EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE THIGMOTROPISM – Growth or motion of plants in

LIFE SCIENCE response to touch.

GEOTROPISM – Movement of a plant in response
LIFE SCIENCE - A field of science that deals with the
to gravity.
study of living things such as plants, animals, and
microorganisms. ALL LIVING THINGS ACQUIRE AND UTILIZE
ENERGY.
THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF LIFE
Can adopt or adjust in their environment.
A. DIVINE CREATION THEORY - It states that
life was created by a supernatural being. It PHOTOSYNTHESIS - Plants
is based on the bible from “ The Book of
Genesis” CELLULAR RESPIRATION - Animals
B. BIOGENESIS - It states that life came from
living things. It is the development life from
pre-existing life. ALL LIVING THINGS REPRODUCE
C. ABIOGENESIS - It states that living things Reproduction is the process of producing new
could directly evolved from non- living organisms of the same type.
matter. This theory was disproved by Louis
Pasteur through a scientific experiment. SEXUAL – Sex cells
D. MARINE THEORY - It states that the first
ASEXUAL – One Parent
form of life was formed under the sea. The
blue green algae or cyanobacterium was the ALL LIVING THINGS CAN ADOPT OR ADJUST TO
first organism to colonize the earth. THEIR ENVIROMENT
E. COSMOZOIC OR INTERPLANETARY THEORY
EX. Plants or animals
- It states that life was in the form of
resistant spore originated from some ALL LIVING THINGS HAVE A CHEMICAL
source in the universe. COMPONENT IN THEIR BODY
F. PHYSICO – CHEMICAL THEORY - It states
that life was formed by the combination of INORGANIC – Oxygen rules this domain.
the elements. Hydrogen atom combine with ORGANIC – Carbon rules this domain.
Oxygen atom to form water molecule, then
the water molecule combined carbon to ALL LIVING THINGS EXHIBIT GROWTH AND
form Carbohydrate. DEVELOPMENT
G. EVOLUTION BY CHARLES DARWIN - It is the Growth means to get bigger in size. Development
process by which changes in living involves a change in the physical form or physiological
organisms happen overtime. make-up of an organism.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE ALL LIVING THINGS EXHIBIT METABOLISM

