Building Bridges Indo Canada

Building Bridges: A Case Study on The Role of the Indian Diaspora in Canada
Kant Bhargava and J.C. Sharma
with
Dr. Soodabeh Salehi, K.R.G. Nair, Ambassador (Ret'd.) P.S. Sahai, and Jane Dougan
December 2008
Building Bridges 2
Executive Summary
India has emerged as an economic giant and a stable, vibrant democracy. Policies of active engagement with India were initiated and intensied by former Prime Ministers Jean Chrtien and Paul Martin, and the Harper government is following suit. The growing population of Indo-Canadians now numbers one million, many of whom share the values of and support closer relations between Canada and India. Indo-Canadians are a conduit between the two nations; this study is intended to explore the potential of this Diaspora to build partnerships between India and Canada. The present study is largely a product of deliberations that took place in three roundtables held in Toronto, New Delhi and Chandigarh in 2008, against the backdrop of Dr. Salehis literature review. Roundtable discussions in Toronto provided Canadian perspectives on the current role of the Indian Diaspora in building bridges of understanding within international business, knowledge networks, and epistemic communities between these two important democracies. Roundtable discussions in New Delhi provided useful insights and perspectives on the project from the Indian point of view, with considerable interest in Indias economic and social development. The Roundtable in Chandigarh focused on the role of the Diaspora from the State of Punjab, which constitutes 50% of the Indian Diaspora in Canada. The Roundtables explored cooperation in trade, investment and branding, but many participants noted that the Diaspora also has potential to extend its power to social/ ideological arenas. Conditions and policies in both countries favor the development of strengthening existing links and the creation of new ones. Apart from trade and education, the Roundtables pointed out that there is untapped value in Diaspora contribution to deepening partnerships in democracy, federalism and multiculturalism. The case study provides a brief history of Indian immigration, and draws a current demographic prole of the Indian Diaspora (in both Canada and the US), its identity, dynamics, and place in the context of globalization. Following is a discussion of strengths and weaknesses, but the studys primary focus is on leveraging the role of IndoCanadians as go-betweens, creating opportunities for Indians and Canadians to know one another better and to gain better understanding of each others interests in global issues. The latter focus may also help remove the existing miasmas of misunderstanding on some divisive issues. The study refers to the need to build deeper partnerships on environmental issues, energy, security, and health care. Finally, a preliminary Internet-based questionnaire, and an analysis of its results, provided valuable insights for the project team. Our research indicated that signicantly onerous visa and emigration policies may have caused, and could continue to cause, Indians to
Building Bridges 3
choose the USA over Canada, and our questionnaire conrmed this. Almost half of respondents knew of cases where visa and immigration policies had prohibited or excessively complicated the emigration of Indians to Canada. Many respondents offered valuable comments on a range of issues, from the question of whether there is a unied, or uniable Diasporic voice, to how Canada can better foster bilateral partnership through its Indo-Canadian Diaspora. On this point, respondents made it clear that a partnership would be better enabled through greater understanding and awareness by government, civil society, and the media, of the considerable skills and contributions of the Diaspora. Survey respondents were especially helpful in pointing out that future research must include broader Diasporic participation. If there is a aw in the questionnaires administration, it is in the sample; the majority responding demographic was male, between 45 and 64 years of age, and of a higher income bracket than Statistics Canadas gures for the Indo-Canadian Diaspora generally. However, the data gathered provides a rich source for further questionnaire design and administration to assess the Indo-Canadian Diaspora more comprehensively.
Recommendations
The Indian Diaspora in Canada is already contributing to increased social and commercial exchange between Canada and India. This positive role could be greatly enhanced, however, if the Federal and Provincial governments in Canada and the Central and State governments in India made a series of policy changes. We recommend sixteen such changes. Recommendations in this study are informed by the three roundtables, and include suggestions to increase the civic engagement of IndoCanadians, to see greater involvement by Indian origin Members of Parliament and Members of Provincial Parliaments for improvements in visa and immigration policies, as well as measures for greater recognition of foreign earned credentials. Among our recommendations is a greater focus on future Indo-Canadian leaders to mobilize support for returning Indo-Canadians, and for better media coverage to facilitate public awareness of Indo-Canadians contributions to Canadian society. Our sixteen recommendations, based on this bilateral research, address: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Changes to visa and immigration policies; Greater recognition of Indian credentials; The fostering of links between Canada and India in higher education; Investment in youth and second-generation Indo-Canadians; Encouragement of Diasporic civic engagement; The building of better relationships between the Indo-Canadian Diaspora and Canadian media;
Building Bridges 4
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. The need for greater support for the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute, and support for Diaspora-related studies; The forging of working relationships with key private sector organizations in India; The establishment of a Canada-India group to catalyze comprehensive partnerships; The promotion of Indo-Canadian engagement in political and social matters; Greater interaction between Canada-India Parliamentary Association, MPs and MPPs of Indian origin; The establishment of a national federation of Indo-Canadian institutions; The convening of a roundtable of all Indo-Canadian institutions and a national convention of Canadas Indian Diaspora in Canada in 2010; Expedited development of teaching cases to enhance India-Canada exchange at all levels; The value of conducting a study on the Canadian Diaspora in India; The monitoring of the implementation of recommendations.
The most important role of the Indian Diaspora in Canada is in the cultivation and ow of ideas and business networks. Such activity will have signicant long-term benets to the actual and potential content of partnership between the two countries. When Canada helps the Indian Diaspora to build bridges with India both nations win. The study suggests that the governments in Canada and India, the civil societies of both countries, and the Indian Diaspora in Canada need to work collaboratively to build bridges. The role of the India Diaspora is only part of the larger picture of Indian-Canadian relations. The Centre for the Study of Democracy at Queens is committed to studying and facilitating a strategic partnership between India and Canada. This Diaspora study is the rst paper in this series. Our study clearly points out that there are both tremendous opportunities for mutual learning and mutual advantage in a closer India Canada partnership and that the India Diaspora in Canada can be a stronger bridge than it is today in linking both countries.
Building Bridges 5
Contents
Acknowledgements Acronyms Building Bridges: A Case Study on The Role of the Indian Diaspora in Canada By Kant Bhargava and J.C. Sharma Introduction to the Indo-Canadian Diaspora: A Brief History Bridge-Building Potential Canada/US Diaspora Demographics The Indian Diaspora as a Phenomenon of Globalization Challenges & Possibilities Policies of Federal & Provincial Governments Views of the Private Sector Investment in India & the Diaspora Current Priorities & Policies of the Government of India & Its States Current Engagement & Potential Opportunities Ensuring Sustained & Tangible Progress Policy Recommendations Conclusion Appendix I: The Role of the Indian Diaspora in Canada: A Literature Review Introduction Indias Policies & Practices Toward its Diaspora The Indian Diaspora in Canada Conclusion References Appendix II: The Diasporic Dimension of Indias Bilateral Economic Relations Introduction Bilateral Trade Relations Foreign Direct Investment Place of Origin Factors Inferences References Appendix III: Multiculturalism & the Indian Diaspora in Canada Introduction 7 10 12 12 12 13 15 18 18 23 23 24 24 26 28 31 39 40 40 40 49 51 69 71 77 77 77 78 81 82 83 85 86 86 86
Building Bridges 6
Trends Having an Impact on Multiculturalism Canada & Multiculturalism India & Canada: Diverse Roads to Multiculturalism Multiculturalism: Challenges & Management Appendix IV: The Bridging Indo-Canadian Diaspora Indias Engagement with Diaspora Annual Pravasi Bharatiya Divas 2008 Indias Agenda Indo-Canadians: Areas of Concern & Connectivity The Canadian Government Agenda 87 88 91 92 95 95 95 96 98 99
Ground Realities: Status of Development Projects in Punjab & Canadas Role 100 Conclusion & Policy Recommendations Appendix V: The Indo-Canadian Diaspora: A Preliminary Survey & Analysis Introduction Methodology Analysis/Interpretation Questionnaire Discussion about Building Bridges Indian Diaspora in Canada - CSDs Survey References Appendix VI: Roundtables The Toronto Roundtable & Concluding Recommendations The New Delhi Roundtable & Concluding Recommendations The Chandigarh Roundtable & Concluding Recommendations Appendix VII: Indo-Canadian Institutions 102 105 105 105 106 107 116 119 128 129 129 129 133 140 143 143
Building Bridges 7
Acknowledgements
The Centre for the Study of Democracy (CSD) would like to thank The Walter & Duncan Gordon Foundation for the generous grant that made the preparation of this Case Study possible. The mission of the Centre for the Study of Democracy is to improve governance at home and abroad by encouraging greater citizen participation and engagement. One of Canadas most distinguishing characteristics is that 20% of our citizens were born abroad. This diversity is, in our view, an enormous asset, not least in the eld of foreign policy. In a globalized world, transnational networks are critical potential bridges to understanding and mutual advantage. In past studies, the CSD has examined the inuence of the overseas Taiwan Diaspora in advancing democracy in their former homeland in the 1980s and the tremendous story of President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf who, as an expatriate, returned to her devastated home of Liberia in 2005 and won power in a free election. Worldwide, Diaspora communities have been a source of transnational inuence in economic, political, social, cultural and business relations; how Canada can better understand and leverage our transnational communities is one of the most compelling issues in formulating foreign policy today. If the role of transnational networks is one of the priority areas of study of the CSD, so too is a concentration on India and South and Central Asia. We have been fortunate to attract Fellows who have spent their lives studying or working in Asia, and thus we were delighted when the Walter and Duncan Gordon Foundation supported our Building Bridges project on the India Diaspora. The Indian community in Canada is large and dynamic and India is an emerging superpower. The CSD believes there should be an India-Canada strategic partnership and thus in this study we have been able to combine, in one project, two of our most important research interests. That is a happy day in the life of any think-tank! The CSD is fortunate in having the support and cooperation of partner organizations such as The Indian Institute of Technology Alumni Association of Canada, The Shastri Indo-
Canadian Institute, its New Delhi branch, and the Centre for Research in Rural and
Industrial Development in Chandigarh. These organizations worked with us to host roundtables and to develop a network of experts, many of whose contributions are present in the case study.
Building Bridges 8
K. R. G. Nair, Honorary Research Professor at the Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi, wishes to thank Mrs. Gouri Singh, Mr. S.L. Dave of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Mr. T. Mohammad of the Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs of the Government of India, Mr. K. T. Chacko of the Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, Mr. Earl Cholden, Ms. Sarmishta Roy and Ms. Anita Dennis of the SICI, Mr. Sanjay Grover of the Confederation of Indian Industry and Mr. Chetan Bijesure of the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry, for useful discussions and help in collecting data for the preparation of this paper. The CSD model traditionally employs three types of research and this Diaspora study is no exception: we begin with literature reviews and commissioned papers (Appendixes 1-4); next we subject these insights to the critiques of expert roundtables (Appendix 6 summarizes the three sessions held in India and Canada); and we then supplement the scholarly and practitioner perspectives with data or mediated discussions from the internet (Appendix 5 summarizes this part of the project). In our "Building Bridges" project we had approximately a 100 participants in the roundtables and a similar number took the Internet survey so the work of our scholarly team was well ventilated. The CSD appreciates the dedication and knowledge of its Fellow Kant Bhargava, the principal author of the paper and the key organizer of the three roundtables. His experience as a negotiator, diplomat and scholar in both India and Canada, and his current association with the Canadian Advisory Council of The Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute and The Indo-Canada Chamber of Commerce have proved invaluable assets to this project. We also thank J. C. Sharma whose research and opinions made a signicant contribution to the Bhargava paper. We are indebted to Dr. Soodabeh Salehi for her excellent literature review, which set a high bar for all subsequent project contributors, and provides the reader with considerable background on the Indo-Canadian Diaspora. Our gratitude goes out as well to Dr. K.R.G. Nair, Amb. (Retd.) and Amb. (Retd.) P.S. Sahai for contributing papers which bring a diverse and knowledgeable perspective to myriad aspects of the projects focus. These papers have signicantly enriched the case study, and prompted much valuable discussion at the roundtables. We would like to thank most sincerely all roundtable participants whose frank perspectives led to the formulation of several of our recommendations. Each roundtable enriched our knowledge on the subject of the Indian Diaspora in Canada, and brought new dimension to our comprehension of the potential for political, economic, and cultural bridge building between Canada and India. We are grateful to members of the Queens University community whose contributions brought much value to the project; many thanks to Prof. Jayant Lele, Prof. John McHale and Prof. Gary Van Loon for their support, and special thanks to Dr. Balbir Sahni, Prof. Emeritus, of Concordia University.
Building Bridges 9
The CSD would like to thank the many government ofcials, experts and scholars from partner organizations for their time and interest in the Project, and specic thanks go to Dr. David Malone, High Commissioner for Canada in India, as well as to his staff, to Ms. Helen Economo Amundsen, Consul General of Canada in Chandigarh, to R. L. Narayan, High Commissioner of India to Canada, to Satish Mehta, Consul General of India in Toronto, and to Ashok Kumar, Consul General of India in Vancouver. The CSD appreciates the India International Centres donation of a venue and accommodations in support of the roundtables, and thanks The Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs for travel grants enabling Indian scholars to attend the New Delhi roundtable. Jane Dougan thanks to Valerie Ashford and Julie Burch of the Centre for the Study of Democracy for giving her the opportunity to work on this fascinating project and thanks, as well, her esteemed colleague Professor O.P. Dwivedi (University Professor Emeritus, University of Guelph) for being kind enough to share his perspectives on the questionnaire. The CSD is especially thankful to all who contributed to the extensive research, writing and editing of the project. In particular, many thanks to Valerie Ashford and Erin Pleet for their considerable editorial work, and to Julie Burch for her excellent overall coordination of the project. This is the rst paper in a projected series on the India-Canada strategic partnership and Kant Bhargava and his colleagues have given this series an excellent launch.
Thomas Axworthy, Chair The Centre for the Study of Democracy School of Policy Studies, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada www.queensu.ca/csd
B u i l d i n g B r i d g e s 10
Acronyms
AllMS APFC CCC All India Institute of Medical Sciences Asia Pacic Foundation Canada Canadian Chamber of Commerce Centre for Research in Rural and Industrial Development Canadian Engineering Accreditation Bureau Canadian Engineering Qualication Board Canadian International Development Agency Canada India Foundation Confederation of Indian Industries Canada-India Parliamentary Association Centre for the Study of Democracy Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Foreign Direct Investment Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry Group of People of Indian Origin Indian American Council India Canada Business Council Indo-Canada Chamber of Commerce Indian Council of Cultural Relations Indian Diaspora in Canada Indian Institute of Management Indian Institute of Technology Indian Institute of Technology Alumni Canada Multi National Corporation Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs Non Resident Indian Overseas Indian Certicate
CRRID CEAB CEQB CIDA CIF CII CIPA CSD
DFAIT FDI
FICCI GOPIO IAC ICBC ICCC ICCR IDIC IIM IIT IITAC MNC
MOIA NRI OIC
OIFC PBD Overseas Indian Facility Centre Pravasi Bharatiya Divas Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award Person of Indian Origin DFAITs Arts and Culture Promotion grants program Royal Ontario Museum South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats The Indus Entrepreneurs Those Remaining Behind United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
PBSA POI
PROMART ROM
SAARC SICI
SWOT TiE TRB
UNCTAD
Building Bridges: A Case Study on The Role of the Indian Diaspora in Canada
By Kant Bhargava and J.C. Sharma
Introduction to the Indo-Canadian Diaspora: A Brief History

