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nt -cd to rn.:ikc ur, Im th e \1 1<,•, . 1,i vv , . ll,I \ Y AEROOIC AND ANAFROBIC
ftll·1 \\I.. . 1 11
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l1 ·· it\:lf proJllll' n1uLh hl'.;\\ , a11d th 1- 11 nis1.. ll· \11 .1 111 111,1\ ·, \\1, 11· \'. 11 •11111 ,i\l )
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l i•l\ <i 111 .., ' ' l h,t\•
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nrodLice ex.tr:1. heal 10 keep th e bqc\y ,..,arm . 1· \' t ' ll 111 111 11

\ -- -- -- -- -- --
The
() \\' \\ h1,d y
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L, •, t ..... ,,ti
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l'\i~·•,i, ,1 \ 1·x1·1, 1•,1· ·.11, Ii
I

energy u~cd in all lhe 1..d\u br .,1..1 1vi lH·•, h .1 ' , \.\• , \ 1 u 1t111 1\}~, ,..,.;i \\. 111 f , 1v1 1 l11n y, d1 •,1.1 111 ! ",,
·,ined
d \)t "
from th e oxid a\il 111 1,\ µ, Iu lo~,· (( \ \ 1)) ',W in111\II\ ~~. W l l',l\1111~, \\ \ 11;\11 lt\l 111 t' cir
, carbo hyd rate.
I \ f ' ' 111 11 11\11 ' .\ Ii- .
1 wur\1 \1)11 \ ,\ ', \liul 1111\ \f,l I t! l\ull t1ii1 11 1-:y 1•1· 11 lt1 1111 ·,
;4.3 GLUCOSE HAS NO ALTERN ATIVE FOR 'l tlu,1\111n \Ill· mu·,, k ·, -lh' \\1 11 \ 1111' 111 1\w .1h·., 11 1 ,. ,,t
•'
1ixyg l'I\ L111,11 ·1ull\ , 1i:•, p11 ,1l1 1111
RESPtR AT\ON ) 11 , \>111 v 1tl 1 , ·f l! ;1
1mrµ, y ·111,• p111du1\ 11\ .111 .11 111hu 1r•,1,1 1,L\11111111 •,11,
\f the ~imp le car bohy drat e (µ,ll1Lm c) i 'i n11\ h
11\ll \ dl' 'I ,... !\ 1-U l1)\\1\ ,1\\tJI I 11\ l.11 ti, 1d ,I(
,wailabk dircc dy, th e 1.·c\\ s may break c\o wn I hl' ~iVl''- t\1 e lt-l'\11,~, o\ 1.,11~ Ul. \ \11 , 1•, .1 11md
11 11i11 wliH\1
protei n,; 1H' tah lo prndu cl' t?,lu1.. u~l· Im rl.''ipiraln 1n.\y h,·, ,11\n\ '' • , \ 1 \ \ \ \'\ w11 y 1111 ,, . ,I ,11\v
r) 1 ' ,lll b
nccJs. l' ). L' lLl '- 1', t\ir \.1d1 1.. ,,1itl l',1h
•.\11 \•,\ y 11,.H\i · 1d \, y 11.,
l'hink fo r a whil e about thL· ,v ilLl ,rn imah whil h 11 xvµ,1. 11 L1l~1 ,1 \,11\ ,1\lk ,111 t \ thn1 \\w \k\,1 1·, , k1 11 cl'
,m totall y {l(-..,h c,,\ n ,. Thr m.,in (1 1n . . til11t•n\ q\ p 1<1 lhlll\) ).', \ ~ll\11111 llt ()X\Ul: I ll \h
t· \ lllll I.'.'<',
thl'.ir diet i~ protein with vc 1y litlk car\-i()hydr CHEM\CAL STE.PS \N RE.SPIRAl\ON
l,k~.
The excess am1no ,.\t:ids ,,b..,o rbeJ th1o ugh ptl)\t·ir1 t" I n , t\ ·, I I. I l I I

