COMPUTER NETWORKING

What is Computer Network?

A Computer network is an interconnection among two or more computers or computing
devices. Such interconnection allows computers to share data and resources among each
other Resources such as files, applications, printers and software are common information
shared in a networking.

The advantage of networking is :

 Resource Sharing
 Collaborative Interaction
 Cost Saving
 Increased storage
 Time Saving

Evolution of Network:
(I) ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network)
 It came into existence in 1960s
 ARPANET was designed to survive any nuclear threat. It was the first system to implement the
TCP/IP protocol suite and was based on Client-Server architecture.
II) NSFNET (National Science Foundation Networks)
 National Science Foundation Network, was started in 1980 with a view to enhance Academic
and Scientific Research. It connected its server with the ARPANET in year 1986. In the year 1990,
the NSFNet, ARPANET and other smaller networks clubbed together to form the INTERNET
(Interconnected Networks) and hence the foundation of modern INTERNET was laid down.
(III) INTRANET
The word Intra means inside or within. Therefore, Intranet means the network within an
organization. It is created using the protocols of LANs and PANs. Example: Wipro uses internal
network for business development
 It is a local or restricted communication system
 It is managed by a person or organization.
 Intranet users can avail services from internet but Internet user cannot access intranet directly.
(III) INTERNET
 It came into existence in 1960s
 It is known as Network of Networks.
It is the global network of interconnected devices that may/may not follow same set of rules,
and connect together for sharing information and establishing communication.

DATA COMMUNICATION TERMINOLOGIES

DATA
Data means information in digital form which is stored processed and exchanged between
digital devices like computer, mobile phones or laptop.
Data can be text, image, audio, video or multimedia files.
Computers stores raw data and process these data into meaningful information.
Hence, we can define Information as processed data.
COMMUNICATION
The exchange of information between two or more networked or interconnected devices
is called communication. These devices must be capable of sending /receiving data over a
communication medium.

COMPONENTS OF DATA COMMUNICATION

The five main components of data communication are as follows:
SENDER: Sender is a device which is capable of sending data over a communication network.
In data communication Sender is also called Source.
RECEIVER: Receiver is a device which is capable of receiving data over a communication
network. In data communication Receiver is also called Destination.
MESSAGE: message is the information being exchanged between a sender and a receiver
over a communication network.

COMMUNICATION MEDIUM: Communication medium is the path or channel through

which the information is moved from the sender to the receiver. A communication medium can
be either wired/guided or wireless/unguided.
PROTOCOLS: The set of standard rules which are followed in data communication are known
as Data Communication Protocols. All the communicating devices like sender receiver and other
connected devices in the network should follow these protocols.
Why Protocols are needed?
The communicating devices may be in different geographical areas. The speed of these devices
may be different. Also, the data transfer rates of different networks may be different. These
complexities make it necessary to have a common set of rules to ensure the secure
communication of data.
Examples of some commonly used Protocols in data communication are given below:
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Internet Protocol (IP)
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP)
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

MEASURING CAPACITY OF COMMUNICATION MEDIA

Capacity of a communication channel means the maximum quantity of signals that a
communication channel can carry. The capacity of a communication medium is measured by its
bandwidth and data transfer rate.
Data Channel:
It is a medium to carry information or data from one point to another.
Baud:
It is the measurement of the data transfer rate in a communication channel.
BANDWIDTH
Bandwidth is the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies a transmission media
can carry. The unit of bandwidth is Hertz.
DATA TRANSFER RATES
Data transfer rate is the number of bits transmitted through a channel per unit of time.
Data transfer rate is measured in bits per second (bps). It is also measured in Kilobits per
second (Kbps), Megabits per second (Mbps) or Gigabits per second (Gbps).
IP ADDRESS
IP address or Internet Protocol address is a unique numeric address assigned to every device
connected to a network. It uniquely identifies every node connected to a local network or
internet.
An IP address allows computers to send and receive data over the internet. They can also
be used to track down a user's physical location. There are two versions for IP address IPV4
and IPV6. IP addresses are binary numbers but are typically expressed in decimal form (IPv4) or
hexadecimal form (IPv6) to make reading and using them easily.
The commonly used IP address is IPV4. An IPv4 address consists of four numbers, each of which
contains one to three digits, with a single dot (.) separating each set of digits. Each of the four
numbers can range from 0 to 255.
Example IP address: 24.171.248.170

SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
In large networks, there may be more than one paths for transmitting data from sender to
receiver. The process of selecting a path of data out of the available paths is called switching.
There are two popular switching techniques – circuit switching and packet switching.

