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    Neev Chem 2

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    neevpanchal1234

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    Neev Chem 2

    Uploaded by

    neevpanchal1234
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    Neev Chem 2

    Uploaded by

    neevpanchal1234

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 10

    Chemistry

    Project
    Action Of Acids & Bases On The
    Tensile Strength Of Fibers
    Acknowledgement
    I would like to express my deepest appreciation to
    all those who willingly helped me out with their
    abilities. I am highly indebted to my parents and
    teachers for providing necessary information regarding
    the project and also for their exemplary guidance,
    monitoring, constant encouragements and support in
    completing this project.
    A special thanks goes to my friends for their kind
    co-operation, encouragement and suggestions that has
    improved the presentation skills of the project.
    Last but not least, many thanks go to our lab
    assistants who have invested their full effort in guiding
    me for the completion of the project.

    Action of Acids & Bases on the Tensile Strength of Fibers 2


    INDEX
    1. Introduction

    2. Experiment
    a) Aim

    b) Requirements

    c) Theory

    d) Procedure

    e) Observation

    f) Result

    g) Precaution

    3. Conclusion

    4. Bibliography

    Action of Acids & Bases on the Tensile Strength of Fibers 3


    INTRODUCTION
    Fiber is a natural or synthetic substance that is significantly longer
    than it is wide. Fibers are often used in the manufacture of other materials.
    Synthetic fibers can often be produced very cheaply and in large amounts
    compared to natural fibers, but for clothing natural fibers can give some
    benefits, such as comfort, over their synthetic counterparts. Depending
    upon the sources, the various types of fibers can be classified into the
    following main categories:
    1. Natural fibers
    Natural fibers develop or occur in the fiber shape, and include those
    produced by plants, animals, and geological processes. They can be
    classified according to their origin:
    a) Vegetable fibers are generally based on arrangements of cellulose,
    often with lignin.
    E.g. Cotton, Hemp, Jute, Flax, Ramie, Sisal and Banana
    b) Animal fibers consist largely of particular proteins.
    E.g. Silkworm silk, Spider silk and hair such as Cashmere wool, Mohair
    and Angora, fur such as Sheepskin, Rabbit, Mink, Fox, Beaver, etc.
    2. Man-made fibers
    Man-made fibers or chemical fibers are fibers whose chemical composition,
    structure, and properties are significantly modified during the
    manufacturing process. Man-made fibers consist of:
    a) Semi-synthetic fibers are made from raw materials with naturally
    long-chain polymer structure and are only modified and partially
    degraded by chemical processes.
    E.g. Rayon, Bamboo fiber, Modal and Triacetate fiber
    b) Synthetic fibers come entirely from synthetic materials such
    as petrochemicals.
    E.g. Nylon, Fiberglass, Optical fiber and PET or PBT polyester.

    Action of Acids & Bases on the Tensile Strength of Fibers 4


    EXPERIMENT
    Aim
    Compare the action of acids and bases on the tensile strength of vegetable,
    animal and synthetic fibers.

    Requirements
    (a) Apparatus: Hook, weight hanger and weights.
    (b) Materials: Wool, Cotton and Nylon fibers, dil.HCl and Na(OH).

    Theory
    Tensile strength is a measurement of the force required to
    pull something such as rope, wire, or a structural beam to the
    point where it breaks.
    There are three typical definitions of tensile strength:
    a) Yield strength - The stress a material can withstand
    without permanent deformation. This is not a sharply
    defined point. Yield strength is the stress which will
    cause a permanent deformation of 0.2% of the original dimension.
    b) Ultimate strength - The maximum stress a material can withstand.
    c) Breaking strength - The stress coordinate on the stress-strain curve at
    the point of rupture.
    Tensile strengths of some common materials we see around:
    Yield strength Ultimate strength
    Material
    (MPa) (MPa)
    High density polyethylene (HDPE) 26-33 37
    Polypropylene 12-43 19.7-80
    Stainless steel AISI 302 - Cold-rolled 520 860
    Cast iron 4.5% C, ASTM A-48 130 200
    Titanium Alloy (6% Al, 4% V) 830 900

