technology.
55
9.4.1.WEEK-4 REPORT

Detailed Report:
control.
56
CHAPTER-10
57
1. Work Environment

atmosphere.
58
CHAPTER-11
59
30/04/2024 01/05/2024
02/05/2024 03/05/2024
06/05/2024 07/05/2024
08/04/2024 09/05/2024
60
10/05/2024 14/05/2024
15/05/2024 16/05/2024
17/04/2024 18/05/2024
61
20/05/2024 21/05/2024
22/05/2024 23/05/2024
62
24/04/2024 25/05/2024
63
CHAPTER-12
64
1. Conclusion:
2. Future Scope:
behavior models.
65
By
GORAPALLI THARUN KUMAR

(Roll No. 22L35A0337)
Mr. N. GANESH
Assistant Professor

2023-24
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the “Summer Internship report” submitted by GORAPALLI
THARUN KUMAR (Regd. No: - 22L35A0337) is work done by him and submitted during
2023-24 academic year, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in Mechanical Department at “INNOVATION
CENTRE FOR DRONE TECHNOLOGY”, Visakhapatnam.

Mr. N. GANESH Dr.B. Prasad

Dr. S. Rambabu
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my deep gratitude to my guide Mr. N. GANESH, Assistant Professor,
this project.
GORAPALLI THARUN KUAMR

22L35A0337
ABSTRACT
navigation.
considerations.
field.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ 4
1.2. History ...................................................................................................................................... 2
1.5. Types Of Drones ....................................................................................................................... 6
1.10. Drone Parts ........................................................................................................................... 10
2.1. Definitions .............................................................................................................................. 12
3.2. Agri-tech ................................................................................................................................. 15
3.9. Disease Control ....................................................................................................................... 16
3.10. Healthcare ............................................................................................................................. 17
3.12. Internet Beams ...................................................................................................................... 17
4. DESIGN OF A DRONE ................................................................................................................ 19
4.2. Flight time ............................................................................................................................... 19
4.5. Application ............................................................................................................................. 20
4.12. Framing ................................................................................................................................. 25
5.1. Avionics .................................................................................................................................. 27
5.3. Sensors .................................................................................................................................... 28
5.5. Navigation ............................................................................................................................... 29
5.5.1. How it works .................................................................................................................... 30
5.7. Telemetry ................................................................................................................................ 31
5.9.1. Types ................................................................................................................................ 32
5.9.2. Working ........................................................................................................................... 33
5.11. Propellors .............................................................................................................................. 34
5.11.1. Features .......................................................................................................................... 34
5.12. Power Systems ...................................................................................................................... 35
6.1. Mission Planner ...................................................................................................................... 42
6.2. Q Ground control .................................................................................................................... 42
6.3. Beta Flight............................................................................................................................... 43
6.4. Agri Assistant ......................................................................................................................... 43
9.1.1. WEEKLY -1 REPORT .................................................................................................... 50
9.2.1. WEEK-2 REPORT .......................................................................................................... 52
9.3.1. WEEK -3 REPORT.......................................................................................................... 54
9.4.1. WEEK-4 REPORT .......................................................................................................... 56
CHAPTER-1
1

1.2. History
2

Tesla.
offered everything.
2002.
3

4
5



energy.
6



7

IN 3 CATEGORIES


8
the coming years.

9
1.10. Drone Parts

10
CHAPTER-2
11
2.1. Definitions:
defined airspace;
airport.
12
13
CHAPTER-3
14
GLOBAL MARKET

1.2. Agri-tech:

billion.
15


around the world.



16
begin.
1.10. Healthcare:


17
CHAPTER-4
18
DESIGN OF A DRONE

1.14. Flight time:


19
1.17. Application:
g) Military.


control as well.

torque.
20

and KV.


21
Figure 4.5 3D model
22
1. CNC MACHINING
3. 3D PRINTING.
1. CNC machining:
• Clamping.
• Injection.
• Dwelling
• Cooling
• Moulding

3. 3d printing:
• Cost Effective.
23
in the heated mould


• Carbon fibre
• Glass fibre
• Polyamide-Nylon
24
to this phase.
size of the motor.
1.24. Framing:
25
CHAPTER-5
26
5.1. Avionics

27
CAN
5.3. Sensors
Figure 5.3 Sensors
28
host.
and other devices.
together.
5.5. Navigation
GNSS systems.
dimensions.
29
5.5.1. How it works

positioning.

