Richard Schoen

Richard Melvin Schoen (born October 23, 1950) is an

American mathematician known for his work in Richard Schoen
differential geometry and geometric analysis. He is
best known for the resolution of the Yamabe problem
in 1984 and his works on harmonic maps.

Early life and education

Schoen was born in Celina, Ohio, on October 23, 1950. Schoen in 2015
In 1968, he graduated from Fort Recovery High Born October 23, 1950
School. He received his B.S. from the University of Fort Recovery, Ohio, U.S.[15]
Dayton in mathematics. He then received his PhD in Nationality American
1977 from Stanford University.
Alma mater University of Dayton (BSc.)
Stanford University (Ph.D.)

Career Known for Differentiable sphere theorem

Geometry of positive scalar
After faculty positions at the Courant Institute, NYU, curvature
University of California, Berkeley, and University of Positive mass theorem
California, San Diego, he was Professor at Stanford Geometry and regularity theory
University from 1987–2014, as Bass Professor of of harmonic maps and stable
minimal hypersurfaces
Humanities and Sciences since 1992.[16] He is
currently Distinguished Professor and Excellence in Yamabe problem
Teaching Chair at the University of California, Spouse Doris Fischer-Colbrie
Irvine.[17] His surname is pronounced "Shane."
Awards NSF Graduate Research
Schoen received an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program (1972)
Fellowship in 1972 and a Sloan Research Fellowship Sloan Research Fellowship
in 1979.[1] Schoen is a 1983 MacArthur Fellow.[2] He (1979)[1]
has been invited to speak at the International Congress MacArthur Fellowship (1983)[2]
of Mathematicians (ICM) three times, including twice American Academy of Arts and
as a Plenary Speaker.[18] In 1983 he was an Invited Sciences (1988) [3]
Speaker at the ICM in Warsaw, in 1986 he was a
Bôcher Memorial Prize (1989)[4]
Plenary Speaker at the ICM in Berkeley, and in 2010
National Academy of Sciences
he was a Plenary Speaker at the ICM in Hyderabad.
(1991)[5]
For his work on the Yamabe problem, Schoen was
Fellow of the AAAS (1995)
awarded the Bôcher Memorial Prize in 1989.[4]
Guggenheim Fellowship
In 1988, he was elected to the American Academy of (1996)[6]
Arts and Sciences and to the National Academy of Fellow of the AMS (2012)[7]
Sciences in 1991, became Fellow of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science in 1995, Dean's Teaching Award,
and won a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1996.[3][5][6] In Stanford University (2014–15)[8]
2012 he became a Fellow of the American Honorary Doctor of Science,
Mathematical Society.[7] He received the 2014–15 University of Warwick
Dean’s Award for Lifetime Achievements in Teaching (2015)[9][10]
from Stanford University.[8] In 2015, he was elected Wolf Prize (2017)[11]
vice president of the American Mathematical
Heinz Hopf Prize (2017)[12]
Society.[19] He was awarded an Honorary Doctor of
Lobachevsky Medal and Prize
Science from the University of Warwick in 2015.[20]
(2017)[13]
He received the Wolf Prize in Mathematics for 2017,
shared with Charles Fefferman.[21] In the same year, he Rolf Schock Prize (2017)[14]
was awarded the Heinz Hopf Prize, the Lobachevsky Scientific career
Medal and Prize by Kazan Federal University, and the Fields Mathematics
Rolf Schock Prize.[22][23][24]
Institutions Courant Institute, NYU
He has had over 44 doctoral students, including Hubert Stanford University
Bray, José F. Escobar, Ailana Fraser, Chikako Mese, University of California,
Berkeley
William Minicozzi, and André Neves.[25]
University of California, Irvine
Schoen has investigated the use of analytic techniques University of California, San
in global differential geometry, with a number of Diego
fundamental contributions to the regularity theory of Thesis Existence and Regularity
minimal surfaces and harmonic maps. Theorems for some Geometric
Variational Problems
Doctoral Leon Simon
Harmonic maps advisor Shing-Tung Yau
In 1976, Schoen and Shing-Tung Yau used Yau's
Doctoral Hubert Bray
earlier Liouville theorems to extend the rigidity
students José F. Escobar
phenomena found earlier by James Eells and Joseph
Sampson to noncompact settings.[26][27] By identifying Ailana Fraser
a certain interplay of the Bochner identity for harmonic Lan-Hsuan Huang
maps together with the second variation of area Chikako Mese
formula for minimal hypersurfaces, they also identified
William Minicozzi
some novel conditions on the domain leading to the
André Neves
same conclusion. These rigidity theorems are
complemented by their existence theorem for harmonic
maps on noncompact domains, as a simple corollary of Richard Hamilton's resolution of the Dirichlet
boundary-value problem.[28] As a consequence they found some striking geometric results, such as that
certain noncompact manifolds do not admit any complete metrics of nonnegative Ricci curvature.