1. Circuit Switching
In circuit switching, whenever a source end node wants to send a message to the destination end
node a dedicated physical link is first established between the source and the destination. Then
only the data transmission takes place. After the complete transmission of data this physical link
is terminated.
Advantages:
1. Since a dedicated communication channel is set up before communicating the message,
the data transmission is reliable and is suitable for long and continuous communication.
2 Circuit switching uses fixed bandwidth as well as data rates.
3. As the data is communicated continuously, no need of sequencing or re-ordering it at the
receiving end.
Disadvantages:
1. Time required to setup a physical connection between the sender and the receiver makes
delay in communication.
2. Since a communication channel is dedicated for a particular transmission, it cannot be
utilized for other communication, even if the channel is free.
2. Packet Switching
In the packet switching technique, the whole message is split into small packets. Now, these
packets are transmitted one by one from sender to the receiver through the intermediary
switches in the network. The packets will take shortest path as possible.
Every packet will have a sequence number in order to identify their order at the receiving end.
The packets will also contain information like source address, intermediate node address,
destination address etc.
Advantages:
1. Packet switching is effective type of data transmission technique as it effectively utilizes
the communication channel. Multiple users can share the channel simultaneously utilizing
the bandwidth effectively.
2. It is cost effective and easy to implement compared to circuit switching.
3. As the messages are sent as small sized packets, the data transmission is quick and easy.
Disadvantages:
1. Unorganized movement of packets makes it necessary to implement proper sequencing and
reordering techniques.
2. As the packets flow through multiple paths from the source to the destination, complex
security protocols are required to ensure reliable communication.

TRANSMISSION MEDIA
● A transmission medium can be anything that can carry signals or data between the source
(transmitter) and destination (receiver). In data communication, transmission media are the links
that carry messages between two or more communicating devices.
● Transmission can be classified as guided or unguided.
● In guided transmission, there is a physical link made of wire/cable through which data in terms
of signals are propagated between the nodes. These are usually metallic cable, fiber-optic cable,
etc. They are also known as wired media.
● In unguided transmission, data travels in air in terms of electromagnetic waves using an
antenna. They are also known as wireless media.
Wired Transmission Media
● Any physical link that can carry data in the form of signals belongs to the category of wired
transmission media.
● Three commonly used guided/wired media for data transmission are, twisted pair, coaxial
cable, and fiber optic cable.
● Twisted-pair and coaxial cable carry the electric signals whereas the optical fiber cable carries
the light signals.

(A) Twisted Pair Cable

 A twisted-pair consists of two copper wires twisted like a DNA helical structure.
 Both the copper wires are insulated with plastic covers.
 Usually, a number of such pairs are combined together and covered with a protective outer
wrapping.

The use of twisted configuration minimises the effect of electrical interference from similar pairs
close by.
These cables are of two types: Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) and Shielded twisted-pair (STP).
Advantages:
 It is low-cost, low-weight and flexible cables.
 It is easy to install and maintain and requires RJ-45 Connector.
Disadvantages:
 Suitable for short distance (up to 100 mt.). For long distance Repeater is required.
 It supports low bandwidth and offers up to 100 Mbps speed.

(B) Coaxial cable

 Coaxial cable has a copper wire at the
core of the cable which is surrounded
with insulating material. The insulator is
further surrounded with an outer
conductor (usually a copper mesh). This
outer conductor is wrapped in a plastic
cover.
 The shielded design allows the cable's
copper core to transmit data quickly,
without interference of environmental factors.
 These types of cables are used to carry signals of higher frequencies to a longer distance.
 It is better shielded and has more bandwidth than a twisted pair.