30
5.7. Telemetry
31


5.9.1. Types
dissipated easily.
current.
32
5.9.2. Working:
33
5.11. Propellors
propellers.
5.11.1. Features
34
5.12. Power Systems

35


36
`

1. Active Payloads:
so on.
automatically

37
distance.
are examples.
and disease degree.
4. Lidar Sensor:

OrCAD.
38





• Marine
• Constructions

• Law Enforcement
• Surveying
39
CHAPTER-6
40
STATION
Features:
changed.
recorded.
1. Mission Planner
2. Q Ground Control
3. Betalight
4. Agri Assistant
41

developers.
42
6.3. Beta Flight
6.4. Agri Assistant

43
CHAPTER-7
44
ASSEMBLY OF A DRONE

45
CHAPTER-8
46

47
CHAPTER-9
48

Signature

Day-1 30/04/2024
internship

Day-2 01/05/2024
assessment.

Day-3 02/05/2024
applications.

Day-4 03/05/2024
principles

on drone operation
and control.

drone components
49
WEEKLY -1 REPORT

Detailed Report:
communication.
weeks.
50

Signature
Understood the
forces
influencing drone
Drone and its
flight and the
propulsion system
principles of its
propulsion
system.
Learned about
various drone
frame
& Payloads
configurations
and their payload
capacities.
Gained
knowledge of
drone power
Drone System and
systems and
Battery Management
effective battery
management.
Explored various
drone flight
modes and their
Flight modes
specific uses.
Learned about
different zones
and regulations
Zone considerations
for safe drone
to a Fly a Drone
operation.
Understood
drone power
systems and the
Power Distribution
distribution of
power within the
drone.
51
9.2.1.WEEK-2 REPORT

Detailed Report:
and environments.
52

activity Signature

and considerations
Factors &
drone design and
Considerations
performance.
materials and
selection &
understanding the
Manufacturing
process of Drones

ensure safe drone
Checks
operations
of Drone
handle unexpected
flights.
Software
manoeuvring and

Applications
different tasks.
53

Detailed Report:
prevent accidents.
previous weeks.
54

activity Signature
Gained hands-on
experience and
practical skills in
drone operations.
Further practiced
the various Drone
Orientations and
Gained practical
knowledge.
Recognized for
successful
completion of the
acknowledging
acquired
knowledge and
skills in drone
technology.
55
9.4.1.WEEK-4 REPORT

Detailed Report:
control.
56
CHAPTER-10
57
1. Work Environment

atmosphere.
58
CHAPTER-11
59
30/04/2024 01/05/2024
02/05/2024 03/05/2024
06/05/2024 07/05/2024
08/04/2024 09/05/2024
60
10/05/2024 14/05/2024
15/05/2024 16/05/2024
17/04/2024 18/05/2024
61
20/05/2024 21/05/2024
22/05/2024 23/05/2024
62
24/04/2024 25/05/2024
63
CHAPTER-12
64
1. Conclusion:
2. Future Scope:
behavior models.
65
By
DOKALA LOKESH
(Roll No. 22L35A0331)
Mr. N. GANESH
Assistant Professor

2023-24
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the “Summer Internship report” submitted by DOKALA LOKESH
(Regd. No: - 22L35A0331) is work done by him and submitted during 2023-24 academic
year, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF
TECHNOLOGY in Mechanical Department at “INNOVATION CENTRE FOR
DRONE TECHNOLOGY”, Visakhapatnam.