In two papers from the 1980s, Schoen and Karen Uhlenbeck made a foundational contribution to the
regularity theory of energy-minimizing harmonic maps. The techniques they developed, making
extensive use of monotonicity formulas, have been very influential in the field of geometric analysis and
have been adapted to a number of other problems. Fundamental conclusions of theirs include
compactness theorems for sets of harmonic maps and control over the size of corresponding singular sets.
Leon Simon applied such results to obtain a clear picture of the small-scale geometry of energy-
minimizing harmonic maps.[29]
Later, Mikhael Gromov had the insight that an extension of the theory of harmonic maps, to allow values
in metric spaces rather than Riemannian manifolds, would have a number of significant applications, with
analogues of the classical Eells−Sampson rigidity theorem giving novel rigidity theorems for lattices. The
intense analytical details of such a theory were worked out by Schoen. Further foundations of this new
context for harmonic maps were laid out by Schoen and Nicholas Korevaar.

Minimal surfaces, positive scalar curvature, and the positive mass theorem
In 1979, Schoen and his former doctoral supervisor, Shing-Tung Yau, made a number of highly
influential contributions to the study of positive scalar curvature. By an elementary but novel
combination of the Gauss equation, the formula for second variation of area, and the Gauss-Bonnet
theorem, Schoen and Yau were able to rule out the existence of several types of stable minimal surfaces in
three-dimensional manifolds of positive scalar curvature. By contrasting this result with an analytically
deep theorem of theirs establishing the existence of such surfaces, they were able to achieve constraints
on which manifolds can admit a metric of positive scalar curvature. Schoen and Doris Fischer-Colbrie
later undertook a broader study of stable minimal surfaces in 3-dimensional manifolds, using instead an
analysis of the stability operator and its spectral properties.

An inductive argument based upon the existence of stable minimal hypersurfaces allowed them to extend
their results to higher dimensions. Further analytic techniques facilitated the application of topological
surgeries on manifolds which admit metrics of positive scalar curvature, showing that the class of such
manifolds is topologically rich. Mikhael Gromov and H. Blaine Lawson obtained similar results by other
methods, also undertaking a deeper analysis of topological consequences.[30][31]

By an extension of their techniques to noncompact manifolds, Schoen and Yau were able to settle the
important Riemannian case of the positive mass theorem in general relativity, which can be viewed as a
statement about the geometric behavior near infinity of noncompact manifolds with positive scalar
curvature. Like their original results, the argument is based upon contradiction. A more constructive
argument, using the theory of harmonic spinors instead of minimal hypersurfaces, was later found by
Edward Witten.[32][33][34]

Schoen, Yau, and Leon Simon identified a simple combination of the Simons formula with the formula
for second variation of area which yields important curvature estimates for stable minimal hypersurfaces
of low dimensions. In 1983, Schoen obtained similar estimates in the special case of two-dimensional
surfaces, making use of the existence of isothermal coordinates. Slightly weaker estimates were obtained
by Schoen and Simon, although without any dimensional restriction. Fundamental consequences of the
Schoen−Simon estimates include compactness theorems for stable minimal hypersurfaces as well as
control over the size of "singular sets." In particular, the Schoen−Simon estimates are an important tool in
the Almgren–Pitts min-max theory, which has found a number of applications.

The possible presence of singular sets restricts the dimensions in which Schoen and Yau's inductive
arguments can be easily carried out. Meanwhile Witten's essential use of spinors restricts his results to
topologically special cases. Thus the general case of the positive mass theorem in higher dimensions was
left as a major open problem in Schoen and Yau's 1979 work. In 1988, they settled the problem in
arbitrary dimension in the special case that the Weyl tensor is zero; this has been significant in conformal
geometry. In 2017, they released a preprint claiming the general case, in which they deal directly with the
singular sets of minimal hypersurfaces.