Canadas Indian Diaspora originates largely from the Jat Sikh community of Doaba in Punjab. In 1907, Indians were disenfranchised (despite being British subjects) and further exclusion came with the 1908 continuous passage Order-in-Council, which put more restrictions on immigration, including the infamous continuous-journey requirement.1 Religions solace thus became a major force in Diasporic community life; Gurudwaras (Sikh temples) provided the forum for community mobilization. Punjabis in general and Sikhs in particular developed political community within their religious afliations. The activities of the Gadar party, and Indias push for independence, gave further impetus to this phenomenon. Developments in East Africa, culminating in the expulsion in 1974 of East Indians by Idi Amin, brought seven to eight thousand Ismailis to Canada. Many Ismailis were entrepreneurs and traders. This cohort sought to distance themselves from the local Indian community, given Indias then-image of underdevelopment, starvation, and poverty. Other migrants from East Africa generally belonged to the middle class service community. The majority of non-Ismaili migrants from East Africa were also originally from Punjab. Wealthier migrants from East Africa tended to go to the UK. Indo-Caribbeans and Indo-Fijians who came to Canada also belonged primarily to the professional classes. With the introduction of the point system in 1967, by which immigrants were awarded varying degrees of value to Canada based on their credentials, some professionals, (i.e. doctors, engineers and academics) did migrate to Canada, largely from Punjab, though their rst choice was usually the US. The image of Punjabi working class Indians in Canada remained in the minds of most Canadians and Indians. This image has, to some extent, shaped the attitudes and expectations of the Indian Diaspora in Canada. As well, Indias earlier weak economic status, its excessive red tape, and its corruption in the lower echelons of bureaucracy served to shape the perception of the community towards their country of origin. The 1967 point system played a decisive role in the evolution of the prole of the Indian Diaspora in Canada; since the point system, immigrants to Canada have been selected by profession in relation to Canadas economic needs, which has drawn doctors, engineers and academics. By 1980, the notion of Indians in Canada shifted from one of working class to a more professional or entrepreneurial image, in the minds of Indians and Canadians generally.
1
See Appendix I.
Bridge-Building Potential
The role of the Diaspora in the context of Canadas multicultural policies will largely depend upon its strength in Canada, and the connectivity it has maintained with India. If the Diaspora is assumed to have a fractured identity, its role will remain limited, however, understood as a community of communities, this population will have considerable inuence. Indo-Canadians tend to see themselves as both Indian and Canadian, with additional identities based on religion or even occupation. Our Internet questionnaire2 of Indo-Canadians indicates that over half of those responding to the question of identity felt that the Diaspora was dened by language, and to a lesser degree, by religion. Interestingly, 20% stated that the Diaspora was essentially undenable. Such cosmopolitanism is a potential asset to Canada, not only concerning forging links between Canada and India, but as a model of multiculturalism at its best. India was a host society long before her people began to migrate in large numbers to other lands. Waves of peoples came to settle, conquer or seek refuge in India, bringing with them their cultures and memories. India received and absorbed these into an increasingly pluralistic society, which appears to breed an endless capacity for multicultural adaptation. Such a variety of ethnicities, religions, and languages has made the Indian culture an extraordinarily synthetic one. Indians have
learned to live with difference, developing strategies, norms and institutions which allowed them to live together with a range of groups while retaining their own ethno cultural identity. Indian Diasporas have inherited this very complex legacy and culture and taken it with them to the host countries including Canada3.
The overall picture of Diaspora is one of considerable heterogeneity; existing ideological divisions are inevitable with any sizeable populations, but the degree of community activity even in low Diaspora population areas indicates that such rifts are not signicant. Separatist activities have caused tension within the Diaspora community, and IndoCanadian gangs in BC, for example, are also a cause for concern. As well, the fact that according to our questionnaire4 , a higher percentage of Diaspora women than men report experience with inter-generational conict based on cultural values is noteworthy. However, the Indian Diasporas size, demography and cosmopolitanism suggest that overall, it is a body naturally predisposed to making connections to thrive in other words, to build bridges to succeed and grow. The nature of its role will, however, depend upon the development of Canadas institutional commitment and infrastructure, which is
2 3
See Appendix V.
Milton Israel. (1994). In The Further Soil: A Social History of Indo-Canadians in Ontario. Toronto: University of Toronto Press Inc.
4
See Appendix V.
currently quite unlike those in the US. Our questionnaire5 of the Diaspora showed that a mere 14% of those responding felt that the Canadian government and private sector were very effective in engaging Indo-Canadians in trade, investment and development. Nevertheless, the Diaspora seems generally keen to bring Indian values to the notice of the Canadian public, and participates in Canadian life in a signicantly varied capacity. Participation includes academics, charitable work (including within non-Indo-Canadian based organizations such as the Rotary Club and the Lions Club), science and technology, and trade. Since the 1990s, Indo-Canadians have become increasingly active in the mainstream political arena. 66% of those who were eligible to vote did so in the 2000 federal election. This is especially encouraging in that our questionnaire nds a full 59% of IndoCanadians responding feel that Canadian policy makers and politicians have an inadequate understanding of India today; this gure, alongside the high voter turnout, might be taken to suggest that the Diaspora has positive condence in its capacity to urge leaders to understand India better. Other surveys have conrmed the insights of the CSD questionnaire regarding the engagement of Indo-Canadians. In a 2002 Statistics Canada survey, 48% of respondents of East Indian origin reported having participated in an organization (such as a church or sports team) in the 12 months preceding the survey.6 Notable Indo-Canadian politicians include former federal cabinet minister Herb Dhaliwal, current Member of Parliament Ujjal Dosanjh, and current Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Foreign Affairs Deepak Obhrai. The Diaspora is also well represented in provincial legislatures. Indo-Canadian intellectuals living in Canada promote positive change, both in Canada and in India in political, social and cultural elds. With their deep understanding of both Canadian and Indian democratic traditions, practices of multiculturalism and accommodation of diversity, they are well equipped to foster a useful exchange of views on matters relating to federalism, democratic governance, the right to information, the rule of law, and knowledge about best practices in these areas in the two countries. However, this aspect of bilateral exchange is underdeveloped. Our questionnaire7 found that 90% of Diaspora responding feel that Canadian universities are remiss in not recruiting students from India, unlike the US, which recruits quite heavily. The Indian Diaspora in Canada is no longer as marginal as it was 30 years ago, although our questionnaire8 shows that 56% of Indo-Canadians do feel they have faced some
5 6 7 8
See Appendix V. Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/89-621-XIE/89-621-XIE2007004.htm. See Appendix V. Ibid.
degree of discrimination in seeking work in Canada, and over half feel that media representation of the Diaspora is either negative or non-existent. The Canadian governments policy of multiculturalism has been a major enabling factor in the emergence of a condent Indian community, but there is room for greater development in this area.
Canada/US Diaspora Demographics

According to Statistics Canada 2001, 713,330 people identied themselves as of EastIndian origin, 9 largely being new immigrants, and second or third generation Canadians, and over 80% of these immigrants are in Ontario or British Colombia.10 Many have arrived in Canada through African nations (Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia and South Africa), and the Caribbean (Guyana, Trinidad, Tobago, Suriname.) South Asians are likely to emerge as the largest visible minority in Canada, with population growth predictions raging from 72% to 137% between 2001 and 2017.11 Half of the East Indian population in Canada is Punjabi; other ethnic communities include Gujaratis, Tamils (Indians as opposed to Sri Lankans), Keralites, Bengalis, and Sindhis. This rich cultural and ethnic diversity means that East Indo-Canadians speak a wide variety of languages; Punjabi is the most widely spoken, followed by Tamil.12 Urdu is typically the language of Muslims from North India, with Hindi also spoken by IndoCanadians from North India. Gujarati and Bengali are the regional languages of Gujarat and West Bengal respectively. South Asians have diverse religious backgrounds; Sikhs, at 30%, are the largest group among South Asians. Hindus comprise 28% of the South Asian population. Muslims and Catholics respectively are 23% and 8% of the South Asian population in Canada. 13 The younger generations of visible minorities have comparatively high aspirations for postsecondary educations, 14 and student migration from India appears likely to rise, so it seems clear that Indo-Canadians will increasingly represent a signicant component of Canadas educated, professional population. 26% of Indo-Canadians have completed university, compared to 15% of the overall adult Canadian population. 9% have postgraduate degrees, twice the number of the overall Canadian population. In 2001, people who claimed an East Indian origin comprise 2% of all Canadians with post9
Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/ETO/Table1.cfm? Lang=E&T=501&GV=1&GID=0.