Mr. N. GANESH Dr.B. Prasad

Dr. S. Rambabu
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my deep gratitude to my guide Mr. N. GANESH, Assistant Professor,
this project.
DOKALA LOKESH
22L35A0331
ABSTRACT
navigation.
considerations.
field.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ 4
1.2. History ...................................................................................................................................... 2
1.5. Types Of Drones ....................................................................................................................... 6
1.10. Drone Parts ........................................................................................................................... 10
2.1. Definitions .............................................................................................................................. 12
3.2. Agri-tech ................................................................................................................................. 15
3.9. Disease Control ....................................................................................................................... 16
3.10. Healthcare ............................................................................................................................. 17
3.12. Internet Beams ...................................................................................................................... 17
4. DESIGN OF A DRONE ................................................................................................................ 19
4.2. Flight time ............................................................................................................................... 19
4.5. Application ............................................................................................................................. 20
4.12. Framing ................................................................................................................................. 25
5.1. Avionics .................................................................................................................................. 27
5.3. Sensors .................................................................................................................................... 28
5.5. Navigation ............................................................................................................................... 29
5.5.1. How it works .................................................................................................................... 30
5.7. Telemetry ................................................................................................................................ 31
5.9.1. Types ................................................................................................................................ 32
5.9.2. Working ........................................................................................................................... 33
5.11. Propellors .............................................................................................................................. 34
5.11.1. Features .......................................................................................................................... 34
5.12. Power Systems ...................................................................................................................... 35
6.1. Mission Planner ...................................................................................................................... 42
6.2. Q Ground control .................................................................................................................... 42
6.3. Beta Flight............................................................................................................................... 43
6.4. Agri Assistant ......................................................................................................................... 43
9.1.1. WEEKLY -1 REPORT .................................................................................................... 50
9.2.1. WEEK-2 REPORT .......................................................................................................... 52
9.3.1. WEEK -3 REPORT.......................................................................................................... 54
9.4.1. WEEK-4 REPORT .......................................................................................................... 56
CHAPTER-1
1

1.2. History
2

Tesla.
offered everything.
2002.
3

4
5



energy.
6



7

IN 3 CATEGORIES


8
the coming years.

9
1.10. Drone Parts

10
CHAPTER-2
11
2.1. Definitions:
defined airspace;
airport.
12
13
CHAPTER-3
14
GLOBAL MARKET

1.2. Agri-tech:

billion.
15


around the world.



16
begin.
1.10. Healthcare:


17
CHAPTER-4
18
DESIGN OF A DRONE

1.14. Flight time:


19
1.17. Application:
g) Military.


control as well.

torque.
20

and KV.


21
Figure 4.5 3D model
22
1. CNC MACHINING
3. 3D PRINTING.
1. CNC machining:
• Clamping.
• Injection.
• Dwelling
• Cooling
• Moulding

3. 3d printing:
• Cost Effective.
23
in the heated mould


• Carbon fibre
• Glass fibre
• Polyamide-Nylon
24
to this phase.
size of the motor.
1.24. Framing:
25
CHAPTER-5
26
5.1. Avionics

27
CAN
5.3. Sensors
Figure 5.3 Sensors
28
host.
and other devices.
together.
5.5. Navigation
GNSS systems.
dimensions.
29
5.5.1. How it works

positioning.

30
5.7. Telemetry
31


5.9.1. Types
dissipated easily.
current.
32
5.9.2. Working:
33
5.11. Propellors
propellers.
5.11.1. Features
34
5.12. Power Systems

35


36
`

1. Active Payloads:
so on.
automatically

37
distance.
are examples.
and disease degree.
4. Lidar Sensor:

OrCAD.
38





• Marine
• Constructions

• Law Enforcement
• Surveying
39
CHAPTER-6
40
STATION
Features:
changed.
recorded.
1. Mission Planner
2. Q Ground Control
3. Betalight
4. Agri Assistant
41

developers.
42
6.3. Beta Flight
6.4. Agri Assistant

43
CHAPTER-7
44
ASSEMBLY OF A DRONE

45
CHAPTER-8
46

47
CHAPTER-9
48

Signature

Day-1 30/04/2024
internship

Day-2 01/05/2024
assessment.

Day-3 02/05/2024
applications.