Advantages:
 It offers high bandwidth and carry data for a long distance (185-500 m)
 Suitable for Broadband transmission (cable TV) and can be used in shared cable network.
Disadvantages:
 It is less flexible and expensive compared to Twisted Pair cable.
 Not compatible with modern cables like Twisted pair cable.
(C) Optical Fibre
 The optical fiber cable carries data as light, which travels inside a thin fiber of glass.
 Optic fiber uses refraction to direct the light through the media.
 A thin transparent strand of glass at the center is covered with a layer of less dense glass called
cladding. This whole arrangement is covered with an outer jacket made of PVC or Teflon.
 These cables are of light weight and have higher bandwidth which means higher data transfer rate.

Advantages:
 It is free from Electro-Magnetic Interference (EMI), since no Electrical signal are carried.
 Offers secure and high speed transmission up to a long distance.
Disadvantages:
 Expensive and quite fragile (breakable).
 They are unidirectional
 Complicated Installation procedure and difficult to join two broken fiber.
 Not suitable for domestic purposes due to high maintenance cost.

Wireless Transmission Media

 In wireless communication technology, information travels in the form of electromagnetic
signals through air.
 Electromagnetic spectrum of frequency ranging from 3 KHz to 900 THz is available for wireless
communication.
 Wireless technologies allow communication between two or more devices in short to long
distance without requiring any physical media.
There are many types of wireless communication technologies such as Bluetooth, WiFi (Wireless
Fidelity), WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) etc.

The electromagnetic spectrum range (3KHz to 900THz) can be divided into 4 categories (Radio
waves, Microwaves, Infrared waves and Visible or Light waves) according to their frequency
ranges.
Classification of transmission waves and their properties
Transmission
Properties
Waves
1. Waves of frequency range 3 KHz - 1 GHz
2. Omni-directional, these waves can move in all directions
3. Radio waves of frequency 300KHz-30MHz can travel long distance
Radio Waves 4. Susceptible to interference
5. Radio waves of frequency 3-300KHz can penetrate walls
6. These waves are used in AM and FM radio, television, cordless
phones.
1. Electromagnetic waves of frequency range 1GHz - 300GHz.
2. Unidirectional, can move in only one direction.
3. Cannot penetrate solid objects such as walls, hills or mountains.
4. Needs line-of-sight propagation i.e. both communicating antenna
Microwaves
must be in the direction of each other.
5. Used in point-to-point communication or unicast communication
such as radar and satellite.
6. Provide very large information-carrying capacity.
1. Electromagnetic waves of frequency range 300GHz - 400THz.
2. Very high frequency waves.
Infrared 3. Cannot penetrate solid objects such as walls.
waves 4. Used for short-distance point-to-point communication such as
mobile-to-mobile, mobile-to-printer, remote-control-to-TV, and
Bluetooth-enabled devices to other devices like mouse, keyboards etc.
Bluetooth:
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology commonly used for connecting devices like
smartphones, laptops, and peripherals (e.g., wireless keyboards, mice, and headphones). It
operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency band and supports relatively low data transfer rates compared
to Wi-Fi.
Satellite Communication:
Satellite communication involves transmitting data to and from Earth through communication
satellites. It is used for long-distance communication in remote areas or where traditional wired
communication is not feasible.

Network Devices
To communicate data through different transmission media and to configure networks with
different functionality, we require different devices like Modem, Hub, Switch, Repeater, Router,
Gateway, etc.