10 11 12 13 14
Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://www.asiapacific.ca/data/people/demographics_dataset1_byprov.cfm. Alain Belanger and ric Caron Malenfant, Statistics Canada Winter 2005 Catalogue No. 11-008. South Asians in Canada: Unity through diversity by Kelly Tran, Jennifer Kaddatz and Paul Allard. Ibid. Aiming high - Educational aspirations of visible minority immigrant youth Alison Taylor and Harvey Krahn.
secondary education, but represented 6% of those with degrees in mathematics, physics, and computer sciences. This group also constituted 5% of those with engineering or applied science degrees.15 In 2001, 64% of all Canadians of East Indian origin were employed, compared to 62% of Canadians overall, although the Indo-Canadians income was lower than the national average. (In 2000, their average income was just over $27,000, while Canadian born incomes were almost $30,000. 16) The Indo-Canadian community is diverse regarding its ethnic, linguistic, religious, and socio-economic backgrounds, but has many commonalities across its sub-ethnic groups. For instance, virtually all groups inculcate the value of family and the preservation of sharply dened family roles. The main channels of migration from India to the US have been by way of family, the professions, and the student route. The slow economic growth in India between the mid 1960s and the mid 1970s coincided with the Kennedy Immigration Law in the US, which liberalized the entire American immigration system. Highly qualied professionals began to arrive in the US, which resulted in part in strong linkages between the two countries in such elds as information technology nancial services, health and education even though the number of Indians in the USA grew by only 7,000 from 1948 to 1965. 17 There was no signicant difference in the population of Indians in the two countries until the early sixties, at which time the US replaced the UK as the rst choice for Diaspora engaged in higher education and research. The Immigration Act of 1965 led to an increase in immigration of Indian professionals, whose progeny are now a major presence in American universities. 18 The 2000 US Census reported over 1.6 million Asian Indians living in the US.19 The median income of the Indo-American family is over $62,000, far above the median income of all American families. 10% of American millionaires are of Indian origin. 15% of Silicon Valley startup companies are owned by Indo-Americans. 20 64% of IndoAmericans have at least a bachelors degree. Indian men have a 79% labour force participation rate. 60% of Indo-Americans are employed in professional, management or
15 16
Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/89-621-XIE/89-621-XIE2007004.htmp 13. Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/89-621-XIE/89-621-XIE2007004.htm#11. on 08/26/08 from http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/Diaspora/roots.html.
17Retrieved 18
Shifting Paradigms of Globalization: The Twenty-first Century Transition Towards Generics in Skilled Migration from India. By: Khadria, Binod. International Migration, 2001, Vol. 39 Issue 5, cite p 49.
19Retrieved 20
on 08/26/08 from http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFIteratedFacts?_
Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://www.indianembassy.org/newsite/News/US%20Media/2006/45.asp.
a comparable eld.21 These gures highlight the difference in prole between IndoAmerican and Indo-Canadian communities. The average income of an Indo-American is more than double that of an Indo-Canadian. Indians from East Africa in the US have a presence as small, self-employed entrepreneurs, and now constitute the single largest ethnic group operating the motel industry in the US, particularly on the Western Coast. 22 American assimilation, known as the melting pot policy, holds that all persons of all nations and races immigrating should, for the good of the US nation, abandon their original identity to adopt the American way. By contrast, Canadas relatively recent multiculturalism policies foster a signicant adherence by Diasporas to the various cultural, religious, and linguistic traditions of their native regions, although an adherence to the mother culture can, at times, make for divisiveness and disconnection to other Canadian communities. In the US, the Indian Diaspora has spread to most parts of the country, unlike the localizations of the Diaspora in Canada. The private sector, and civil society generally in India, is more interested in the US than Canada because of its international prole, its size and the historical strength of its economy. They also perceive that the changing prole of India does not have as much resonance in Canada as in the US. The Indian Diaspora in the US has organized itself well by strengthening relations with India through the Indian American Council, the Group of People of Indian Origin (GOPIO) network in the US, and such NGOs as Bridging Nations. The Indian Diaspora in North Americas idea of success rests on fairly immediate economic values. Economically, it seems that US assimilationist policies produce greater nancial opportunities, but which come at the cost of identity and cultural legacy. IndoCanadians constitute a large and very important Diaspora in Canada. However, they do not have the inuence of their American East Indian counterparts. Because of their extraordinary prole, Indo-Americans are called a model minority. They have acquired the condence to interact with the mainstream community on equal terms. They have organized themselves comprehensively through various associations such as the American Association of Physicians from India (AAPI), the American Association of Hotel Owners from Asia (AAHOA), the Telegu Association of North America (TANA), and the Federation of Gujarati Associations of North America (FOGANA.) The Indo-American community has also formed lobbying groups such as Indo-Americans for Political Action. These organizations are far more active than their Canadian counterparts such as the National Association of Canadians of India (NACOI) in Canada. The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), the premiere industry body of India, has established the Indian
21
We the People: Asians in the United States. Retrieved on 11/19/08 from www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/ censr-17.pdf
22
Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3177054.stm.
American Council (IAC) to connect Indio Americans to opportunities in India, and to enhance their engagement with India. The Council provides a formal mechanism through which Indian Americans can identify avenues for participation in India's developmental process. Although Indo-Americans are not yet well represented in the legislatures, the younger generation is taking a keen interest in politics; many are seeking nominations for political ofces in both parties. Members of Congress of both parties actively solicit political contributions from Indo-Americans. Recently Bobby Jindal was elected as governor of Louisiana. Indo-Canadians, by contrast, are much better represented in the legislature at both national and provincial levels, although they lack the nancial muscle of Indo-Americans. Differences in post-1960s migration policies between Canada and the US account, in large part, the differences in each nations respective Diasporic prole. Jat Sikhs, the dominant group among Indo-Canadians, have a history of agricultural endeavor, where the landowning Gujarati communities are known for entrepreneurialism. 23 Sikhs now constitute the majority of Canadas East Indian population, while in the US, Hindus are the most numerous. 24
The Indian Diaspora as a Phenomenon of Globalization

Development of rapid communications, ease of international travel, liberal host country policies, and changes in the structure of international nance and politics have helped Indian Diasporas to simultaneously integrate into their respective host countries and to maintain their socioeconomic and political links with India, as well as with members of same-group ethnicities dispersed around the world. Such networks offer participation in the production and reproduction of a kind of transnational culture. One such very active network is the Group of Peoples of Indian Origin (GOPIO).
Challenges & Possibilities

According to Statistics Canadas Ethnic Diversity Survey in 2002, 82% of people of East Indian origin indicated a strong sense of belonging to Canada. At the same time, 71% indicated a strong sense of belonging to their own ethnic or cultural group. 25 However, a study conducted by the Montreal-based Institute for Research on Public Policy, released
23
This has been very well brought out in a study Entrepreneurship among Diaspora Communities: A Comparative Examination of Patidars of Gujrat and Jats of Punjab by Gurpreet Bal. It is hardly surprising that very few Jat Sikhs in Canada have been entrepreneurs whereas Patels have a dominant position in the motel business.
24
American Religious Identification Survey, 2001. Retrieved on 11/19/08 from www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/ research_briefs/aris.pdf
25
Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://www.statcan.ca/bsolc/english/bsolc?catno=89-593-X.
in 2007, notes that visible minorities and newcomers identify themselves less as Canadians, trust their fellow citizens less and are less likely to vote than are white immigrants from Europe. The study found that visible minority immigrants integrate less quickly than those of European origin.26 Full Indo-Canadian integration into the mainstream may require several generations. In the meantime, it is possible that IndoCanadian community members may establish and/or reestablish stronger links to India than may have existed originally because of Indias emergence as an economic powerhouse. Overall, the Diasporas record in strengthening Canada-India relations has been poor, caused to some extent by various Diaspora organizations tendency to function in an insular manner. There is no consolidated picture of the priority concerns of the Indian Diaspora, nor is there a clear understanding of the broader perspectives of civil societies and governments of the two countries on the matter of Canadas Indian Diaspora. Information to guide public policy across relevant governments and civil societies is needed, if we are to see mutual advantage for all. Indo-Canadians need to have sustained introspection and dialogue among themselves and other stakeholders to deal with, among many questions, the following: Which civil, economic, and/or political matters does the Diaspora consider priorities for collaboration? How can Indo-Canadians foster people-to-people linkages between Canada and India, and how is the value of such fostering made apparent to Canadians and Indo-Canadians? How do we identify and develop the institutional and coordinating mechanisms necessary to supplement the work of existing Indo-Canadian organizations, to optimize their outputs? What kind of epistemic communities and partnerships, among and between members of the Indian Diaspora and the broader Canadian community, would be most instrumental in facilitating the Diasporas potential bridge building?
To meet the challenge of organizing collective activities, the Indian Diaspora in Canada needs to learn from and work with other Diasporas and non-Diaspora communities in Canada, while maintaining a Canada-India focus. One of the most serious issues facing all Diasporas in Canada is the failure by Canadian bodies to recognize the professional and academic qualications of new immigrants. A Diasporas capability to build bridges successfully between home and host country is directly proportional to the successes and broadly perceived merits of its members
26
Tapping Immigrants' Skills: New Directions for Canadian Immigration Policy in the Knowledge Economy retrieved on 06/13/08 from http://www.policylibrary.com/Canada/Employment/Tapping_Immigrants%27_Skills %3A_New_Directions_for_Canadian_Immigration_Policy_in_the_Knowledge_Economy/.
contributions to the polity, economy, and society of the host country. Specically, the combination of higher income and social remittances from the Indo-Canadians to India would enhance the context for trade relations. It has to be remembered though, that any Diasporic bilateral affect in Canada depends on the extent of investment by Canadas government, private sector and civil society, and its adoption of appropriate institutional frameworks. Although the Diaspora has so far played a limited role in strengthening Indo-Canadian economic and commercial ties, the next generation of Indo-Canadians will have a very different prole than their parents, most notably in the likelihood of their large representation in the service sector and hi-tech industries. The India Diaspora is an attractive market segment for Indian exports, and is likely to become more so. The Indian corporate sector has been able to set up world-class benchmarks of productivity and quality, attracting billions in foreign funds, although the share of Canadian investment in India is, at present, quite low. Indo-Canadians can signicantly augment Canadian investment in India by investing their own funds, by teaming up with interested members of the non-Diaspora community, and by making use of the recently established Overseas Indian Facilitation Centre (OIFC), a public-private partnership body of the Ministry for Overseas Indian Affairs and the Confederation of Indian Industries. 27 Indo-Canadians are in a good position to prot from the OIFC and like bodies, since they have the advantage of a solid cultural understanding of the business environment in India. Indian Diaspora networks can expedite and help control the vast amount of knowledge and information with which Canada is ooded, regarding trade and investment deals vis-vis India. Indo-Canadians serve as reputational intermediaries to facilitate bilateral exchanges through: search and matching, contract fulllment, and shared proles of Indian business partners.28 There is also a whole new opportunity, at the Tier 2 business level, among small and medium-sized enterprises to incubate entrepreneurship and to be responsible for generating production and employment. The twin elds of health care for the general populace in India, and the expansion of medical tourism facilities that can be accessed by Canadians, and the many IndoCanadians returning to the State of Punjab for winter vacations, offer the opportunity of developing a healthcare hub in that region. Exchanges in the eld of education, and joint research on social science issues involving academics from Canada and India are taking place under the aegis of the Shastri IndoCanadian Institute (SICI). SICI was not a direct brainchild of the Indian Diaspora, but insofar as the desire to learn about India was aroused partly by the presence of the Indian Diaspora, the institute is indirectly attributable to the Diaspora. There has been a
27 28
Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://www.oifc.in/organization.asp.
From (2005) The Role of the Diaspora in Give Us Your Best and Brightest: The Global Hunt for Talent and its Impact on the Developing World by Devesh Kapur and John McHale, Centre for Global Development, p 116.
progressive growth of Canadians of Indian origin becoming more involved in the SICI;29 in 36 years, out of the 26 incumbents who have residentially occupied the post of Resident Director to head the Indian ofce of the SICI, 14 have been members of the Indian Diaspora. A notable Canadian institutional member of SICI for the past few years has been the University College of Fraser Valley in British Columbia, where the involvement of the Indian Diaspora is strong. There is, however, a feeling that the full potential of the SICI has yet to be realized; greater involvement and support of and by the Indian Diaspora in Canada, individually and collectively, is called for.30 So far, there has been largely only one-way trafc of interns from Canada to India. SICI, both in Canada and India, could provide support for Indian interns coming to Canada to work with Indo-Canadians and their rms. The lack of information in India about Francophone Canada (and the reverse) might be reduced by SICI were it to arrange visits to India of Indo-Canadians active in Quebec, and of visits from India of scholars specializing in the language, culture, and economy of Quebec. SICI might also take steps to increase its membership from Francophone Canada by following up on the visit of Jean Charest, the Premier of Quebec to India in 2005. In short, the dearth of knowledge between these cultures needs to be remedied. The Government of India has talked publicly about a university in India for Indian Diaspora members. This proposition has its own challenges, but Indo-Canadians might explore other initiatives; private or otherwise. The creation of a bilateral university would unquestionably be the most meaningful and effective means by which Canada could realise the potential of the Diaspora in a bridge-building role. Meanwhile, collaborative studies would enhance connectivity between Indian and Canadian universities and institutions dealing with higher education, using the resources of Indo-Canadian academics. Indo-Canadian engineers, doctors and business management specialists who have come to Canada over last four decades are typically from the prestigious institutes such as the Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT), the All India Institute for Medical Sciences (AIIMS), and Indian Institutes of Management (IIM). A key attraction to Canada is the offer of permanent residency immediately upon arrival, and the easy option to obtain full citizenship in less than four years time. 31
29
Stephen Inglis, Director, Museum of Civilization, Ottawa, in Lefsrud and Lynette, 2004, The SICI celebrates its 35 year history published by the Indian High Commission, Ottawa; special edition for Republic Day.)
30
Flora McDonald, former Foreign Minister and Former Chairperson of Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute, in Lefsrud, Lynette, 2004, The SICI celebrates its 35 year history published by the Indian High Commission, Ottawa; special edition for Republic Day.)
31
Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/immigrate/index.asp.
Unlike the US Indian Diaspora, Indo-Canadians have not played any signicant role in inuencing Canadian policy towards India. There has been no organized lobbying effort to promote Indias interests, or vice-versa. There was hardly any effort by Indo-Canadians to justify Indias nuclear tests in 1998, nor any vigorous lobbying for diluting sanctions in the wake of tests. Neither has the Indian Diaspora in Canada made efforts to explain, in India, Canadas stance on issues of human security, human rights, or climate change. The communication revolution, with its sharply reduced costs of communication, has facilitated the two-way transmission of ideas both between the elites and non-elites in the two societies. The children of policy-makers, 32 who have decided to settle down in Canada, have been known to convey their experiences in Canada and their policy ideas to Those Remaining Behind (TRB) in India. This has relevance for issues such as gender equality, governance, human rights, democracy, and the role of the state. In some cases the reverse is also true, with visiting parents and relatives of Indo-Canadians transmitting their useful ideas and practices that have beneted Canada. Another result of communication transformation is the rise of networks of companies bound together through IT and logistics. Depending on the areas in which bridge-building tasks are to be performed, Indo-Canadians need to catalyze networks among concerned companies and organizations in Canada and India. British Columbia has a very large Indo-Canadian community from Punjab, which is actively involved in agriculture and related service sectors. The Punjabi Diaspora can facilitate, from Canada, the transformation of Punjab into a knowledge state through the expansion of research and development in agriculture, agro-processing, food processing, and dairy science. The January 2007 report of the India Market Advisory Group of the Asia Pacic Council concerning BC-India Trade stated that the Indo-Canadian Diaspora:
...will provide a solid foundation for business activities in India. This Diaspora community, if leveraged, is the real reason why BC-India trade, investment, and cultural linkages can grow and mature in the coming years. From education services to entertainment to tourism to information technology to biotechnology, Indian immigrants to British Columbia, most of who are from the State of Punjab, are a vital resource that should be utilized in order to make BC Indias gateway to North America. 33
32
This section is based on perceptions of Devesh Kapur and John McHale in their book Give Us Your Best and Brightest The Global Hunt for Talent and its Impact on the Developing World. Centre for Global Kapur, Devesh, and John McHale. (2005). Give Us Your Best and Brightest: The Global Hunt for Talent and its Impact on the Developing World. Washington: Centre for Global Development p 124 and www.cgdev.org.
33
Report on the Indian Market Advisory Group to the Asia Pacific Trade Council, January 2007, p 27.
Policies of Federal & Provincial Governments
In view of projected skill shortages, Canada needs to compete more effectively with other countries by making its immigration policy more skill-focused. Status change now permits workers a temporary work visa pending the processing of their permanent residency application; thus foreign workers can choose two year rather than one-year stays. The federal government has launched a pilot scheme, basing guidance experts in Calgary, Vancouver and Montreal, specically to bring in low-skilled workers from abroad.34 This is an important stepour questionnaire35 nds that almost half of IndoCanadians responding knew of someone who had had inordinate difculty immigrating to Canada because of Canadas labyrinthine visa procedures. In India, nine new visa application centres have opened. India is the second largest source of immigrants to Canada, with over 30,000 becoming permanent residents annually.36 India is poised to overtake China in 2009 as the largest source of immigrants to Canada.37 Critics have, in the past, have argued that Canadas policy on visible minorities is shortranged and crisis-oriented.38 Some have opined that multiculturalism has been ill dened and misunderstood, politicized to the point of fostering ethnic ghettos and at times, glorifying terror.39 Despite these critics, the CSD Internet survey found that two-thirds of Indo-Canadians thought that multiculturalism was a point of pride for most Canadians.
Views of the Private Sector