Jiges\ion ar~ brok en dll W11 in \ht· \i ,rt \(\ p1ud llll' \ h.: l hv111i u l t \1 ,l11f,("• \..1k1nvJ pb 1 (' \1 1 ,\ I Jl)\i \ (
~ugar (g\ULo sc) and tht 11i\1t.1 g.rno u , 1 ll ',Pl f ,\\l(l\ l 111 ,\l \1\\ 1,lh ,I ll' tlw 'u lll W
p,H\ ' ;i'-. Ill \\11' .w 111b11
c1rnv crt ed in1 o url' Ll wh1L h ~,.: h 1.· x1.. r1..·\t· d 11..·-,p 11 .1\1<1n 111 \,l.111\ '> ·1hl' ()\ L· 1 ,\\\ d,i:11 \11.. :1\ , k111v
(il\l . r
The gh1cn~e thus; p1nd t11l: 1.\ m,t\ bl- \l',l'tl 1. ,11\ \,r hp r •· ',\' ll lt LI h) 1\1t·
v ,111,\\ 1rn1
in1rnc di ,\l1.·iv nr rnav hct '-lU t\ ·d in t\h· h\l-r . _ cl\.., ,,, ( (,\ I I. l I f, ' l ,l ) !,( I I ' r,\ I ( )
~h·co 11 en f'i ,,r fu tu rl~ ncn k .\ qm1L1r pr 1H:L•-., t,,h 1'" ( ,\mil r 1 ,~\\'' ,, Ill',.,t .,

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1

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I -let
-
 cannot hold it any longer.
14.8 CAPACITIES OF THE LUNGS Ag. 14.8 Volumes of air exchanged
in the I
Ull~
Capacities of the lungs or the respiratory SUMMARY OF RESPI ATOltY ·
volumes in a normal human adult are approximately © 11da1 volume VOL~
as follows: Aheoleralr
+
350] sool
Ilda) volume. Air breathed in and out in a normal l)tad,pace air 150 r;'\
+ 01~
91.Jiet <unforced} breathing =. soo mL @ U19.irat0ry reserve....... 3000 Clpacity

Dead air space. Some tidal air is left in respiratory JOlUJDe (Deep msptration) 3500}~~vi..t
+
passages such as trachea and bronchi where no @ ~ reserve volume 1000 ~
diffusion of gases can occur = 150 mL
Alveolar air. The tidal air contained in air sacs
·@ ...,I
{lmed expiration)
volume. ........................
@ lbtal ,_g capadly •·····• ... ,.. ,.............. _
-

:::
♦
....

= 350 mL
.J· lnspiratory reserve volume. Air that can be drawn
in forcibly over and above the tidal air (also called
complemental air) = 3000 mL
j. Inspiratory capacity. Total volume of air a person Match the items tn Column t with th
018
can breathe in after a normal expiration. Column II
= 3500 mL Column I Column u
A. Nasal chamber (1) Production of VOtce
Expiratory reserve volume. Air that can be forcibly
B. Epiglottis (11) C-shaped nngs
expelled out after normal expiration (also called
C. Air-sacs (111) Warms air
supplemental air) = 1000 mL D Lungs (tv) Dnves mucus
Vital capacity. The volume of air that can be taken E Larynx (v) Closes wind-pipe
in and expelled out by maximum inspiration and dunng swallowing
expiration = 4500 mL F Trachea (v1) Network of ~_.
;,. Residual volume. Some air is always left in the
G. CUla (vu) Spongy and elast
I How do the following contribute 1n inspi
lungs even after forcibly breathing out This is the . . . breathing ?
leftoftr (residual) air 1500 mL Al,e (11) Dtaphragm
11118 capacity. Maximum air which can at lll lung capacities n Colurm I wl1
le held in the two 1un,s m, mL given in Column II
I
IDBIIIIU-.}
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Flo Mn 1 "'""''11"'' '' ,,, •.11111, 111 ,1 1~•q111t•d .,11 , , 11,1r1111.