Day-4 03/05/2024
principles

on drone operation
and control.

drone components
49
WEEKLY -1 REPORT

Detailed Report:
communication.
weeks.
50

Signature
Understood the
forces
influencing drone
Drone and its
flight and the
propulsion system
principles of its
propulsion
system.
Learned about
various drone
frame
& Payloads
configurations
and their payload
capacities.
Gained
knowledge of
drone power
Drone System and
systems and
Battery Management
effective battery
management.
Explored various
drone flight
modes and their
Flight modes
specific uses.
Learned about
different zones
and regulations
Zone considerations
for safe drone
to a Fly a Drone
operation.
Understood
drone power
systems and the
Power Distribution
distribution of
power within the
drone.
51
9.2.1.WEEK-2 REPORT

Detailed Report:
and environments.
52

activity Signature

and considerations
Factors &
drone design and
Considerations
performance.
materials and
selection &
understanding the
Manufacturing
process of Drones

ensure safe drone
Checks
operations
of Drone
handle unexpected
flights.
Software
manoeuvring and

Applications
different tasks.
53

Detailed Report:
prevent accidents.
previous weeks.
54

activity Signature
Gained hands-on
experience and
practical skills in
drone operations.
Further practiced
the various Drone
Orientations and
Gained practical
knowledge.
Recognized for
successful
completion of the
acknowledging
acquired
knowledge and
skills in drone
technology.
55
9.4.1.WEEK-4 REPORT

Detailed Report:
control.
56
CHAPTER-10
57
1. Work Environment

atmosphere.
58
CHAPTER-11
59
30/04/2024 01/05/2024
02/05/2024 03/05/2024
06/05/2024 07/05/2024
08/04/2024 09/05/2024
60
10/05/2024 14/05/2024
15/05/2024 16/05/2024
17/04/2024 18/05/2024
61
20/05/2024 21/05/2024
22/05/2024 23/05/2024
62
24/04/2024 25/05/2024
63
CHAPTER-12
64
1. Conclusion:
2. Future Scope:
behavior models.
65
By
NUNAGUPPALA AJAY
(Roll No. 22L35A0386)
Mrs. B. NAGA SUDHA

Assistant Professor

(Approved by AICTE and Permanently Affiliated to JNTU-GV, Vizianagaram)
2023-24
1
2

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6.1.

Figure 6.1 Mission Planner

6.2. Q Ground control

Figure 6.2 Q Ground control

Figure 6.3 Beta Flight

6.4. Agri Assistant

Figure 6.4 Agri Assistant

Figure 7.1 Assembly Of A Drone

7.1. Steps For Assembly of Drone

8.2. Post Flight Checks

Brief description of Learning Person In-

Joined and paid the fee Gained an overview

Programme Understood the

Introduction to drone Learned about drone

Working principle of Comprehended basic

Day-5 06/05/2024 Drone Controls Acquired knowledge

Day-6 07/05/2024 Components of a Identified and

Brief description Learning Outcome Person In-

Learned the key factors

Understand the pre-flight

Explored the diverse

WEEK – 1 (From Date: 16/05/2024 to Date:22/05/2024)

Objective of the Activity Done:

Brief description Learning Person In-

WEEK – 1 (From Date: 23/05/2024 to Date:25/05/2024)

Objective of the Activity Done:

INNOVATION CENTRE FOR DRONE TECHNOLOGY

Submitted in accordance with the requirement for the degree of

BODDETI DINAKARA ADITYA

Under the Faculty Guidance of

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Internship Mentor Head-Internships

Head of the Department

BODDETI DINAKARA ADITYA

1.1. Basic characteristics of Drone:

1.3. Historical Timeline:

1896: First use of UAV using camera for surveillance.

1993: Monitoring of climate and environment using drone begins.

Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3 Figure 1.4

Figure 1.5 Figure 1.6

1935: Queen Bee Drone 1950: Ryan Ferebee UAV

Figure 1.9 Figure 1.10

1995: RQ1 – Predator UAV 2001: First Armed Drone Strikes

Figure 1.11 Figure 1.12

1.5. Types Of Drones

Single-Rotor Drones: These are by far some of the most

Figure 1.15 Single-Rotor Drones

Multi-Rotor Drones: Where a single-rotor drone looks like a

Figure 1.16 Multi-Rotor Drones

Fixed Wing Drone: The lack of rotors and fixed-wing

Figure 1.17 Fixed Wing Drone

Figure 1.18 Fixed-Wing Hybrid Drones

Tactical Drones: These drones are large enough to not

Figure 1.19 Tactical Drones

Reconnaissance Drones: With another military drone

Figure 1.20 Reconnaissance Drones

High Altitude Combat Drones: By contrast, there are

Figure 1.21 High Altitude Combat Drones

Figure 1.22 Target and Decoy Drones