The September 2008 Report of the CEO Roundtable prepared jointly by the Canadian Council of Chief Executives and the Confederation of Indian Industries notes, under the subheading India and Canada as Strategic Partners, that strong linkages offered by a vibrant Indo-Canadian community represent further untapped potential in the relationship. The Canadian Chamber of Commerce urges linkages between Canada and India, and specically, meaningful improvement in the recognition and acceptance of the foreign credentials. It urges Canada to do a better job of harnessing Indo-Canadian connections and urges the Diaspora to boost bilateral trade relationships. Other recommendations of
34
The demand for such workers has increased both for work in agricultural firms as well as for the development of oil sands in the province of Alberta.
35 36 37
See Appendix V. Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/facts2006/permanent/12.asp.
Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=eb4dd97f-aa30-4b0bb12a-933fb6442ab8&k=9155.

38 39
Politics of Exclusion: Multiculturalism or Ghettism (1992) by Bhausaheb, Ubale. Toronto: Ampri Enterprises. Former Minister Dosanjh has criticized refusal of politicians to condemn parade float honoring Sikh Militant.
its report include government action in linking educational institutions, development of Canadian Studies programs at Indian universities, (possibly with satellite campuses), and excellence-based scholarship programs which allow for exchanges. 40
Investment in India & the Diaspora

Indo-Canadians are concentrated in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver; such regions have now replaced nation states as economic drivers of the global economy. Before Independence, the primary objective of the Diaspora policy of Indias Colonial Government was to protect the interests of Great Britain, and to manage public opinion in India and the United Kingdom. This government took no notable action against discriminatory policies in Canada. After independence, Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India and Canadas Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent established a close relationship. Nehru accorded full primacy to anti-colonial objectives in India's foreign policy. Indira Gandhi broadly followed the same policy, but until the 1990s, little attention was paid in India to international trade and FDI, so India underplayed advantageous overseas trade networks established by the Indian Diaspora.41 Because of acute shortages of foreign exchange, and the growing number of workers in the Gulf, Indias policies toward overseas Indians became remittancecentric, although some effort was made to attract investment. Indias Ofce of the Chief Commissioner of non-resident Indians (NRIs) was created in 1991, as was the Investment Centre and an advisory committee of NRIs, both under the Ministry of Finance. Until that time, the Indian government had pursued its strategy for investment, trade and technology transfer through the Indian Diaspora in a sporadic manner. One example of such occasional courting of Diaspora investment is the huge sale of Resurgent India Bonds guaranteed by the State Bank of India only to Indians living abroad against payments in US Dollars that yielded much higher rates of interest. The experience was repeated in 2000 with the India Millennium Deposits.42
Current Priorities & Policies of the Government of India & Its States
The collapse of the Soviet Union and the foreign exchange crisis of 1991 led to a major reorientation of Indias foreign and economic policies. Recognizing the importance of overseas Indians in the wake of liberalization and globalization, the Indian government took new initiatives to engage the Diaspora; one such initiative was the 1999 Persons of
40
April 2007 Report of Canadian Chamber of Commerce CCC on Canada and India: Boosting Economic Ties and Cutting Barriers: Strategies for Closer Economic Relations.
41
Ibid, 8. See The Role of the Diaspora (2005) in Give Us Your Best and Brightest by Devesh Kapur and John McHale, Centre for Global Development, p 122
42
Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://www.indianembassy.org/newsite/News/US%20Media/2006/1.asp.
Indian Origin (PIO) Cards Scheme, and the creation of a subsequent NRI/PIO division in the Ministry of External Affairs in 2002. Meanwhile, a High Level Committee was appointed bytheGovernment of India in August 2000. This committees report, released in 2001, is the rst exhaustive study of the Indian Diaspora worldwide, and its relationship with India. It provided a blueprint for leveraging the strengths of India and her Diaspora to their mutual advantage and included recommendations for new policies to create a more conducive environment as well as structural facilitation to develop human resources and Diaspora investment in India. 43 Consequently, there have been far-reaching changes in Indias approach towards its Diaspora, reected both in government policies and in a radically changed attitude in the private sector, seen especially in the Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) and the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI). In 2003, the Indian government created a separate Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs (MOIA), which, in 2006, launched the Overseas Indian Certicate (OCI) that granted overseas Indians several citizenship rights. Since much of the Indo-Canadian Diaspora avails itself of this option, there may be benets to Canadas granting of dual nationality to Indo-Canadians. This could spur the Diaspora to mobilize and lobby in Canada upon issues of mutual concern. Historically, Canada does not fear that such measures will undermine national sovereignty or loyalty. In May 2007, India established an Overseas Indian Facilitation Centre (OIFC), 44 an investment advisory service for overseas Indians across the world. The Centres focus is to provide information and handholding services in wealth management, real estate,and taxation, among other services. The Centre will bolster Diaspora knowledge networks through a database of overseas Indians whose knowledge resources can be tapped through ICT platforms. Our research concludes that the priorities of the government of India vis-a-vis its Diaspora are to: 1. Develop India as a knowledge power through transfer of technology, cooperation in researh and development, support for futuristic technologies such as nanotechnology and biotechnology; Promote investment in infrastructure and hi-tech areas; Increase international trade in both imports and exports; Revamp and expand higher education, and promote India as higher education destination; Offer health care and medical tourism; Build social development through education, the empowerment of women, micro-nancing, and related initiatives.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
43
Ministry of External Affairs, New Delhi, December 2001. Report of the High Level Committee on Indian Diaspora. Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://www.indianDiaspora.nic.in/
44
Retrieved on 08/26/08 from www.oifc.in.
Bridging programs need to be attentive to: Important trends in the knowledge economy and knowledge-based culture, as well as scientic and technological changes based on skills and talents; Rapidly evolving globalization resulting from free trade, free capital ows and the increase in labor ows; The conditions and characteristics of the Indian Diaspora, described above; The fact that Indo-Canadians constitute 3% of Canadas total population of Canada, this 3% increasingly represented and politically inuential in Canada.
State Governments in India are keen to leverage the interests of overseas Indians in their home states by organizing their own enclaves and by setting up their own exhibitions in the annual Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBDs.) 45 PBD 2007 saw participation from 8 Indian states, and PBD 2008 examined in detail what the States can do to promote Diaspora engagement in areas where they need Diaspora cooperation. For instance, the Delhi State has interests in housing, modern transport systems, power and water supply, education, health, and the Commonwealth Games 2010, while Gujarat gave priorities to portrelated activities, the education sector, and the establishment of venture capital funds. Haryana is interested in collaboration, social infrastructure, and projects in education and health, while Kerala is keen on quality infrastructure. Jharkhands interests are in mining and forestry, while Bihar is keen to engage the Diaspora in areas of energy, food, health and education. Indias efforts to engage its Diaspora, in Canada and elsewhere, have proved effective in the promotion of two-way trade and investment. Although Canadas policy environment is quite supportive, it could be more so.
Current Engagement & Potential Opportunities

