Graphs & Relative Standing

Chapter. 7.1 & 7.3

7.1 Collecting and Graphing Data
Statistics
Data: Collection of information that is gathered to be analyzed
Statistics: Science of collecting and interpreting data through
simple graphs and charts
 Collecting Data & Graphs
● To collect data we choose an
appropriate data collection method
(survey, experiment, case studies
etc.)

● Graphs provide quick visual

summaries of information and
methods of making predictions
Branches of statistics
Descriptive Statistics: Summarizing the properties of a sample or population
to describe data (mean, variance, skewness)

Inferential Statistics: Making conclusions about large populations based on

small samples
Descriptive vs Inferential Data
 Population V. Sample

Population: A Sample: A
collection of SUBSET of the
ALL items of population.
interest in a
study.
 Why and how we use samples
Statistics require us to use our samples to draw conclusions about a population.

Populations are too large, costly, and complicated to study, so we use samples
drawn from the population for research.

Let’s say a company has 300 employees

and I want to study the employees overall
satisfaction working for the company.
From the population of 300
employees, I would create a
survey to gather
information about 100 of
those employees to
determine whether or not
employees working for this
company are satisfied.
Graphing data
Graphing data is a way of representing data.

Types of graphs are…

- Line Graphs - Pictographs

- Bar Graphs - Line Plots
- Histograms - Stem and Leaf
- Pie Charts - Scatter Plots
 Line graphs
A sequence of data points connected by line segments

Typically used to show decreases, increases and or consistent data over time.

A line graph includes a…

- Title
- X and y axis with titles
-Plots
- Units
- Lines
Example: Lets analyze. We’re looking at the Analyze the line graph. In which month is
data between boxes of cookies sold the most donuts sold? Between which
throughout a week. Let's say we’re looking for two months does the amount of donuts
the approximate increase of boxes sold from
sold decreased the most?
tuesday to saturday. The answer would be
approximately 14 boxes.

620 640
600

500 500 560 500

360
400
300
350

250
 Bar graphs
A quick visual summary of data.

F= 18
0=14
N=8
Try it Create a bar graph that represents the given
data.
1 Milk 17 Milk
2 Juice 18 Water
3 Coffee 19 Coffee
4 Milk 20 Juice
5 Milk
6 Water
7 Water
8 Water Milk=6
9 Coffee
10 Coffee
Coffee=4
11 Juice Juice=3
12 Water Water=7
13 Water
14 Milk
15 Milk
16 Water
Beverages
 Histograms
A graph that shows the frequency of numerical data (unlike a bar graph that uses
word labels ) using rectangles.

Step one- Starts with your raw data. Ex. Ages of people in a movie theater
1, 3, 27, 32, 5, 63, 26, 25, 18, 16, 4, 45, 29, 19, 22, 51, 58, 9, 42, 6

Step two- Organize data 1,3,4,5,6,9,16,18,19,22,25,26,27,29,32,42,45,51,58,63

Step three- determine the amount of data per bracket 1-9 6

10-19 3
(Frequency table)
20-29 5

30-39 1

40-49 2

50-59 2

60-69 1
6

0
1-9 10-19 20-29 30 -39 40 -49 50 -59 60 -69
 -Demonstrates whole and
Pie graphs sectors.
-Focuses on degrees and
percent.

25%

50%

As A Whole=360 As A Whole= 100%

 How To Find Percent
Favorite toppings amongst students ( Part / whole ) 100%

A Cheese 10 10 / 40 = 0.25 0.25 x 100= 25%

6 / 40 = 0.15 0.15 x 100= 15%

B Chicken 6

40 6 / 40 = 0.15 0.15 x 100= 15%

C
Peppers 6
14 / 40 = 0.35 0.35 x 100= 35%
D Bacon 14
4 / 40 = 0.1 0.1 x 100= 10%
E Olives 4
 How To Find Angle
(Part / whole ) 360°

A Cheese 10 10 / 40 = 0.25 0.25 x 360°= 90°

6 / 40 = 0.15 0.15 x 360°= 54°

B Chicken 6

Peppers 6 40 6 / 40 = 0.15 0.15 x 360°= 54°

C
14 / 40 = 0.35 0.35 x 360°= 126°
D Bacon 14
4 / 40 = 0.1 0.1 x 360°= 36°
E Olives 4
 Lets Graph
OLIVES

CHEESE

A.25%, 90°
B.15%, 54° 36°
C.15%, 54° 90°

D.35%, 126° BACON 126° 54°

54°
E.10%, 36° CHICKEN

PEPPERS
 Pictograph
● A way to show data using images.