Yamabe problem and conformal geometry

In 1960, Hidehiko Yamabe introduced the "Yamabe functional" on a conformal class of Riemannian
metrics and demonstrated that a critical point would have constant scalar curvature.[35] He made partial
progress towards proving that critical points must exist, which was taken further by Neil Trudinger and
Thierry Aubin.[36][37] Aubin's work, in particular, settled the cases of high dimension or when there exists
a point where the Weyl tensor is nonzero. In 1984, Schoen settled the cases left open by Aubin's work, the
decisive point of which rescaled the metric by the Green's function of the Laplace-Beltrami operator. This
allowed an application of Schoen and Yau's positive mass theorem to the resulting metric, giving
important asymptotic information about the original metric. The works of Yamabe, Trudinger, Aubin, and
Schoen together comprise the solution of the Yamabe problem, which asserts that there is a metric of
constant scalar curvature in every conformal class.

In 1989, Schoen was also able to adapt Karen Uhlenbeck's bubbling analysis, developed for other
geometric-analytic problems, to the setting of constant scalar curvature.[38][39] The uniqueness of critical
points of the Yamabe functional, and more generally the compactness of the set of all critical points, is a
subtle question first investigated by Schoen in 1991. Fuller results were later obtained by Simon Brendle,
Marcus Khuri, Fernando Codá Marques, and Schoen.

Differentiable sphere theorem

In the 1980s, Richard Hamilton introduced the Ricci flow and proved a number of convergence results,
most notably for two- and three-dimensional spaces.[40][41] Although he and others found partial results
in high dimensions, progress was stymied by the difficulty of understanding the complicated Riemann
curvature tensor.[42] Simon Brendle and Schoen were able to prove that the positivity of Mario Micallef
and John Moore's "isotropic curvature" is preserved by the Ricci flow in any dimension, a fact
independently proven by Huy Nguyen.[43][44] Brendle and Schoen were further able to relate their
positivity condition to the positivity of sectional curvature and of curvature operator, which allowed them
to exploit then-recent algebraic ideas of Christoph Böhm and Burkhard Wilking, thereby obtaining a new
convergence theorem for Ricci flow.[45] A special case of their convergence theorem has the
differentiable sphere theorem as a simple corollary, which had been a well-known conjecture in the study
of positive sectional curvature for the past fifty years.