The Indian Diaspora is fractured along provincial and linguistic lines, and there is not much connectivity between Indo-Canadian organizations across provinces in Canada,46 but the Indian Diaspora overall is known to be keen for two-way trade and investment. The Indian Diaspora in Canada has limited inuence in India, unlike the US Diaspora. However, a notable example of Indian Diaspora bridge-building is captured in the mapping study on institutional linkages undertaken by Ravi Seethapathy, Chair of the Canadian Advisory Council for Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute together with Prof. D.
45
Pravasi - Non-resident or Diaspora, Bharatiya Indian and Divas day is an Indian government sponsored annual convention.
46
Bhargava, Kant, and Ravi Seethapathy, 2005 Indo-Canadians & Canada-India Relationships: Towards A WinWin Scenario. In Asian Regionalism: Canada and Indian Perspectives Edited by Charan D. Wadhva and Yuen Pau Woo, 181-214 New Delhi: Centre for Policy Research New Delhi, India and Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada, Vancouver, Canada
Johnston of the Waterloo University. 47 The study eventually led to an agreement between Canada and India on science and technology. As well, The Indus Entrepreneurs (TiE) and the Consulate General of India, Toronto, have partnered to organize monthly sessions on Doing business in India, where CEOs of Canadian businesses will be invited to information exchange sessions. Among elite Indo-Canadians are many who have one or more friends who have returned to India to start new companies, and consequently, there is considerable travel to and from India for commercial purposes. Accordingly, while devising trade strategies, both Indian and Canadian authorities can usefully leverage the Indian Diaspora by tapping its innate potential to increase two-way trade and trade-related investment. Visiting Indian Ministers consult a variety of Indian Diaspora Organizations on matters economic between Canada and India. Prominent and knowledgeable Indo-Canadians are invited to share their views and experiences at the annual Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD.) In 2007, India received $27 billion in migrant remittances, the largest received by any country in the world.48 Currently, 50% of NRI investments are made in xed deposits, but that trend is expected to dissipate. With Indian companies aggressively targeting this segment, more investment in equity is anticipated. The surge in outward FDI is powerful, with India investing over $17 billion in 2006, up from over $6 billion in 2005.49 This places India as a source, as well as a destination, for investment. Canada has received a good share of this investment from India and this is due, to some extent, to the facilitation work done by the Diaspora; Canada and India have completed the agreement on Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (FIPPA),50 which is awaiting formal signatures. The dynamics of the Indian Diaspora in Canada should be viewed as a process, especially in the eld of development cooperation through links with NGOs and civil society organizations. Just as the Diaspora played an important role in instigating economic reforms, it has the potential to contribute to deeper partnerships in other areas. Canadas policy choices in the realm of international relations must reect both the inuence of the global environment and the potential international affect of Canadian
47
See Report on Institutional Linkages: Academic/Government/Private Partnerships in the Canadian and Indian Science and Technology Sector (Canada-India S & T Mapping Study). R. Seethapathy, D. Johnston. Submitted to Foreign Affairs, Canada and released by the then Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, November 2004).
48
India Top Receiver Of Migrant Remittances In 2007, Followed By China And Mexico Press Release No: 2008/243/DEC Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/ 0,,contentMDK:21692926~pagePK:34370~piPK:34424~theSitePK:4607,00.html.
49
Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport? &CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N.

50
Canada's Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreements (FIPAs): Background on the Canada-India Foreign InvestmentPromotion and Protection Agreement (FIPA) Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http:// www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/fipa-apie/india.aspx.
action. In this context, the Indian Diaspora needs to intensify its effort to engage contacts in India, and with Indian leadership. There is a gap in research and discussion regarding the impact of Canadas multiethnic make-up and its multicultural consciousness on both its national denition and on its conduct of international relations. What has not been sufciently addressed is the signicance of Canadas evolving multiethnic make-up on the countrys foreign and domestic policies. Think tanks in Canada and India may undertake some collaborative work to bridge the existing gap in this regard, with the involvement of knowledgeable Indo-Canadians. Public policy and advocacy need to undertake reciprocal branding of Canada in India and of India in Canada. Canada-India relations are increasingly being shaped by private sector initiatives, universities, NGOs and Indo-Canadians who maintain links with India. Their willingness to transact/interact with TRBs facilitates branding of Canada in India. TRBs communicate useful market and technological information about Canada to their contacts in India. However, the impact of multiple linkages through human connectivity has so far made little difference in projecting, in India, Canadian values, achievements and potential. Federal and provincial governments in Canada may consider having yearly promotional events to encourage business organizations to send delegations to India in order to develop relationships in Delhi and beyond. Such events could easily be coordinated with annual PBDs, when Indo-Canadians are either participating in PBDs or are visiting India. These efforts need to be supplemented by leveraging action in public policy in the areas of tourism, business and immigration ow from India, and the simplication of visa programs for visiting Indians.
Ensuring Sustained & Tangible Progress