Modem
Modem stands for ‘MOdulator DEModulator’.
 It refers to a device used for conversion between analog signals and digital bits.
 It is used to transmit data from a sender to a receiver, or while browsing the internet,
digital data are converted to an analog signal and the medium (be it free-space or a physical
media) carries the signal to the receiver.
 There are modems connected to both the source and destination nodes.
 The modem at the sender’s end acts as a modulator that converts the digital data into analog
signals.
 The modem at the receiver’s end acts as a demodulator that converts the analog signals into
digital data for the destination node to understand.
NIC
Network Interface Card (NIC) is a device used to connect the network with the Internet. It is
sometimes called ad the TAP (Terminal Access Point). Since different manufacturers give
different names to this device, hence, it is sometimes referred to as NIU (Network Interface
Unit).
The NIC has a unique physical address to each card, and it is known as MAC (Media Access
Control) Address.
MAC Address:
It is a b-byte address assigned to each NIC card and is separated by a colon. Example:
10 : E8 : 05 : 67 : 2A : AF

Ethernet Card
It is a LAN architecture developed by Xerox Corp along with the DEC and Intel. It uses a bus or
star topology for data transfer and can attain a speed of up to 10 Gbps. It can connect devices in
both wired and wireless LAN or WAN.

RJ45
 RJ 45 or Registered Jack-45 is an eight-pin connector
 It is used exclusively with Ethernet cables for networking (LAN).
 It is a standard networking interface that can be seen at the end of
all network cables.
 It is a small plastic plug that fits into RJ-45 jacks of the Ethernet
cards present in various computing devices.
Repeater

 A repeater is a device that amplifies a signal being transmitted on the network.

 Data are carried in the form of signals over the cable.
 These signals can travel a specified distance (usually about 100 m).
 Signals lose their strength beyond this limit and become weak.
 In such conditions, the weakened signal appearing on the cable is regenerated and
put back on the cable by a repeater.

Hub
 An Ethernet hub is a network device used
to connect different devices through wires.
Data arriving on any of the lines are sent out
on all the others.
The limitation of Hub is that if data from
two devices come at the same time, they
will collide.
There are two types of HUB :
Active hubs: these electrically amplify the
signal as it moves from one connected
device to another.
Passive hubs: these allow the signals to pass from one device to another without any change.

Switch
Like a hub, a network switch is used to connect multiple computers or communicating devices in
a network.
 When data arrives, the switch extracts the destination address from the data packet and looks
it up in a table to see where to send the packet.
 It sends signals to only selected devices instead of sending to all.
 It can forward multiple packets at the same time.
 A switch does not forward the
signals which are noisy or
corrupted. It drops such signals
and asks the sender to resend it.
 Ethernet switches are common
in homes/offices to connect
multiple devices thus creating
LANs or to access the Internet.
It is a device that is used to divide network into smaller networks called subnets or LAN
segments. This helps to avoid network traffic as it divides the traffic into smaller parts. It is
responsible for filtering of data packets and then transmission over the network.

Router
It is responsible for forwarding data from one network to another. The main purpose of router is
sorting and distribution of the data packets to their destination based on the IP address. The
router uses the Logical address scheme.

Gateway –
 Gateway serves as the entry and exit point of a network, as all data coming in or going out of a
network must first pass through the gateway in order to use routing paths.
 A networking device capable to convert protocols so that two different network architecture
based system can communicate with each other. It works as protocol convertor.
A gateway can be implemented completely in software, hardware, or a combination of both.
Gateways act as a network point that acts as an entrance to another network.
network.
Gateway regulates traffic between two dissimilar networks, while router regulates
traffic between similar networks.
A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer
networks, while switch forwards data packets between computers in a LAN.
Routers perform the traffic directing functions on the Internet.

Bridge:
It is a device that links two networks. It is smart system that knows which system lies on which
side and in which network. These can handle the networks that follow different protocols.
WiFi card
 A Wi-Fi card connects to your laptop either in your USB port or a wider card slot.
 The Wi-Fi card acts as both a receiver and transmitter.
 It receives the wireless signal and communicates with the wireless network, enabling you to
access the Web with your laptop.