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fable 1 l.3 · Th c mp tlon ot 11, I nPd nm1 x1 11 d 011

Component: f lnspircd ait

1 \ (1 , I'',, \ l . .1\,~nrh,·,I ,111hr ,11',·11\.11 , 11tl1111·
l. Oxygen 2P .%' n
l \ ) . 11' \..1:,1-.I al 1\\,· ,1h 1·,,\.11 ·.111 l,1, ,·
2. Carbon diox O.lJ.tl\1
\ 11\1\ <-l'\\
7ll ,(l()<lh
3. Nitrogen
1111:h h ',1p111.1l11•111111h r ,,·.1\n l11 1 1111 c:-1•\l .1\, n \ \l.1~•-,1 p,t·,
4, Water vapour l,1w
\ 111k. ii ,II\\ l ',1111:hl \I\ 1\ \\\1, \I \
' 5. Dust particles Variable but u~ually prc~~·nt
! .\b 11111 \in1\1 \\'.1n11cd b, 1\w 11•,p1u1,,1, )':\,'i,lf.C'
; 6, Temperature \ ·,,11;1bk
ll.'!11\1l'l.lllll , \ .i ··\ ')
 n11c llnsk (J\) and a <leaJ 1.: odcroa -J
.,,,,,kcd in (or111alin to prev ent (·I _c. 1 th,\l
.~ , • . . h,,
· L cay · . "~ 6
.11,,sk 1H) . Thi s llask wi 1h the de·a ·I ' 111
' • Lh(: ~~~
' L cc k
'
·i s' •1 1·ontrol. Fit a rnbh er
, . , · tltl1
, ", 1-n llic1 l'(Jacl1. (r
C<)t·I

r~:
1
,:,ch nask nn d mak e sure th at ti '-' 01riu 1tct1
:1i 1-lighl. L1:ave the Aasks for a
~PPatt1ll1~r~r
whiclt inl rodu c.c a small burning c 1oUr\ a 11
. . ancl]e . fl~r
. as show
11 ,·,sk . n 111 the Fig. ItJ. J 2· ln, n1ed· 11.1to ,ach
n
introducing the cand le, close the
, . ] , .· tatelyah
lfosk t 1ghtl y. No te t 1( t11n e taken t
f11ouu1 _ Cr
v .
fl.1111c to go ou~. ,ou will find that or the 01 th t
th candle
1
,oes out· fas ter 111 the Oas k (A) c . e fla
o . . 111
living anim al. Sm ee oxygen supportsonta 111 ing e
. . . , 6llrn 111
nmnc ol th e cand le goes out fas · th e
ter. 6 g, the
Iivin g- coc kroa ch also co nsurn es ecause
lhe
, oxy
respirat ion .
gen for

Flg. 14.1O Ao 8xpelirnent to dcrnonstm CANDLE

tc the uction of
di:.1pt11 a9111 111 bre3thing
•L l'z, 11u.-.1~url' the n,lup,c p1 · ~'\ ,i1cd ,tir : A B (CONTROL)
1 Set up
an app :mllus :is shown in Fig. 14.I 1. Fill Fig. 14.12 To show that oxygen is taken
your in during re ..
sp1ration
i.:ht'St with ,1ir ttl till" m,Lximum
, and then blow
Lrnt through the ~hnrt tnbe expelli ng ns
much air
as vtrn l-:;1 . The w::i lt'r expelled from the
other
tub~' when n1t.:asurc:d gives the volume of
the :1i r ? Progress Check
•
fxh aled.
C 1. Mention any two points of difference in the
quality
of inspired and expi red air.
2. Give reasons for :
(i) People climbing to high altitudes may
sutter
from dizzines s and unsteady vision.
(ii) Lime water is used in mos t
+
experime nts on respiration.
(Iii) Respiration rate is higl1er in
animals than in plants.
3. Given alongsid e is an expe rime nt
Fig. 14.11 An apparatus to measure the intended to demonstrate the action
volume of air brea thed out. of diaphragm, but some thing has
~- To silllW th.it '->X)':~~n is t.,1,.. t?n in by gone wrong.
animals
,i.i.lfing rcsp iraii,,n : Use a small animal such (i) What is th e mistake in the
as
•1 coc kro:icb or mt in this exp diagram? Explain .
edment. Take two
..:onk,tl flasks A illld B. Place a live cockroac
h in
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