With the introduction of the Indian Governments Overseas Indian Certicates comes the need to understand the consequent implications for Canada, India and Canada-India relations. This decision creates propitious conditions for the Indian Diaspora in Canada to play an increasingly important role in expanding two-way investments and brain circulation, but research is needed on emerging forms of transnational citizenship. The Canadian Diaspora globally is large, but what do we know of this Diaspora in India? What is their number, their age range? Are they mainly retirees? How many of them are or were professionals? Are they an interactive community with various organizations associated with Canada? Does the fact that they are living in India make the Canadian Diaspora in India less Canadian? It may be a heterogeneous group. Do the members of a Canadian Diaspora in India keep close ties with the home country by working for Canadian enterprises, by returning often to visiting family, friends, clients or partners? A
SWOT analysis, not unlike the one commissioned by APFC51 for returning Canadians of Chinese origin, which examined strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, would present a more nuanced picture of the Canadian Diaspora in India compared to conventional cost-benet calculations. It may be that the time has come for Canada to start thinking about developing its own Diaspora strategies to make the best use of its citizens in India to supplement the efforts of the Indian Diaspora in Canada. Research is needed to address these questions, before any assessment of the collaborative potential in returning Indo-Canadians can be made. The current economic situation in India and in Canada calls for concerned authorities in both countries to focus on managed temporary movement programs, as well as on the engagement of the settled Indian Diaspora, to promote knowledge and two-way investment. While India woos its Diaspora, Canadian and otherwise, Canada must respond with a more proactive immigration policy to attract talent and skill from abroad in the future. Because of increasing economic activity in India, industrialists are exhorting the students from institutions of repute not to leave India as this is where the action is.52 India has remained a fundamentally secular, peace-loving, academically oriented, industry-driven nation with a youthful economic engine. Proactive steps by the government and private sector in Canada, such as an expansion of internship programs for Canadian youth to work with Indian companies and vice versa, will have an impact on India-Canada relations, as will more innovative thinking about Indo-Canadian students. There are more than 10,000 students of Indian origin at Canadian universities, but this gure could be much higher with more accessible cross-cultural education programmes. Generally, members of the Indian Diaspora in Canada are equally at home in their own societies, in other societies, or in what some have called the global society or a world polity.' They have closer relationships with TRBs in India compared to other Diasporas. They have a ready willingness to transact/interact with TRBs in India in trade, and investment, and they have extensive communications with friends and family in India aided by low cost, high quality communication technologies. The multicultural image of Canada is in accordance with the emerging conception of Diaspora as a global society. Such a conception helps Canada, an immigrant-based country, to expand its international relationships. Indo-Canadians need to set up institutional linkages and human connectivity under the aegis of the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute, as well as to support policy measures and the development of some needed mechanisms. Indo-Canadians need to consider:
51
Pushing for greater bilateral relationships at federal level;
See study by Kenny Zhang, Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada titled Mission Invisible Rethinking the Canadian Diaspora September, 2007. Paper commissioned by Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada: Vancouver.
52
Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://finance.indiainfo.com/2007/10/12/0710122228_bajaj.html
Facilitating institutionalisation of relationships at the level of parliamentarians; Instituting concrete links between the State of Punjab and the Province of British Columbia; Twinning Canadian and Indian cities; Strengthening links between the Indo-Canadian Chamber with the Confederation of Indian Industries, which has been designated an important nodal point pertaining to Pravasi Bhartiya Divas; Establishing greater connectivity with NGOs to partner in common socio-economic interest; Establishing a Centre for Indian Diaspora Studies in Canada; Promoting media exchange personnel between the two countries; Establishing, in India, a Friendship Association of Indian and Indo-Canadian Scholars who have studied in Canada.
Canada-India relations in education are the bedrock of wider bilateral relationships. The growing internationalization of educational institutions and courses, globalization of education, and the anticipated importance of the knowledge economy have increased the salience of human connectivity. Many Indo-Canadian members of faculties in Canadian universities have promoted cooperation and networking between educational institutions in Canada and India. Their resources may be protably used to address the question of linkages between Canadian and Indian educational and research institutions that would go beyond those solely within the purview of the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute and the Indian Institute of Technology Alumni Canada. There is a need to move beyond the present practice of networking among individual professors for traditional areas of research toward equally important areas of policy research, in both the social and natural sciences.53 Indo-Canadians may consider using the provisions of the agreement signed between the Canadian Association of Manufacturers and Exporters and the Confederation of Indian Industries to foster cooperation in small & medium enterprises. Punjabi will soon be the fourth most commonly spoken language in Canada. It is very important that the Punjabi language be sustained in Canada. This would require action by concerned provincial governments. A joint federal and provincial panel for the Indian Diaspora in Ontario and British Columbia may usefully review the current measures aimed at identifying further action that is needed to optimise their potential in this regard.
See recommendations of National Knowledge Commission of India, Science and Technology NKC proposal on National Science and Social Science Foundation. Retrieved on 08/21/08 from http:// www.knowledgecommission.gov.in/recommendations/science.asp
53
Simultaneously, the following actions are called for: Changes in visa, immigration and citizenship policies in Canada, The conclusion of agreements on trade in services and early signing of the Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement, with provision for enhanced access outside of regular visa programs particularly to Canadians of Indian origin.
Governments and the ofcial machinery in Ottawa and New Delhi need to keep pace with developments, since economic relationships between Canada and India have too few political champions in India. Interaction between Canada and India, both at the governmental and civil society level, has not been organized or sustained regarding political, cultural and social issues. The establishment of an institutional framework such as a Diaspora Council, is necessary to facilitate sustained and tangible progress in Canada-India relationships.
Policy Recommendations
The three roundtable discussions hosted by the CSD reveal that the Indian Diaspora in Canada is making a visible difference in Canada in promoting Canada-India relations, and greater collaboration is possible over the next few decades with India becoming Canadas largest source of immigrants. There is, therefore, a critical need for both Canadian and Indian leaderships to effect the necessary changes in their policies on Diaspora issues, preferably in a concerted manner. The sixteen recommendations that follow call upon Canadian and Indian governments, private sectors in both countries, and the Indian Diaspora in Canada to follow ameliorative strategies to facilitate and optimize the Diasporas potential to build bridges.
1.
Visa and Immigration Policies
The Canadian government must develop more expeditious visa and immigration policies. More than technology and capital, people transform organizations and contribute to the economy; Canada now competes in a global marketplace for skilled immigrants, and will need to attract knowledge workers. 54 But there are problems associated with immigration to Canada and barriers to temporary migration of skilled persons. Some countries have introduced visa categorization, i.e. a science visa as distinct from a business visa. Canada and India need to visit the benets of expediting of what is too often a bureaucratic disincentive for immigration, not least to materially improve the prospects for transforming brain drain to brain circulation. Visa and permit procedures have been accelerated for some categories of skilled persons. The relatively tight Canadian immigration policy needs to move from a no, unless position toward a yes, provided
54
Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://www.cic.gc.ca/English/resources/publications/anrep01.asp.
that position. The Canadian government needs to explore the possibility of introducing helpful changes in those policies regarding current entry criteria, credential recognition and measures for integrating prospective immigrants potential bridge builders into Canadian society. The Canadian Government should also formulate appropriate schemes for granting business and science visas.
2.
Recognition of Credentials
Federal and provincial certication bodies need to recognize Indian credentials. Full recognition of foreign credentials and work experience will benet the Canadian economy as well as Indo-Canadians. An encouraging development is that the Indian Engineering degree is now better recognized in Canada as a result Indias provisional status as signatory of 2007, to the 1989 Washington Accord, of which Canada is a member.55 Concomitant measures need to be taken for the relaxation of restrictions by local certication bodies for professionals. Concerned federal and provincial authorities should also undertake additional measures aimed at removing existing discrimination. As well, some returning Indo-Canadians are now facing the problem of recognition in India of their Canadian credentials and degrees. Indian authorities need to examine this phenomenon.
3.
Foster Links between Canada and India in Higher Education
Students from India who graduate from Canadian universities move into positions of considerable inuence either in Canada or in India. They also learn Canadian values in practice. As such, they are a valuable resource for bridging activities. Canadian students who study in India also constitute important assets. There is an urgent need to articulate policy measures in both countries at the federal/union level as well as provincial/state levels to expand two-way student and faculty exchanges, and cooperation in the eld of higher education. Canada will benet by encouraging all provincial bodies to: Lower or eliminate international fees, and/or; Create accessible and sufcient international student loan products; Provide culturally attentive amenities within universities; Ensure broad access for international students to internship and co-op programmes,and redesign visa and immigration policies for students to facilitate rather than discourage academic study in Canada; Mandate a properly constituted Canada-India Education Forum to meet periodically and review existing relations in the education eld and to suggest improvements.
Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://www.washingtonaccord.org/.
55
Recommendations have been made in recently held events on cooperation in higher education, particularly those organized in 2007 by the Canadian Bureau for International Education and in November 2008 by the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry; in these events, Canada was the partner country and the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute, as well as the Canada-India Business Council were important participants. Recommendations arising from these events should be implemented on a priority basis by the concerned authorities in the two countries.
4.
Invest in Youth and Second-generation Indo-Canadians
The Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute should invest in the development of youth leadership. Politically engaged young Canadians are this countrys greatest asset, because of their intellectual capital, enthusiasm, dedication and energy. Young Indo-Canadians have, on the whole, done well in professional areas. It makes eminent sense to focus on the development of their leadership qualities; exchange of visits to India by young IndoCanadians and of visits to Canada by youth leaders from India should be a priority program of both governments. Internship and fellowship programs should be developed on a large scale, under the aegis of the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute so that young Indo-Canadians, accompanied by non-Diaspora youth, can prot from such programs in India. Such programs will prepare Indian Diaspora youth in Canada to engage with India in an effective manner on their return from India to Canada. In turn, Indo-Canadians, their organizations and companies, can play host to interns from India, which will positively affect Indias understanding of contemporary Canada.
5.
Increase Diasporic Civic Engagement
Indo-Canadians and their organizations need to work toward an increase in Diasporic civic engagement. Indo-Canadians and their organizations should consolidate and expand their current engagement by building on successes already achieved, by proting from lessons learned, and by following some of the successful strategies and practices of their counterparts in the US. Many Indo-Canadians are not deeply enough engaged, as stakeholders, in civic activities; a good number of the Diaspora remains conned to a linguistic and/or faith community. Encouragement and incentives to their members for participation in civic Canadian life, consistent with the policy of multiculturalism in a globalized knowledge economy, should be a high priority for Indo-Canadian organizations. Opportunities for engagement can be increased through networking and active partnership with other Diaspora communities, and greater Indo-Canadian representation in governing bodies, government-funded think tanks, universities and corporations. Indo-Canadian organizations should:
Encourage greater participation of their members in Canadian civic life, consistent with the policy of multiculturalism; Provide opportunities for networking and partnership with other Diaspora communities; Advocate greater Indo-Canadian representation in governing bodies of government-funded think tanks, universities and corporations, and; Develop links with established Canadian institutions, research institutes and think tanks.
6.
Relationship-Building with Media
Leaders of Indo-Canadian institutions and organizations need to develop better relations with Canadian media. While Canadian media have improved the quality of their coverage of the Indo-Canadian Diaspora to some degree, Indo-Canadian institutions still need to organize discussions and to sponsor seminars with media gures and bodies concerning their activities and programs. Their leaders should be trained to communicate more effectively with the media. Organizations such as the Canada-India Foundation, should consider sponsoring exchange and information tours visits of media personnel of the two countries. These could be organized by both governments to facilitate better understanding of the potential role of the Indian Diaspora for strengthening relations between two countries.
7.
Support the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute for Diaspora-related Studies and Work
Indian and Canadian Governments, and private sectors in both countries, should revitalize support for the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute. Both governments have agreed to build a Canada-India partnership in the 21st century and to attend to its architecture. Doing so requires multidisciplinary professional and academic study, and signicant Diaspora presence in such study. Because the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute is a bilateral organization, both governments need to encourage its member bodies to more fruitfully undertake tasks according to supplement addenda VIII of the MOU signed between the Shastri Institute and the Government of India. This addenda calls for comprehensive exploration into Indo-Canadian relations, as well as into the role of IndoCanadians in Canadas society, economy and politics. Sufcient funds must be made available for this purpose by both governments and by private sectors from both countries. Indo-Canadians have developed national presence in Canadian arts and literature. The SICI, The Indian Council of Cultural Relations, and the Cultural Division of DFAIT should
convene a roundtable with prominent Indo-Canadians in the elds of arts and literature to make specic recommendations that will expand bilateral cultural relations. The Indian Diaspora should establish a public/private bilateral initiative to create collaborative centres for Diaspora studies in India and Canada. SICI is in a good position to establish, in one or more Canadian universities, a Centre for Excellence on Indian Diaspora Studies. Such a Centre would be well placed, in collaboration with the Centre for Diaspora Studies of the University of Hyderabad, to develop research studies on themes such as: Second Generation Indo-Canadians; the Role of Indian Diaspora in Canada in fostering Canada-India collaboration regarding skill development in India; the Role of South Asian Diaspora in Canada in strengthening relations between Canada and the South Asian region.
8.
Forge Working Relationship with Key Private Sector Organizations in India
The Indo-Canada Chamber of Commerce (ICCC) has entered into MOUs with the Confederation of Indian Industries, the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry, and the Indian Merchants Chamber. The ICCC should take purposeful follow-up actions through the establishment of sustained contacts and working relationships with these organizations, and in association with other important Indo-Canadian organizations, such as the Indian Institute of Technology Alumni Canada, and the TiE Toronto Chapter, to promote two way trade, investment, and collaboration in innovation and venture capital.
9.
Establish a Canada-India Group to Catalyze Comprehensive Partnerships
To maximize the inuence, visibility, and effectiveness of Indo-Canadians, a new instrument mandated to dene collaborative potential between Canada and India is needed. The Indian and Canadian Governments should jointly establish a trilateral group composed of Canadians, Indo-Canadians and Indians whose expertise reects topics of bilateral interest and whose goals will be the exploration of collaborative issues on the cultural, political, educational and economic horizon. This group may advise on short to medium term objectives that will facilitate a more comprehensive partnership between the two countries. Taking into account the work already done by SICI, it will need to clearly identify opportunities, and to stimulate a bilateral ow of ideas and information in matters relating to cooperation in trade, investment, education, health care, environment, energy, tourism, science and technology. The group will also need to focus its attentions on bilateral cooperation on the more global issues of common interest, such as the promotion of democracy, good governance, federalism, and multiculturalism.
The group should organize task forces consisting of specialists to prepare policy papers for its consideration, and to subsequently take responsibility for the formulation of suggestions and recommendations to optimize potential cooperative loci with specic attention to the role of Canadas Indian Diaspora. SICI ofces in the two countries should extend the necessary logistical support for the work of the proposed group and its members.
10.
Promote Engagement in Political and Social Matters
Indo-Canadians need to increase their political engagement in Canada, and to support such engagement among their peers. Indo-Canadians are well placed to contribute on subjects of global importance such as identity, global citizenship, federalism, multiculturalism, the challenges of pluralistic societies, the internationalization of education, and emerging forms of transnational citizenship. Indo-Canadians should be led to view the growing importance of India as an emerging market including developing relations with its periphery, immediately. Above all, it should be conscious of ongoing efforts in India toward social and economic transformation within the frameworks of an open society, committed to the rule of law and to respect for all fundamental freedoms, and an open economy. Indo-Canadian leaders should take on, themselves, greater responsibility for the formulation and implementation of programs and activities regarding the: Promotion and study of democracy in our two countries and in developing countries; Provision of Canadian and Indian foreign policy development contributions on global issues of common interest; Sponsorship of studies relating to human development, human rights and responsibilities, and human security in developing countries; Facilitation and generation of a two-way ow of ideas about the social and political affect of the pervasive process of globalization in Canada and India; Channeling of social and nancial philanthropic resources of Canadas Indian Diaspora through the proposed India Development Foundation, and to facilitate Indias attainment of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals through transparent transactions. CIDA should consider making available to them matching grants for this purpose; Education of Indian brides and their families about procedures for serving notices, summons, etc., in cases of violence against women, desertion of wives and other domestic or economic abuse.
11. Greater Interaction between the Canada-India Parliamentary Association, MPs, and MPPs of Indian Origin
The Canada-India Parliamentary Association (CIPA), many of whose members are MPs of Indian origin, should communicate its vision of building partnerships with India to concerned Indo-Canadian institutions (or their national federation once established) and to MPPs of Indian origin. It should network, and organize exchange programs with parliamentarians from India who are interested in India-Canada relations. The Indian High Commission in Ottawa should organize, in consultation with CIPA and in collaboration with the Public Policy Division of the Ministry of External Affairs of India, familiarization visits to India for MPs and MPPs of Indian origin and meetings with Indian policy makers. Such joint meetings in India with policy makers in the Central and State Governments, as well as with corporate leaders, would signicantly enable initiatives undertaken by the Indian Diaspora and their institutions toward benecial socioeconomic development and bridge-building in Indian States.
12.
Establish a National Federation of Indo-Canadian Institutes
Leaders of Indo-Canadian organizations need to establish a national federation of their institutions. Despite the ICCC, the IITAC, the CIF, Panorama India, and the TiE, IndoCanadian institutions limited structural opportunities to strengthen relations between Canada and India, they must avail themselves of the potential of a Canadian National Federation of Indo-Canadian Institutions. Leaders of key Indo-Canadian organizations need to engage their members in debate on the merits and modalities of inclusive approaches. A single federating body can legitimately liaise with the Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs and CII, for instance, to organize Pravasi Bharatya Divas Canada (a gathering of Indian Diaspora) where foci may include bridge building, domestic and foreign policy matters pertinent to the Diaspora, trade and innovation. Such a national federation can hold annual national conventions to review progress, debate roles, support initiatives, and rene programs. The links between Diaspora-based organizations and non-Diaspora ones in Canada are not sufciently strong, but are important; coordinated and joint efforts of relatively young Indo-Canadian institutions with longestablished Canadian institutions will enrich both. The establishment of a national federation will facilitate this kind of collaboration and networking. Most signicantly, such a body could function as a conduit to the Federal and Provincial governments in ways benecial to the Diaspora and to the government.
13. Convene a Roundtable of all Indo-Canadian Institutions and Organize a Convention of Indian Diaspora in Canada for 2010
A multidisciplinary group of Indo-Canadians representing several interest sectors should convene a roundtable of all Indo-Canadian institutions to deliberate on their roles in the building of partnerships between Canada and India in the 21st century. Joint efforts should be made by Canadas Indian Diaspora to organize a PBD Canada convention in 2010, with the collaboration of the Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs, the Confederation of Indian Industries, the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute, the Canada-India Business Council, the Canadian Chamber of Commerce, the Canadian Council of Chief Executives and the Asia Pacic Foundation Canada among others representing educational, environmental, and gender interests. This convention will focus on bridge building, domestic and foreign policy matters of common interest to both countries, and on bilateral cooperation in areas already identied by the leaders of two countries.
14.
Expedite Development of Teaching Cases to Enhance India- Canada Exchange at All Levels
One of the best ways to engage policy-makers, educators and students, diplomats, senior corporate members, and politicians, among others, is through group exploration of carefully articulated teaching cases to highlight lessons learned, opportunities missed, and factors affecting decision-making at various levels. The development of teaching cases on past and current Canadian policy, practices, and its approach to Diasporas in particular, is an ideal means by which Indo-Canadians can be better represented, understood, and facilitated toward greater social, political, and economic engagement in Canada. Expertly developed teaching cases to establish understanding at all levels among Canadians, Indo-Canadians, and Indians will provide signicant on-the-ground benets among those engaged, and has the potential to heighten and enhance the IndoCanadian Diaspora image in Canada. Several of the broad areas discussed in this paper lend themselves very well to elaboration through teaching cases on India/Canada relations or the Indo-Canadian Diaspora for executive development and other programs. Possibilities include:
Indias Youth at University in Canada: A Teaching Case on Attraction and Barriers,
Silicon Valley Gets Its Act Together: Indian Entrepreneurs in America, Bringing Indias Family Home: the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas Global Diaspora Conference.
15. Study the Canadian Diaspora in India
We propose conducting a SWOT analysis similar to the work APFC56 has done for returning Canadians of Chinese origin, to examine strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, to produce an accurate portrait of the Canadian Diaspora in India. This information should be used to develop a Canadian Diaspora strategy to make the best use of its citizens in India which will supplement the efforts of the Indian Diaspora in Canada.
16.
Monitoring of the Implementation of Recommendations
The proposed National Federation of Indo-Canadian Institutions should undertake the task of coordination, oversight and monitoring of the implementation of the recommendations above, at the national level. Consultations and policy dialogue on Diaspora issues is highly desirable at the governmental level. The Federal Government should periodically arrange meetings between its concerned departments and the National Federation on Diaspora-related issues. An appropriate consultative mechanism, such as a National Federation of Indo-Canadian Institutions or a Diaspora Council will be invaluable in such endeavours, as well as for the purposes of giving ongoing national attention to coordination, oversight and monitoring of the implementation of abovementioned recommendations.
Conclusion
Public policy changes in India and Canada could optimize the contribution of the Indian Diaspora. India will be a signicant actor in many of the global policy areas affecting Canada in decades to come, such as global warming; the stabilization and reconstruction of Afghanistan; counter-terrorism; UN reforms; trade and investment in the context of globalization and the knowledge economy; cross-cultural interaction, as well as renewal of religions and inter-religious understanding in the post 9/11 era. To date, the strengthening of Canada-India relations has been limited by the lack of a comprehensive policy environment. Yet the intrinsic values of Canada and India make these nations well suited as partners, both being democratic and open societies that prize individual freedom and entrepreneurialism. Canada, its Indian Diaspora and India need to position themselves to work together in a sustained manner to build a strong and comprehensive partnership in the 21st century. In this context, wagering on the engagement of the vibrant Indian Diaspora for tasks relating to bridge building between Canada and India remains a very good bet. An action plan for engaging the Indian Diaspora is required.
56
See study by Kenny Zhang, Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada titled Mission Invisible Rethinking the Canadian Diaspora September, 2007. Paper commissioned by Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada: Vancouver.
Appendix I: The Role of the Indian Diaspora in Canada: A Literature Review
By Dr. Soodabeh Salehi, Queens University and the University of Tehran
Introduction
In Toronto, 2006, Sheikha Haya Rashed Al Khalifa, the President of the United Nations General Assembly, indicated in Expert Forum on Capacity Building for Peace and Development: Roles of Diaspora the signicant role of Diaspora communities in the intellectual, scientic, political, economic and cultural richness of the countries in which they settle:
[W]orld leaders gathered at the 2005 World Summit at the United Nations reafrmed the three interlinked pillars of the United Nations peace and security, development and human rights. They adopted an ambitious reform agenda to strengthen the United Nations in implementing its goals. World leaders also accepted the principle of the Responsibility to Protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. By upholding our commitment to this principle we can address some of the key drivers that force communities to emigrate. Furthermore, in September, at the beginning of its 61st Session, the General Assembly held the rst High-level Dialogue on International Migration and Development. The High-level Dialogue noted that Diaspora have an impact on economic development in both their country of origin and in their new homes. This sentiment was shared by governments, the private sector and civil society.
57
Even earlier, in March 2001, in consideration of the Diasporas impact, Canadian Immigration Minister Elinor Caplan, when announcing her trip to India, asserted, This visit will reinforce the importance that Canada places on its people-to-people links with India.58 Along with China, India, as one of the worlds fastest expanding economies with annual growth rates ranging from seven-to-nine percent, has great potential to participate in the expansion of economic relationships worldwide, including in Canada. The Canadian Chamber of Commerce (CCC) in a March 2007 report, criticized Canadas unfocused efforts to develop economic relationships with India, and made recommendations for expansion. That such development has not yet met its potential is curious, given that, according to Walton-Roberts:
57 58
p 5. CIC, 2001.
The rising global inuence of various Asian economies since the 1960s has resulted in immigration patterns that have profoundly inuenced Canadas largest urban centres and reoriented aspects of the nations political, economic and cultural focus towards Asia (Hiebert 1994, 1999). 59
Nancy Hughes Anthony, the then-president of the CCC, has said, We have a lot of catching up to do just to get on Indias radar screen. Its never too late, but obviously the longer you stay on the outside, the steeper the climb. Certainly, Indo-Canadians can play a signicant role in forging economic links, as well as fostering public diplomacy between Canada and India. The advocates of internationalism in Diaspora studies argue that Diaspora communities allow for a rise in prosperity, business skills and networks, and have a willingness to collaborate with the home country. Thus Indo-Canadian communities should play a vital role in Canada-India economic relationships. The nal report in 2006 of the National Diaspora Strategies: India, China and Canada workshop addresses the roles of Indian Diaspora:
[T]here are over 20 million Indian people in the Diaspora across 110 countries, and they play ve signicant roles as investor, customer, supplier, ambassador, and philanthropist. The Indian Diaspora has experienced a considerable growth of capital formation, and major investment in the future can be in social infrastructure, business expansion, new venture funds, and diversify portfolio investment. The India Diaspora could be an attractive market segment for Indian exports.60
The notion of Diaspora members as consumers may be somewhat cynical, but there is much more to be considered of value in the Diaspora communities. Consumption aside, the socio/intellectual and more globally political members of Diaspora communities collectively forming networks can enrich the lives of non-diasporic communities:
Interspersed among those most committed nationals, in patterns not always equally transparent, are a growing number of people of more varying experiences and connections. Some of them may wish to redene the nation . Others again are in the nation but not of it. They may be the real cosmopolitans, or they are people whose nations are actually elsewhere. Or they may indeed owe a stronger allegiance to some other kind of imagined international community There may be divided commitments, ambiguities, and conicting resonances as well. 61
This means the immigration process does not conclude in permanent settlement, integration, and citizenship in the host country anymore. The development of communications, facilitated international travel, liberal host country policies, and changes
59 60 61
Walton-Roberts 2003 p 236. p 4. Hannerz, 1996 p 90.
in the structure of international nance and politics62 have helped Diasporas to simultaneously integrate into the host country and to maintain their links with their country of origin, as well as with the members of the same ethnic groups dispersed around the world. In this sense, Diasporas can be an inuential force within Canada and in various parts of the world, and can act as cultural brokers, communication highways, politicians, and transnational citizens, besides being economic investors.63 Diasporas, as cultural brokers with the knowledge of their home country, can help Canada improve its internal and international affairs; [F]ormer Prime Minister, Jean Chretien wisely took a number of Sikh cabinet members with him on his visit to India.64 With Internet and communication technology, members of Diaspora communicate within and across groups behind national borders, and transcend those governmental states that restrict freedom of speech, expression, and communication. They participate in international protests, human rights movements, and carve more democratic spaces. Diasporas in Canada exert tremendous effort to raise awareness about issues and injustices in their source countries65 as well as lobbying Canadian government. As Hannerz suggests, Diasporas are a group of people who are equally at home in their own societies, in other societies, or in what some have called global society or a world polity.66 Obviously, the essentials of a politic by which Canada imagines itself, the multicultural politic, is much alined with this new conception of Diaspora as a global society or a world polity. Such a conception helps Canada, as an immigrant-based country, to expand its international relationships:
With the wealth of knowledge, resources, and expertise that is present within these communities, Diaspora groups are well poised to assist Canada to steer towards a careful, reasoned, democratic and secular future. With meaningful participation of Diaspora we can develop foreign policies that spare the world from what future historians may call the Century of Terror.67
Diaspora: Denitions & Approaches