Computer Network Types

A computer network is a group of computers linked to each other that enables the computer to
communicate with another computer and share their resources, data, and applications.
A computer network can be categorized by their size, complexity and geographical spread
A computer network is mainly of four types:
1. Personal Area Network (PAN) – communication between two - three mobile devices or PC for
personal purpose.
2. Local Area Network (LAN) – limited area (within building)
3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) – within city
4. Wide Area Network (WAN) – within multiple city/state/ countries

1. Personal Area Network(PAN) –

Spread in the proximity of an individual. Cover an area of a few meters radius. Set up using
guided media(USB cable) or unguided media (Bluetooth, Infrared). Owned, controlled, and
managed by a single person.
Examples: A network of devices such as computer, Phone, MP3/MP4 Player, Camera etc.
Transferring songs from one cell phone to another is a PAN of two phones. Transferring files
from a PC to an MP3 player is a PAN between the two.
Advantages of PAN
• PAN is relatively flexible and provides high efficiency for short network ranges.
• It needs easy setup and relatively low cost.
• It does not require frequent installations and maintenance
• It is easy and portable.
• Needs fewer technical skills to use.
Disadvantages of PAN
• Low network coverage area/range.
• Limited to relatively low data rates.
• Devices are not compatible with each other.
• Inbuilt WPAN devices are a little bit costly.
2. Local Area Network (LAN) – LANs are the most frequently used networks. It is
one of the most common one of the simplest types of network. It is designed for small physical
areas such as an office, group of buildings. Any of different types of topologies can be used to
design LAN like Star, Ring, Bus, Tree etc.
Examples: A networked office building, school or home. Sometimes one building can contain a
few small LANs (Like some schools have independent LANs in each computer lab)

Advantages of LAN Disadvantages of LAN

• Resource Sharing • High Setup Cost
• Operate at relatively high speed. • LAN Maintenance Job
• Software Applications Sharing • Covers Limited Area
• Easy and Cheap Communication
• Centralized Data
• Data Security
• Internet Sharing

3. Metropolitan Area Network(MAN):– Spread within a city . Cover an area of a

few kilometers to a few hundred kilometers radius. Set up using all types of all guided and
unguided media. Owned and operated by a government body or a large corporation.
Examples: A network of schools, or banks, or Government offices etc. within a city.
A MAN is usually formed by interconnecting a number of LANs and individual computers.
Advantages of MAN
• MAN offers high-speed connectivity in which the speed ranges from 10-100 Mbps.
• MAN can serve multiple users at a time with the same high-speed internet to all the users.
• MAN allows for centralized management and control of the network, making it easier to
monitor and manage network resources and security.
Disadvantages of MAN
• The architecture of MAN is quite complicated hence, it is hard to design and maintain.
• This network is highly expensive because it required the high cost to set up fiber optics.
• The Data transfer rate in MAN is low when compare to LANs.

WAN (Wide Area Network)

 A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical area such as states or
countries through a telephone line, fiber optic cable or satellite links.
 The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
Characteristics of WAN
• Covers large distances(states, countries, continents).
• Communication medium like satellite, public telephone networks etc and routers are used
establish connection.
Examples: A network of ATMs, BANKs, National Government Offices, International
Organizations' Offices etc., spread over a country, continent, or covering many continents.

Advantages of WAN
• Long distance business can connect on the one network.
• Shares software and resources
• Messages can be sent very quickly to wide range of nodes
• Hardware devices can be shared.

Disadvantages of WAN
• Need a good firewall to restrict unauthorized access
• Setting up a network can be an expensive, slow and complicated.
• Maintaining a network is a full-time job
• Security is a major issue when many different people have the ability to use information.

COMPARISON AMONG PAN, LAN, MAN AND WAN

NETWORK TOPOLOGY
The arrangement of computers and other peripherals in a network is called its topology.
Common network topologies are Bus, Star, Tree, etc.
Bus topology : It is a topology for a Local Area Network (LAN) in which all the nodes are
connected to a single cable called a "backbone".

ADVANTAGES OF BUS TOPOLOGY

i. It is easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus.
ii. It requires less cable length than a star topology.

DISADVANTAGES OF BUS TOPOLOGY

i. Entire network shuts down if there is a break the main cable.
ii. It is less secure and less reliable.
iii. Difficult to find the problem
iv. At a time only one node can transmit data.