Selected publications
Schoen, R.; Simon, L.; Yau, S. T. (1975). "Curvature estimates for minimal hypersurfaces" (h
ttps://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02392104). Acta Mathematica. 134 (3–4): 275–288.
doi:10.1007/BF02392104 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02392104). MR 0423263 (https://m
athscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0423263). Zbl 0323.53039 (https://zbmath.org/?f
ormat=complete&q=an:0323.53039).
Schoen, Richard; Yau, Shing Tung (1976). "Harmonic maps and the topology of stable
hypersurfaces and manifolds with non-negative Ricci curvature". Commentarii Mathematici
Helvetici. 51 (3): 333–341. doi:10.1007/BF02568161 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF025681
61). MR 0438388 (https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0438388).
S2CID 120845708 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120845708). Zbl 0361.53040
(https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0361.53040).
Schoen, R.; Yau, Shing Tung (1979). "Existence of incompressible minimal surfaces and the
topology of three-dimensional manifolds with nonnegative scalar curvature". Annals of
Mathematics. Second Series. 110 (1): 127–142. doi:10.2307/1971247 (https://doi.org/10.23
07%2F1971247). JSTOR 1971247 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1971247). MR 0541332 (htt
ps://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0541332). S2CID 118216230 (https://api.s
emanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118216230). Zbl 0431.53051 (https://zbmath.org/?format=com
plete&q=an:0431.53051).
Schoen, R.; Yau, S. T. (1979). "On the structure of manifolds with positive scalar curvature"
(http://eudml.org/doc/154634). Manuscripta Mathematica. 28 (1–3): 159–183.
doi:10.1007/BF01647970 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01647970). MR 0535700 (https://m
athscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0535700). S2CID 121008386 (https://api.semanti
cscholar.org/CorpusID:121008386). Zbl 0423.53032 (https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&
q=an:0423.53032).
Schoen, Richard; Yau, Shing Tung (1979). "On the proof of the positive mass conjecture in
general relativity" (https://projecteuclid.org/journals/communications-in-mathematical-physic
s/volume-65/issue-1/On-the-proof-of-the-positive-mass-conjecture-in-general/cmp/1103904
790.full). Communications in Mathematical Physics. 65 (1): 45–76.
Bibcode:1979CMaPh..65...45S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979CMaPh..65...45S).
doi:10.1007/BF01940959 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01940959). MR 0526976 (https://m
athscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0526976). S2CID 54217085 (https://api.semantic
scholar.org/CorpusID:54217085). Zbl 0405.53045 (https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=
an:0405.53045).
Fischer-Colbrie, Doris; Schoen, Richard (1980). "The structure of complete stable minimal
surfaces in 3-manifolds of nonnegative scalar curvature". Communications on Pure and
Applied Mathematics. 33 (2): 199–211. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1081.96 (https://citeseerx.ist.psu.e
du/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1081.96). doi:10.1002/cpa.3160330206 (https://doi.org/10.
1002%2Fcpa.3160330206). MR 0562550 (https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?m
r=0562550). Zbl 0439.53060 (https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0439.53060).
Schoen, Richard; Simon, Leon (1981). "Regularity of stable minimal hypersurfaces".
Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics. 34 (6): 741–797.
doi:10.1002/cpa.3160340603 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcpa.3160340603). MR 0634285 (h
ttps://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0634285). S2CID 124924186 (https://api.
semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:124924186). Zbl 0497.49034 (https://zbmath.org/?format=co
mplete&q=an:0497.49034).
Schoen, Richard; Yau, Shing Tung (1981). "Proof of the positive mass theorem. II" (https://pr
ojecteuclid.org/journals/communications-in-mathematical-physics/volume-79/issue-2/Proof-o
f-the-positive-mass-theorem-II/cmp/1103908964.full). Communications in Mathematical
Physics. 79 (2): 231–260. Bibcode:1981CMaPh..79..231S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/ab
s/1981CMaPh..79..231S). doi:10.1007/BF01942062 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF0194206
2). MR 0612249 (https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0612249).
S2CID 59473203 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59473203). Zbl 0494.53028 (htt
ps://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0494.53028).
Schoen, Richard; Uhlenbeck, Karen (1982). "A regularity theory for harmonic maps" (https://
doi.org/10.4310%2Fjdg%2F1214436923). Journal of Differential Geometry. 17 (2): 307–
335. doi:10.4310/jdg/1214436923 (https://doi.org/10.4310%2Fjdg%2F1214436923).
MR 0664498 (https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0664498). Zbl 0521.58021
(https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0521.58021).
(Erratum: doi:10.4310/jdg/1214437667 (https://doi.org/10.4310%2Fjdg%2F1214437667))
Schoen, Richard (1983). "Estimates for stable minimal surfaces in three-dimensional
manifolds". In Bombieri, Enrico (ed.). Seminar on minimal submanifolds. Annals of
Mathematics Studies. Vol. 103. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 111–126.
doi:10.1515/9781400881437-006 (https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400881437-006).
ISBN 0-691-08324-X. MR 0795231 (https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=079
5231). S2CID 118467538 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118467538).
Zbl 0532.53042 (https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0532.53042).
Schoen, Richard; Uhlenbeck, Karen (1983). "Boundary regularity and the Dirichlet problem
for harmonic maps" (https://doi.org/10.4310%2Fjdg%2F1214437663). Journal of Differential
Geometry. 18 (2): 253–268. doi:10.4310/jdg/1214437663 (https://doi.org/10.4310%2Fjdg%2
F1214437663). MR 0710054 (https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0710054).
Zbl 0547.58020 (https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0547.58020).
Schoen, Richard (1984). "Conformal deformation of a Riemannian metric to constant scalar
curvature" (https://doi.org/10.4310%2Fjdg%2F1214439291). Journal of Differential
Geometry. 20 (2): 479–495. doi:10.4310/jdg/1214439291 (https://doi.org/10.4310%2Fjdg%2
F1214439291). MR 0788292 (https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0788292).
Zbl 0576.53028 (https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0576.53028).
Schoen, Richard M. (1984). "Analytic aspects of the harmonic map problem". In Chern, S.
S. (ed.). Seminar on nonlinear partial differential equations. Seminar held at the
Mathematical Sciences Research Institute, Berkeley, CA, May 9, 1983. Mathematical
Sciences Research Institute Publications. Vol. 2. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 321–358.
doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-1110-5_17 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4612-1110-5_17).
ISBN 0-387-96079-1. MR 0765241 (https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=076
5241). S2CID 118833790 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118833790).
Zbl 0551.58011 (https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0551.58011).
Schoen, R.; Yau, S.-T. (1988). "Conformally flat manifolds, Kleinian groups and scalar
curvature" (http://eudml.org/doc/143558). Inventiones Mathematicae. 92 (1): 47–71.
Bibcode:1988InMat..92...47S (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988InMat..92...47S).
doi:10.1007/BF01393992 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01393992). MR 0931204 (https://m
athscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0931204). S2CID 59029712 (https://api.semantic
scholar.org/CorpusID:59029712). Zbl 0658.53038 (https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=
an:0658.53038).
Schoen, Richard M. (1989). "Variational theory for the total scalar curvature functional for
Riemannian metrics and related topics". In Giaquinta, M. (ed.). Topics in calculus of
variations. Second C.I.M.E. Session held in Montecatini Terme, July 20–28, 1987. Lecture
Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 1365. Berlin: Springer. pp. 120–154. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.599.8478
(https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.599.8478).
doi:10.1007/BFb0089180 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBFb0089180). ISBN 3-540-50727-2.
MR 0994021 (https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0994021). Zbl 0702.49038
(https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0702.49038).
Schoen, Richard M. (1991). "On the number of constant scalar curvature metrics in a
conformal class". In Lawson, Blaine; Tenenblat, Keti (eds.). Differential geometry. A
symposium in honor of Manfredo do Carmo. Pitman Monographs and Surveys in Pure and
Applied Mathematics. Vol. 52. Harlow: Longman Scientific and Technical. pp. 311–320.
ISBN 0-582-05590-3. MR 1173050 (https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=117
3050). Zbl 0733.53021 (https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0733.53021).
Gromov, Mikhail; Schoen, Richard (1992). "Harmonic maps into singular spaces and p-adic
superrigidity for lattices in groups of rank one" (http://www.numdam.org/item/PMIHES_1992
__76__165_0/). Publications Mathématiques de l'Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques.
76: 165–246. doi:10.1007/bf02699433 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02699433).
MR 1215595 (https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1215595).
S2CID 118023776 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118023776). Zbl 0896.58024
(https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0896.58024).
Korevaar, Nicholas J.; Schoen, Richard M. (1993). "Sobolev spaces and harmonic maps for
metric space targets" (https://doi.org/10.4310%2FCAG.1993.v1.n4.a4). Communications in
Analysis and Geometry. 1 (3–4): 561–659. doi:10.4310/CAG.1993.v1.n4.a4 (https://doi.org/
10.4310%2FCAG.1993.v1.n4.a4). MR 1266480 (https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getit
 em?mr=1266480). Zbl 0862.58004 (https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0862.5800
4).
Brendle, Simon; Schoen, Richard (2009). "Manifolds with 1/4-pinched curvature are space
forms" (https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0894-0347-08-00613-9). Journal of the American
Mathematical Society. 22 (1): 287–307. arXiv:0705.0766 (https://arxiv.org/abs/0705.0766).
Bibcode:2009JAMS...22..287B (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JAMS...22..287B).
doi:10.1090/s0894-0347-08-00613-9 (https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0894-0347-08-00613-9).
MR 2449060 (https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=2449060). Zbl 1251.53021
(https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:1251.53021).
Textbooks