CATABOLISM – Breakdown of larger molecules.
ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF CELLS
ANABOLISM – Synthesis of larger molecules.
UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS - Entire organism
is made up of one single cell Bacteria and protists. ALL LIVING THINGS POSSESS A GENETIC PROGRAM
AND THE MEANS TO USE IT
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS - The organism Genes carry hereditary information. Mutations change
is made up of many cells -Cells have specialized DNA code and can be passed from generation to
functions within the organism. generation.
ALL LIVING THINGS ARE ABLE TO RESPOND ALL ORGANISMS MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS
STIMULI
A stable state of conditions in the body that are - He used a microscope to examine cork
necessary for life. (plant)
- Body temperature - Hooke called what He saw “Cells”
- Blood volume ROBERT BROWN – Discovered the nucleus in 1822
- Water balance
MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN – German botanist Matthias
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF LIFE
Schleiden. 1833. All plants “Are composed of cells.”
CHEMICAL LEVEL
THEODOR SCHWANN – Also in 1838, He discovered
- ATOM is the smallest particle of an element. that animals were made of cells.
- MOLECULES are groups of atom joined by
molecular bonds. RUDOLF VIRCHOW – 1855, German Physician.
“That cells only come from other cells.” His
statement debunked “Theory of Spontaneous
CELLULAR LEVEL Generation.”
- ORGANELLES refers to the tiny organs inside The COMBINED work of Schleiden, Schwann, and
the cell. Virchow make up the modern CELL THEORY which
- CELL is the basic structural and functional unit states that:
of life.
1. All living things are composed of a cell or
TISSUE LEVEL cells.
- TISSUE is a collection of cells performing 2. Cells are the basic unit of life.
specific functions. 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
ORGAN LEVEL CELL STRUCTURE
- ORGAN is a group of tissue that performs a CELL DIVERSITY – Cells within the same organism
definite function. show enormous diversity in:
SYSTEM LEVEL CELL SIZE – Female egg. Largest cell in the human
- ORGAN SYSTEM is a group of organs that has body; seen without the aid of a microscope. Most
the same function. cells are visible only with a microscope.
- ORGANISMS refers to an individual living thing.
CELL SHAPE – Diversity of form reflects a diversity
LEVEL OF ECOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION of function. The shape of a cell depends on its
function.
- POPULATION is a group of similar organisms
living in the place at the same time. INTERNAL ORGANIZATION
- COMMUNITY is a group of populations that live
together in a defined area. PROKARYOTES – Unicellular Organism.
- ECOSYSTEM is composed of biotic and abiotic
factors. EUKARYOTES – Multicellular Organism.
- BIOSPHERE - refers to all the ecosystem on THREE MAJOR PARTS OF CELL
earth.
1. External coverings and locomotive organs
EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
2. Cytoplasm
THE CELL 3. Nucleus
CELL HISTORY PLASMA MEMBRANE – Semi permeable
membrane. Made up of phospholipid bilayer, fats,
- CYTOLOGY – Study of cells
carbohydrates, and protein materials. It support
- 1665 English Scientist, Robert Hooke
and give shapes to cell. It acts as receptor sites.
CELL WALL – The external boundary outer cell packages (vesicles) and secreted proteins. It is
membrane that located in plants only. It consists of packaging center of the cell.
cellulose structure and other substances that
MITOCHONDRIA – It is a powerhouse of the cell.
protect the plants from invading pathogenic
Site for synthesizing of Adenosine Triphosphate
organisms as well as to prevent dryness.
(ATP) Parts: Outer and Inner membrane cristae and
GLYCOCALYX – Is known as the Cell Coat that matrix. A sausage shape like organelle consider as
located in the outer part of cell membrane of the sites for cellular respiration.
animal cell, its functions for cell recognition and
VACUOLES – For storage of materials and water,
cellular adhesion. It is also responsible for tissue
releasing of cellular waster products, maintain
organization.
hydrostatic pressure. The vacuole in plants is large
CYTOPLASM – Located outside the nucleus, inside that plays a vital role in turgor pressure and serves
the cell membrane. It composed of a jelly-like as for the storage of water. The vacuole in animals
substance known as cytosol also contains is small for the storage of food products.
organelles and inclusions. Cell expansion, growth,
LYSOSOMES – “Scavenger of the cell” or “suicidal
metabolic activities and cell replication are main
bag of the cell” it contains strong hydrolytic
functions of cytoplasm. The cytosol is the semi-
enzymes and use by the cell to digest
transparent fluid in which cytoplasmic organelles
macromolecules. The digested products can reuse
and particles are suspended. It is one of the major
again by the cell for the synthesis of cellular
cellular components that give structural support
materials.
and holds the organelles inside the cell.
PEROXISOMES – Are membranous sacs that
RIBOSOMES – Ribosomes are small rounded dark
containing oxidative enzymes for the function of
bodies which composed of ribosomal proteins and
detoxifying harmful substances.
ribonucleic acids. They are the one which connect
amino acids together to form long chains of CYTOSKELETON – It is composed of collective
protein. Builders of protein materials and network of protein filamentous, thread-like
responsible for protein synthesis. structure called microtubules, microfilaments
which produce a strong ability to support and
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM – A network or
maintain the cell shape. It is the fundamental
interconnected of tubes and flattened sacs,
framework of the cytoplasm containing protein
extending in the entire cytoplasm and channels,
filament that assist for the organelles to move
membranous tube-like structure known as
inside.
cisternae. It is the highway/post office of the cell.
PLASTIDS – The largest, rounded membranous
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM – Composed
organelles that contain DNA usually located in
of network flattened membranous tubes
plant cell for coloring pigments in plants. A double-
containing ribosomes stud on outer surface. It
membranous structure enclosed by a thylakoid
involved in manufacturing protein materials,
membrane.
protein folding, and site of protein synthesis.
CENTROSOMES AND CENTRIOLES – The centriole is
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM – It consists
a small. Fibrous structure and cylindrical shape
of network tubular sacs that lacking of ribosomes
located near the nucleus. Inside the centrosome of
on its surface. Its function responsible to detoxify
an animal cell is a pair of centrioles which replicate
drugs manufacturing lipids, carries carbohydrates,
as the cell divides. Centrioles are mostly present in
lipids and non-protein materials.
animal cells but absent in plants.
GOLGI APPARATIS/GOLGI BODIES/DICTYOSOME –
NUCLEUS – Control center and brain of the cell.
It is made up stacks of flattened membranous sacs
Contains hereditary factors.
carrying the protein from rough endoplasmic
reticulum to the outside of part of the cell. It EUKARYOTIC CELL
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE – Consists of two- MITOCHONDRIA
membranous layered w/c surrounded the entire
Nucleus and serves as a boundary to separates the
nuclear material from the cytoplasm and nuclear
membrane controls the continuous flow of
materials inside and outside the nucleus.
NUCLEOPLASM – Containing fluid substances that
suspended in the internal part forming the
protoplasm of the nucleus also known as
Karyoplasm.
THE CELL NUCLEUS
NUCLEOULUS – Containing Ribosomal Nucleic Acid
(RNA) which rich of protein materials for the
protein synthesis and carrying hereditary traits.
CHROMOSOMES – It contains genetic materials
known as DNA that embedded inside the GLYCOLYSIS - Splitting sugars. It is the breaking
chromosomes. It is also bounded protein which down of glucose into two molecule of pyruvic acid
serves as packaging for deoxyribonucleic acid in cytoplasm.
(DNA) and controls the hereditary characteristics.
OTHER PARTS
FLAGELLA – Are cytoplasmic projections that
extend from surface of cell; covered by plasma
membrane; many single-celled organisms use them
for propulsion and other function of flagella for cell
locomotion.
CILIA – Are relatively short projections that extend
from the surface of cell and allowing the materials
to move on surface of some tissues in form of
waves.
TRANSITION REACTION - It connects glycolysis to
the Krebs Cycle and it is the time when the two
CELLULAR RESPIRATION Pyruvates are being oxidized in the mitochondria.
• Glycolysis
• Transition Reaction
• Krebs Cycle
• Electron Transport System
CELLULAR RESPIRATION - It is a catabolic process
that organisms, such as humans, use to extract
energy from food.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
REACTANTS PRODUCT
 CELLULAR RESPIRATION:
KREBS CYCLE - (Citric Acid Cycle) It is a cyclical
metabolic pathway located in the matrix of the
mitochondria.