    Action of Acids & Bases on the Tensile Strength of Fibers 5


    Aluminum Alloy 2014-T6 400 455
    Copper 99.9% Cu 70 220
    Bamboo 142 265
    Carbon Fiber N/A 5650
    Spider silk 1150 1200
    Silkworm silk 500
    Kevlar 3620
    Nylon, type 6/6 45 75
    Boron N/A 3100
    Silicon, monocrystalline (m-Si) N/A 7000
    Sapphire (Al2O3) N/A 1900
    Carbon nanotube N/A 62000

    HOW DO ACIDS AND BASES AFFECT THE TENSILE STRENGTH


    OF FIBERS???
    Since peptide bonds are more easily hydrolyzed by bases than acids
    fibers such as wool and silk are affected by bases not by acids. It is because
    of this reason that wool and silk threads break up into fragments and
    ultimately dissolve in bases. In other words bases decrease the tensile
    strength of animal fibers.
    Vegetable fibers, on the other hand, consist of long chain
    polysaccharide chains in which the various glucose units are joined by ethers
    linkage. Since ethers are hydrolyzed by acids and not by bases therefore,
    vegetable fibers are affected by acids not by bases. In other words acids
    decrease the tensile strength of vegetable fibers.
    In contrast, synthetic fibers such as nylon and polyester practically remain
    unaffected by both acids and bases.

    Action of Acids & Bases on the Tensile Strength of Fibers 6


    Procedure
    To find the tensile strength of a given fiber
    I. Cut out equal lengths of a cotton fiber, nylon fiber
    and wool fiber from the given sample of nearly same
    diameter.
    II. Tie one end of cotton fiber to a hook which has been fixed in a vertical
    plane. Tie a weight hanger to the other end. The thread gets straight.
    III. Put a weight to the hanger and observe the thread stretch. Then,
    increase the weights gradually on the hanger until the breaking point
    reaches and note the minimum weight needed for breaking the cotton
    fiber.
    IV. Repeat the above experiment by tying nylon and silk fibers to the hook
    separately.
    V. Record your observations in Obs. table.

    To study the action of acids and bases on their tensile strength


    I. Soak the woolen thread in dil. solution of sodium hydroxide for five
    minutes. Take it out form the solution and wash it thoroughly with
    water and then dry either by keeping it in the sun or in an over
    maintained at a temperature of above 400₀C. Determine its tensile
    strength again.
    II. Now take another piece of woolen thread of same length and
    diameter and soak it in dilute solution of hydrochloric acid for five
    minutes. Take it out, wash it thoroughly with water, dry and then
    determine its tensile strength again.
    III. Repeat the above experiment by tying nylon and cotton fibers to the
    hook separately.
    IV. Record your observations in Obs. table.

    Action of Acids & Bases on the Tensile Strength of Fibers 7


    Observation
    Wt. required to Wt. required to break the fiber
    Sl. No. Type of fiber break the after soaking it in dil. Alkali
    untreated fiber Dil. Alkali Dil. Acid
    1 Wool 750 g 700 g 750 g
    2 Cotton 75 g 75 g 50 g
    3 Nylon 375 g 375 g 375 g
    Obs. table
    Result
     The tensile strength of woolen fiber decreases on
    soaking in bases but practically remains unaffected
    on soaking in acids.
     The tensile strength of cotton fiber decreases on
    soaking in acids but practically remains unaffected on
    soaking in bases.
     The tensile strength of nylon fiber practically remains
    unaffected on soaking either in acids or in bases.

    Precautions
    (i) Thread must of identical diameters.
    (ii) Always take the same length of the threads.
    (iii)Add the weights in small amounts very slowly.

    Action of Acids & Bases on the Tensile Strength of Fibers 8


    Conclusion
    From these performed experiments we reach into the
    following conclusions:
     The tensile strength of animal fibers decrease on
    soaking in bases but practically remains unaffected
    on soaking in acids.
     The tensile strength of vegetable fibers decrease on
    soaking in acids but practically remains unaffected
    on soaking in bases.
     The tensile strength of man-made fibers practically
    remains unaffected on soaking either in acids or in
    bases.

    Action of Acids & Bases on the Tensile Strength of Fibers 9


    Action of Acids & Bases on the Tensile Strength of Fibers 10

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