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    Properties-of-Solutions-1

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    Properties of solution arun bahl note

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    Properties-of-Solutions-1

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    Properties of solution arun bahl note

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    Properties of solution arun bahl note

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    0 views31 pages

    Properties-of-Solutions-1

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    adibmahdi84
    Properties of solution arun bahl note

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    Solutions

    Solutions
    Solution is a mixture of two or more substances
    that is homogeneous in molecular level
    How is solution formed?

    (G2-G1)= (H2-H1)- T(S2-S1)


    (ΔG always tend to be –Ve)

    (ΔS always tend to be +Ve)


    Entropy
    Solution Process
    (Solution processes are typically accompanied by changes in enthalpy)
    The stronger the attraction between solute and solvent molecules, the greater the
    solubility of the solute in that solvent. Solubility of gas increases with increasing
    polarity and molecular mass.
    Expression solution concentrations
    Expression solution concentrations
    A colligative property may be defined as one which depends on the
    number of particles in solution and not in any way on the size or
    chemical nature of the particles.

    1. Lowering of Vapor Pressure


    2. Elevation of Boiling Point
    3. Depression of Freezing Point
    4. Osmotic Pressure
    ➢ The vapour pressure of a pure solvent is decreased when a non-volatile
    solute is dissolved in it.
    ➢ If p is the vapour pressure of the solvent and 𝑝𝑠 that of the solution, the
    lowering of vapour pressure is (p – 𝑝𝑠 ).

    ➢ This lowering of vapour pressure relative to the vapour pressure of the


    pure solvent is termed the Relative lowering of Vapour pressure. Thus,
    𝑝−𝑝𝑠
    Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure =
    𝑝
    Raoult’s Law: The relative lowering of the vapour pressure of a dilute
    solution is equal to the mole fraction of the solute present in dilute solution.

    Raoult’s Law can be expressed mathematically in the form :


    𝑝−𝑝𝑠 𝑛
    =
    𝑝 𝑛+𝑁
    where n = number of moles or molecules of solute
    N = number of moles or molecules of solvent.
    Derivation of Raoult’s Law
    ❑ When a nonvolatile solute is dissolved in solution, the presence of solute
    molecules in the surface blocks a fraction of the surface where no
    evaporation can take place. This causes the lowering of the vapour
    pressure.
    ❑ The vapour pressure of the solution is, therefore, determined by the
    number of molecules of the solvent present at any time in the surface
    which is proportional to the mole fraction. That is
    𝑁
    𝑝𝑠 ∝
    𝑛+𝑁 𝑝𝑠 𝑁
    =
    𝑁 𝑝 𝑛+𝑁
    𝑝𝑠 = 𝑘
    𝑛+𝑁 𝑝𝑠 𝑁
    1- = 1 −
    In case of pure solvent n = 0 and hence 𝑝 𝑛+𝑁
    𝑁 𝑝−𝑝𝑠 𝑛
    Mole fraction of solvent = =1 =
    𝑛+𝑁
    𝑝 𝑛+𝑁
    And Thus p=k
    𝑁
    Therefore, 𝑝𝑠 = 𝑝
    𝑛+𝑁
    What will be the boiling point of water containing 1 mol of NaCl?????
    ➢ The vapor-pressure curves for the
    liquid and solid phases meet at the
    triple point.
    ➢ We can see from the figure that the
    triple point temperature of the
    solution is lower than the triple-
    point temperature of pure liquid
    because the solution has a lower
    vapor pressure than the pure liquid.

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