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- First studied by Flemish Botanist Jan Van
Helmont (1580-1644) in 1630
- In his experiment, he weighed a pot of soil
and planted a willow tree in it. After 5
years, the tree gained 164 pounds and the
soil weighed only 2 ounces less.
- He concluded that plants make their own
organic materials and do not get these from
the soil.

- In 1772, Joseph Priestly (1733-1804)

showed that a spring of mint would
“restore” air that had been “injured” by a
ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM - This is where burning candle.
harvested electrons by oxidations in the overall - This result showed that oxygen gas, which is
process are transferred by NADH and FADH2 used up in burning, is released by plants.
producing a bulk of ATP in the membrane bound - 7 years later, Jan Ingenhouz (1730-1799)
carrier in the mitochondria. supported the findings of Priestly, and
added that this air (oxygen) could only be
restored by plants if the sun was shining.

- Thus, more than 190 years ago, the general

outline of photosynthesis was understood
as follows:
 - In 1930’s, Cornelius Bernardus Van Niel Photosynthesis• An anabolic, carbon dioxide (CO2)
(1897-1985) of Stanford University was able requiring process that uses light energy (photons)
to prove that light splits water, producing and water (H2O) to produce organic
oxygen. macromolecules (glucose).
PLANT VS ANIMAL 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Heterotrophs – cannot synthesize their own food Photons Sun Glucose
and depend on autotrophs and other organisms for
their subsistence (e.g. animals)
Autotrophs – synthesize their own food (plants)
1. Photoautotrophs – which include green plants,
and purple bacteria, and can utilize light energy to
synthesize organic molecules.
2. Chemoautotrophs – which include some
bacteria that can synthesize organic substances
from the inorganic substances in their
environment, and are not dependent on light
energy.

Scientists study the concept of energy flow within

living systems through a subfield called
bioenergetics.
Producers- In a food chain are the plants
(autotrophs), which take water and minerals from
the soil and carbon dioxide from the air. In
photosynthesis, solar energy is capture by plants
leaves to convert water and CO2 to sugar and
oxygen. The light-independent stage, also known as Calvin Cycle,
occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.
Consumers- Heterotrophs eat plants and animals.
The light-dependent stage occurs in the thylakoid membrane
To produce energy from sugar (glucose) through of the chloroplast, where the chlorophyll
cellular respiration. They must take oxygen. Cellular
Respiration results to the release of carbon dioxide pigment absorbs the light energy from the sun and converts it
into chemical energy together with.
and return of wastes (undigested materials) to the
environment. Which small animals, fungi and PHOTOLYSIS- oxidation of water producing free electrons and
bacteria decompose wastes and remains of dead oxygen.
organisms.
Decomposers- they act as recyclers of soil nutrients
that plants can use up again, ensuring the cycle of
matter in the ecosystem.