Star topology : In this topology each

communicating device is connected to a central node,
which is a networking device like a hub or a switch.
ADVANTAGES OF STAR TOPOLOGY
i. It is easy to install and wire.
ii. Star topology is considered very secure, efficient
and fast .
ii. No disruptions to the network take place while connecting or removing devices.
iii. It is easy to detect faults and to remove parts.
DISADVANTAGES OF STAR TOPOLOGY
i. It requires more cable length than a linear topology.
ii. If the hub, switch, or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled i.e., entire network will
fail.
iii. It is more expensive than linear bus topology.
Tree or Hybrid Topology
It is a hierarchical topology, in which there are multiple branches and each branch can have one
or more basic topologies like star, ring and bus.

In this type of network, data transmitted from source first reaches the centralized device and
from there the data passes through every branch where each branch can have links for more
nodes.
ADVANTAGES OF TREE TOPOLOGY
a) When one of the node stops working, it does not impact other nodes.
b) Fault identification is easy.
c) Failing of one segment does not affect the rest of the network.
d) It works well for small network.
DISADVANTAGES OF TREE TOPOLOGY
a) If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down.
b) There is a need for huge cabling.
c) A lot of maintenance is needed even if it is easier.

Mesh Topology
In mesh topology , separate cable is used to connect each device to every other device on the
network, providing a straight communication path.
Advantages of a Mesh topology
• Avoid traffic since each link can carry its own data
and none are being shared
• If one link breaks, the rest of the network is still
functional
• It provides high privacy and security.
• Fault detection is easy
Disadvantages of a Mesh topology
• A lot of cables are needed
• Too many cables means too much cost
• Too many cables means complex network, i.e., difficult to install
NETWORK PROTOCOL:
A protocol means the rules that are applicable for a network. Protocols defines
standardized formats for data packets, techniques for detecting and correcting errors etc.

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol

 It is a set of standardized rules that uses a client-server model of communication
in which a user or machine (a client) requests a service by a server in the network.
 The IP protocol ensures that each computer or node connected to the Internet is
assigned an IP address, which is used to identify each node independently.
 TCP ensures that the message or data is broken into smaller chunks, called IP
packets. Each of these packets are routed (transmitted) through the Internet, along a path
from one router to the next, until it reaches the specified destination. TCP guarantees the
delivery of packets on the designated IP address. It is also responsible for ordering the
packets so that they are delivered in sequence.

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) :

HTTP is used to transfer webpages from one computer to another on the world wide web.
When an HTTP client (a browser) sends a request of a website or a webpage to an HTTP server
(web server) , the server sends responses back to the client. This transfer of requests and
responses is done following HTTP protocol.
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is an extension of the HTTP.
 It is used for secure communication over a computer network.
 In HTTPS, the communication protocol is encrypted using Transport Layer Security (TLS).
 HTTPS provides,
1) Encryption: Encrypting the exchanged data to keep it secure from eavesdroppers.
2) Data integrity: Data cannot be modified or corrupted during transfer.
3) Authentication: Proves that your users communicate with the intended website.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

 It is a standard internet protocol provided by TCP/IP used for transmitting the files from one
host to another. It is mainly used for transferring the web page files from their creator to the
computer that acts as a server for other computers on the internet.
It is also used for downloading the files to computer from other servers.
Objectives of FTP
 It provides the sharing of files.
 It is used to encourage the use of remote computers.
 It transfers the data more reliably and efficiently.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

 SMTP is a set of communication guidelines that allow software to transmit an electronic mail
over the internet is called Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
 It is a program used for sending messages to other computer users based on e-mail addresses.
It provides a mail exchange between users on the same or different computers, and it also
supports:
I. It can send a single message to one or more recipients.
II. Sending message can include text, voice, video or graphics.
III. It can also send the messages on networks outside the internet.
 The main purpose of SMTP is used to set up communication rules between servers.

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is protocol that is used to connect one computer system to
another. Computers use PPP to communicate over the telephone network or the Internet.
A PPP connection exists when two systems physically connect through a telephone line.
You can use PPP to connect one system to another. For example, an established PPP
connection between a branch office and a central office allows either office to transfer
data to the other through the network.