Schoen, R.; Yau, S.-T. (1994). Lectures on differential geometry. Conference Proceedings
and Lecture Notes in Geometry and Topology. Vol. 1. Lecture notes prepared by Wei Yue
Ding, Kung Ching Chang, Jia Qing Zhong and Yi Chao Xu. Translated from the Chinese by
Ding and S. Y. Cheng. Preface translated from the Chinese by Kaising Tso. Cambridge, MA:
International Press. ISBN 1-57146-012-8. MR 1333601 (https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathsci
net-getitem?mr=1333601). Zbl 0830.53001 (https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:083
0.53001).
Schoen, R.; Yau, S. T. (1997). Lectures on harmonic maps. Conference Proceedings and
Lecture Notes in Geometry and Topology. Vol. 2. Cambridge, MA: International Press.
ISBN 1-57146-002-0. MR 1474501 (https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=147
4501). Zbl 0886.53004 (https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0886.53004).

See also
Almgren–Pitts min-max theory
Harmonic map
Sphere theorem

References
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External links
Personal web site (http://math.stanford.edu/~schoen/)
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Richard Schoen" (https://mathshistory.st-andrew
s.ac.uk/Biographies/Schoen.html), MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of
St Andrews
Richard Schoen (https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=32919) at the Mathematics
Genealogy Project
Sormani, Christina (August 2018). "The Mathematics of Richard Schoen" (https://www.ams.
org/journals/notices/201811/rnoti-p1349.pdf) (PDF). Notices of the American Mathematical
Society. 65 (11): 1349–1376. doi:10.1090/noti1749 (https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fnoti1749).

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