Try It
Create a pictograph using the table
below to show the amount of students
who like pizza separated by grades. Use
X’s for girls and O’s for boys.
Grades Girls Boys

5 7 5

4 2 4

3 8 10

2 4 6
 Line plots
● A graph that shows the number of
times a value occurs using a number
line.
Try It
Create a line plot using the table below.

Age Number of Children

10 5

9 4

8 6

7 3
Stem and Leaf
● A plot used to show data in a
numerical order.

Try It
Create a stem and leaf plot using the
following numbers.
18 30 22 43 21 25 45 54 32 58 24 27 45
52 39 17 19 34 59 38 45
Scatter Plot
● Dots are used to show the
values of two different
numeric variables.
Try It
Create a scatter plot using the
table below.
X Y

4 5

2 10

1 4

5 7

6 2
7.3 Sampling, Predictions, and Simulations
 Sampling
The process in selecting the
group that you will be
collecting data from
Random Sampling: A
process where each sample
from a population has an
equal chance of being
selected
Sampling Cont.
Stratified Sampling: Smaller group
(strata) within the sample are
represented proportionally to the
population. Used to predict
Random Sampling or Stratified Sampling?
Example 1) A health educator wanted to study the eating habits of the
undergraduate students in her university. For her study, the researcher chose
a simple random sample of size 100 from each of the classes (100 freshmen,
100 sophomores, 100 juniors, and 100 seniors), for a total of 400 sampled
students.

Example 2) Randomly Selecting 25 employees to participate in a survey from a

company of 200 employees.
Distribution of data (definition)
The graph of a visually the distribution of the data, that is, how the data are
clustered or spread out
Types of distributions
● A symmetric shaped curve is called a Normal Distribution which follows
the 68-95-99.7 rule.
● 68% of the values are within 1 standard deviation from the mean, 95% are
within 2 standard deviation, 99.7% fall within 3 standard deviation.
Right tailed Distribution
The distribution where the right side of the peak is longer than the left side.
Left Tailed Distribution
The distribution where the left side has a higher peak than the right side.
Uniform Distribution
Distribution where all possible outcomes are equally likely to occur.
Symmetric
A distribution where the left and right are mirror images of each other.
Examples
A normal curve shows a distribution of an score that has a mean of 60 and
standard deviation of 5

1. What are the percentage of scores between 50 and 70?

2. What percentage of score was above 70

 Percentile V. Quartile
● Percentile- the value below a certain
percentage 16
Percentile ranking of 10’= x 100= 80%
Ex. percentile ranking of 10’ 20

2,2,3,4,5,5,5,6,7,8,8,8,8,8,9,9,10,11,11,12

16

20

● Quartiles are the values which

separate a list of data into three
quarters.
 Mean

The mean is a common measure of relative standing.

Measures of relative standing are used to describe how a
specific value within a dataset compares to the other values
in the same data set, essentially showing its position or
ranking relative to the rest of the data.
For example, let’s examine a
group of students test scores:
64, 85, 70, 65, 72, 65, 47, 90, 68.

To find the mean of our test

scores, we would calculate the
sum of all the numbers and
divide that sum by the total
number or scores.
Let’s try:
64 + 85 + 70 + 65 + 72 + 65 + 47 + 90 + 68 =
 Z-score
The number of standard deviations a measurement is from the mean.

The z-score is another measure of relative standing.

Formula:
Lets try:
Using the data from the previous example, lets say a student scored a 75 on
the exam. The mean score for the exam was 69.5, and the standard deviation
was 5.5.

How can we find the z-score?

First, we would use the students test score of 75 and subtract it from 69.5

Next, we divide that score by the standard deviation of 5.5

What is the z-score?