POP3 Protocol
Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) is a standard mail protocol used to receive emails
from a remote server to a local email client. POP3 allows you to download email messages
on your local computer and read them even when you are offline.
Telnet
Telnet is an abbreviation for Terminal Network and used for Remote Login.
 Telnet provides a connection to the remote computer in such a way that a local terminal
appears to be at the remote side.

VoIP :
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), also called IP telephony, is a method and group of
technologies for the delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet
Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet.
VoIP services convert our voice into a digital signal that travels over the Internet.
Advantages: Disadvantages:
• Less Cost • Reliable Internet Connection Required
• Accessibility • Power Outages/Emergencies
• Flexibility • Latency
• Voice Quality
• Extra/Less Expensive Features

Common examples of VoIP apps:

❖ Skype ❖ WhatsApp
❖ Google Hangouts ❖ Facebook Messenger

Introduction to Web Services

It is a global system of interconnected documents and resources that are accessible over the
internet.
It operates on the basis of hypertext links which allows the users to navigate between different
documents and multimedia content.
Difference between Internet and WWW
Internet World Wide Web(WWW)
Internet stands for Interconnected Networks WWW stands for World wide Web
Internet is a means of connecting a World Wide Web which is a collection of
computer to any other computer anywhere information which is accessed via the
in the world. Internet.
Internet is infrastructure. WWW is service on top of that infrastructure.
WWW is more software-oriented as compared
Internet is primarily hardware-based.
to the Internet.
Internet uses TCP/IP protocol. WWW uses HTTP Protocol.
Website :- A website is a collection of inter-linked web pages that is identified by a common
domain name (website name) and stored on a web server.
Webpage :- A web page is a Hypertext documents formatted in Hypertext Mark-up Language
(HTML) and displayed in a web browser.
Difference between Webpage and Website
A web page is one single page of information, while a website is made up of a number of related
web pages inter-connected by links known as hyperlinks.

Web Server : A web server is a computer that runs websites. The main function of web server
is to when it receives a request from web browser, it finds the document generate the
information needed and sends it back to the browser.
For eg., Apache HTTP Server, Apache Tomcat, IIS (Internet Information Server) etc.

Web Browser : Web browser is software program to navigate the web pages on the internet.
When a user requests a particular website, the web browser retrieves the necessary content
from a web server and then displays the resulting web page on the user's device.
For eg., Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, Microsoft Edge etc.

HTML XML
HTML stands for Hyper Text Mark-up XML stands for eXtensible Mark-up
Language Language
HTML is a case insensitive. XML is case sensitive.
Predefined tags (commands). User defined tags (commands).
It is used for presentation of the Data. It is used for transportation of the Data.
Closing tags are optional. Compulsory to use closing tags.

Domain Name : It is a text name corresponding to each IP address of the websites or

webpages on the Internet. For eg., google.com, gmail.co.in, etc.
The process of converting a hostname into the corresponding IP address is called domain name
resolution.

Domain Name Service (DNS):

It is a vital internet infrastructure that converts domain names into IP addresses, thereby
enabling the users to navigate the web using easily recognizable and memorable names instead
of numerical IP addresses.
 Domain Name URL
A domain name or website name URL is a string that represents the complete
is a human-friendly text form of the web address of any web page. It’s used to
IP address. locate a webpage.
It is the part of the URL It is the string that represents a complete
web address that contains the domain name.
For eg., For eg.,
cbseacademic.nic.in http://cbseacademic.nic.in/sqp_classxii.html

Web Hosting
This refers to the service of providing storage space, server resources, and internet connectivity
to make websites and web applications accessible to users over the internet. It allows
individuals, businesses, and organizations to publish their websites on the World Wide Web,
making them available to visitors and users worldwide.
• Web hosting companies maintain powerful servers designed to store website files, databases,
and other contents required for website operations.
• These typically handle the maintenance tasks of the registered websites.
• These ensure proper backup and recovery of the lost data (if any) while accessing it, and cope
up with potential threats that can destroy data.