The term Diaspora literally means scattering or dispersion. Derived from the Greek word dia, meaning over or through, and speiro, meaning to sow or to scatter,68 Diaspora originally referred to the dispersion of the Jews to the lands outside Palestine
62 63 64 65 66 67 68
Abd-El-Aziz et al. p 2. Abd-El-Aziz, et al.. Abd-El-Aziz et al. p 7. p 11. Tarrow, 2000 p 2. Abd-El-Aziz et al., p 12. Cohen, 1997; Bhat and Sahoo, 2003.
after the Babylonian captivity. Since the late 20th century, the notion of Diaspora has described any ethnic population living in countries other than their own historical homelands. Regarding the experiences of Jews, Armenians or Africans, Diaspora conveys a negative connotation, due to its association with forced displacement, victimisation, alienation, loss. In this sense, it is accompanied by a dream of return.69 In broader usage, it describes displaced people who maintain or revive their connection with their country of origin, and includes a range of groups such as political refugees, alien residents, guest workers, immigrants, expellees, ethnic and racial minorities, and overseas communications70 The term Diaspora has been approached in various ways. Cohen 71 proposes a typology in Diasporas are: victim Diasporas, labor and imperial Diasporas, trade Diasporas, cultural Diasporas, and global-deterritorialized Diasporas. Not suggesting a perfect match between a particular ethnic group and a specic type of Diaspora, Cohen identies the Jewish, Palestinian, Irish, African and Armenian Diasporas as victim Diasporas. He presents the British as an imperial Diaspora and the Indian as a labor Diaspora. Chinese and Lebanese are classied as trade Diasporas. Caribbeans, in his typology, are characterized as a cultural Diaspora. Cohen suggests the following features of Diasporas and explores how each type of Diaspora demonstrates some of these aspects: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Dispersal from an original homeland, often traumatically; Alternatively, the expansion from a homeland in search of work, in pursuit of trade or to further colonial ambitions; A collective memory and myth about homeland; An idealization of the supposed ancestral home; A return movement; A strong ethnic group consciousness sustained over a long time; A troubled relationship with host societies; A sense of solidarity with co-ethnic members in other countries; and The possibility of a distinctive creative, enriching life in tolerant host countries.72
On current usages of the term, Vertovec notes in Three Meanings of Diaspora that:
69
70
Vertovec, 1997, p 228. Shuval, 2000, p 41. 1997. p 180.
71 72
Within a variety of academic disciplines, recent writing on the subject conveys at least three discernible meanings of the concept Diaspora. These meanings refer to what we might call Diaspora as social form, Diaspora as type of consciousness, and Diaspora as mode of cultural production. 73 Vertovec believes that the rst meaning (Diaspora as a social construction) is the most common in the literature. According to several, if not most theorists, there is a dense web of afliation between Diaspora and their country of origin. Diaspora communities in the host country usually reconstruct the class, ethnicity, religion, political afliation, and language that they belonged to in their homeland. Hence, Diaspora as a social form is based on continued ties, imaginary or actual, 74 with a homeland, despite separation from that homeland. Vertovec contends that Diaspora as social form is characterised by a relationship between (a) globally dispersed yet collectively self-identied ethnic groups, (b) the territorial states and contexts where such groups reside, and (c) the homeland states and contexts whence they or their forebears came.75 Diaspora as a type of consciousness focuses on:
describing a variety of experience, a state of mind and a sense of identity. It is constituted negatively by experiences of discrimination and exclusion, and positively by identication with a historical heritage (such as Indian civilization) or contemporary world cultural or political forces (such as Islam.) 76
Diaspora as mode of cultural production contextualizes Diasporic communities in globalism and transnationalism. There are other models for conceptualizing Diaspora, but most attend to the social nature of Diaspora. Some Diaspora denitions emphasise traumatic exile and historical dispersal throughout the other lands. Chaliand and Rageau77 consider four characteristics of Diaspora: forced dispersion, retention of a collective historical and cultural memory of dispersion, the will to transmit a heritage, and the ability of the group to survive over time. 78 Some scholars conceive of Diaspora as an identied group, characterized by specic social relationships despite their dispersal. Sheffer, 79 for instance, denes modern Diasporas as ethnic minority groups of migrant origins residing and acting in host
73 74
1997, p 228.
Sometimes a fear of the present leads Diasporas to mystify the past Berger, 1972, p11 in a way that produces a construction of imaginary homelands. Currently, the development of rapid/electronic communications serves to reify such connections with the homeland; hence such constructions become more accurate than imaginary.
75 76 77 78 79
p 235. Ibid. 1991. Cited in Shuval, 2000. 1986.
countries but maintaining strong sentimental and material links with their countries of origintheir homelands80 Similarly, Skeldon 81 holds that dispersed people are those who preserve their distinct identities from those of the countries of settlement:
Implicit in the concept of communities-in-exile is the assumption that peoples are not assimilated into the societies of destination: they retain their distinct identities ready for the day when they can return home. 82
Safran 83 refers to Diaspora as an:

expatriate minority communities, dispersed from an original centre to at least two peripheral places. They maintain a memory or myth about their original homeland; they believe they are not, and perhaps cannot, be fully accepted by their host country; and they see the ancestral home as a place of eventual return and a place to maintain or restore. 84
Diasporas collective identities are dened by this continuing relationship with the homeland. Diaspora studies explore issues of emigration, processes of settlement, persistence of culture, the extent of assimilation or adaptation, and socioeconomic and political participation in the country of residence, among other issues. They often focus on the social and cultural interactions of a Diasporic community with theirs hosts and other communities in host country. Diasporas cultural practices and productions, from this viewpoint, are acts of nostalgia, and are attempts to maintain an imaginary connection to a lost homeland.85 Diasporas preserve these connections by creating associations and organizations such as ethnic afnity groups, alumni associations, religious organizations, professional associations, charitable organizations, development NGOs, investment groups, afliates of political parties, humanitarian relief organizations, schools and clubs for the preservation of culture, virtual networks, and federations of associations. As noted above, some researchers dene Diaspora as a mode of cultural construction and cultural awareness. Wald and Williams dene Diaspora consciousness as a term signifying the cognitive investment of members of a Diaspora community in promoting
80 81 82 83 84 85
p 3. 2003. p 52. 1991. p 83. Alessandrini, 2001, p 16.
homeland interests in their host nation.86 Scholars such as Clifford, 87 Cohen, 88 Gilroy89 and Hall90 focus on Diasporic individuals awareness of being simultaneously home away from home or here and there. They argue that such an awareness of connection and attachment simultaneously to host country and homeland enables Diasporas to identify themselves with both. Clifford 91 argues that the connections of Diasporas with their homeland, in tandem with their connections with other members of Diaspora in various geographies, helps Diasporas to not only create a home away from the homeland but to create cracks in the hegemony of a dominant society. Diaspora consciousness involves the idea of dwelling here, in the country of residence, while deeply connected to there, the homeland. Hence, Diasporas construct their cultural identities in a dialogue between there and here, past and future, between heritage and politics. Because of radical developments in technology and communications over the last decade, new approaches have emerged in the study of Diasporic communities. Diaspora, is, in this context, dened as a phenomenon of globalization, and refers to socioeconomic and political networks of ethnic groups of people. Such networks internationally connect Diasporas to their homeland, as well as to other members of the same ethnic groups living elsewhere. These networks also provide the possibility of participation in the production and reproduction of a kind of transnational culture92 The impulse that informs this participation is not one of deferral to a distant homeland, or a mediation among multiple localities, circumstances or conditions, but rather is syncretic in its synthesis of the cultures in circulation.93 Tololian has described this holistic sense of Diaspora94 as the exemplary communities of the transnational moment. Transnationalism denes Diasporas through their daily life activities, and social, economic and political relations create social elds that cross national boundaries.95 Transnationalism allows researchers to not only focus on the statistical existence of immigration ows, but to study them as social networks and as functions of process. Researchers with a transnational approach place Diaspora in its broad geographical and historical context. They do not see immigration ow as a linear
86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95
p 2. 1994. 1996. 1987. 1990. 1994. Appadurai, 1990, 1996. Koppedrayer, 2005, p 100. 1991, p 5. Basch, et al., 1994, p 27.
movement but as a fragmentary process of connection. Following such interpretations of Diaspora, and situating it in a global context, anthropologist Arjun Appadurai96 highlights the relation between nation-states. He studies Diasporas as circulating populations who struggle to re-territorialize their identities in the context of global modernity. The transnational nature of Diaspora has attracted much attention. Newland and Patrick write that:
For many countries, the Diasporas are a major source of foreign direct investment (FDI), market development (including outsourcing of production), technology transfer, philanthropy, tourism, political contributions, and more intangible ows of knowledge, new attitudes, and cultural inuence. 97
These countries attempt to construct a climate that encourages emigrants to continue to contribute socially and economically to their home countries, or to politically and economically bridge their country of settlement with their homelands. For this reason, Diaspora is now a new policy interest. However, as Newland and Patrick98 point out, the lack of adequate information and hard data about transnational inuences of this conception of Diaspora is a serious challenge to policy development. Among researchers looking at Diaspora from the transnational perspective, some examine Diaspora inuences on peace, democracy and development at a global level,99 while others explore the impact of transnational linkages on the Diasporas everyday relations and interactions.100
96 97 98 99
1990, 1996. 2004, p 2. 2004. e.g. Wapner,1995; Smith, Chatfield & Pagnucco, 1997; Alger, 1997. e.g. Mountz & Wright, 1996; Mitchell, 1997; Wong, 2000; Nolin Hanlon, 2001; Owusu, 1998.
100
The High Level Committee on Indian Diaspora101 under the Chairmanship of Dr. L. M. Singhvi, M.P. denes Diaspora as communities of migrants living or settled permanently in other countries, aware of its origins and identity and maintaining varying degrees of linkages with mother country.102 In the report of this committee, Indian Diaspora refers to the people who migrated from territories that are currently within the borders of the Republic of India. It also refers to their descendants. The committee estimated the number of Indian Diaspora at 20 million dispersed in more than 110 countries 103 all over the world:
The Diaspora is currently estimated to number over twenty-million composed of NRIs (Indian citizens not residing in India) and PIOs (Persons of Indian Origin who have acquired the citizenship of some other country). The Diaspora covers practically every part of the world. It numbers more than a million each in eleven countries, while as many as twenty-two countries have concentrations of at least a hundred thousand ethnic Indians.
The origins of the Indian Diaspora stem from the suppression of India by the British Empire in the 19th century. Indians were taken, as indentured labor, to British colonies such as British Guiana, Fiji, Trinidad and Jamaica, to the French colonies of Guadeloupe and Martinique, and to the Dutch colony of Surinam. 104 After World War II, like other modern dispersal communities, Indians provided both labor and professional help with the reconstruction of war-torn Europe. The rst waves of Indian emigration to developed countries were mostly labour ow, from rural regions in India, to these European countries. However, during the middle of the 20th century, Indian emigrants began residing in the UK, the US, Australia and Canada, as these sites turned to immigration for supplies of well-educated and professionally trained Indians, among others, from urban
The High Level Committee on Indian Diaspora is a committee established by the Government of India to facilitate the links of NRIs and PIOs with India. Considering the signicant role of Indian Diaspora in strengthening ties between India and those countries where they reside as well as their contribution to India's development, the committee works to facilitate the interaction of PIOs and NRIs with India and their participation in India's economic development.The High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora was established in 2000. It completed its work in 2001, based on Terms of Reference that included the following: a) Review the status of persons of Indian origin (PIOs) and Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) in the context of constitutional provisions, Laws and rules applicable to them both in India and the countries of their residence; b) Study the characteristics, aspirations, attitudes, requirements, strengths and weaknesses of Indian Diaspora and their expectations from India; c) Study the role that the PIOs and NRIs may play in the economic and social and technological development of India; d) Examine the current regime that governs the travel and stay of PIOs in India and investments by PIOs in India and recommend measures to resolve the problems faced by NRIs in these areas; e) Recommend a broad but exible policy framework and country specic plans for a mutually benecial relationship with the region or PIOs and NRIs, and for facilitating their interaction with India and their participation in Indias economic development.
101 102 103 104
2001. The report of the Singhvi Committee indicates that Canada is one of those twenty-three countries. Tinker, 1993.
middle class families; these were early instances of migration of talent or brain drain. In more recent years, as Bhat, Narayan and Sahoo indicate in Indian Diaspora: A Brief Overview, the new wave of Indian emigration is the migration of software engineers to western countries, to the US in particular. Bhat, Narayan and Sahoo call this group of Indians the cream of India, people who trained in her premiere educational institutions such as IITs, IIMs and Universities [and] are highly mobile and keep very close contact with India in terms of socioeconomic interests.
Indias Policies & Practices Toward its Diaspora

Diaspora for many countries, including India, is seen as a source of economic development. Hence, it is reasonable for a Diasporas country of origin to attempt to court its nationals and their descendants who live abroad. Examining the role of Diaspora in the reduction of poverty in their home countries, Newland and Patrick105 study how China, India, the Philippines, Mexico, Eritrea and Taiwan court their Diaspora. They illustrate six contrasting patterns. In the case of China, India and Taiwan, Newland and Patrick note that interest in Diaspora is business oriented, and that these countries seek Diaspora contributions to national development, more than their assistance in poverty reduction. They state that:
Taiwan has pursued a brain trust model, focused on attracting human capital from the Diaspora. China has long worked to attract direct investment and open trade opportunities through overseas Chinese communities. Indias recently launched Diaspora policy is multipronged, pursuing direct investment, portfolio investment, technology transfer, market opening and out-sourcing opportunities.
Over the last decade, the Indian government has set strategies to pursue investment, trade and technology transfer through the Indian Diaspora. The huge sale of bonds guaranteed by the State Bank of India, and available only to Indians living abroad, is one example of courting Diasporic investment, or in this case, compensation funds. The Resurgent India Bonds were to nance compensation for the economic impact of nuclear tests in 1998. Sengupta, 106 in his New York Times article, India Taps into Its Diaspora, writes:
The Indian Government has been trying for several years to raise foreign investment from its expatriates -- Non-Resident Indians, they are called, or less atteringly in India, NeverReturning Indians. The latest effort, however, is its most ambitious. As Western aid begins to shrink in the aftermath of New Delhi's recent nuclear escapades, the Resurgent India Bonds, as they have been dubbed, represent an effort by India's Hindu nationalist
105 106
2004 pp iv-v. 1998.
Government to compensate by turning to the expatriates among whom it has long enjoyed considerable support.
The Indian government bombarded immigrants with advertisements in local media, with slogans such as You don't need to be a nancial wizard, you need to be an Indian. It launched a marketing campaign in the US and Europe, which attempted to encourage nonresident Indians to buy bonds. They sold 2.3 billion just over two weeks. The experience was repeated in 2000 with another bond issue, the India Millennium Deposits, which raised over 3 billion.107 Moreover, the Indian government established the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora in 2000 to analyze the status of Indian Diaspora across the world, and their potential for Indias development. This committees report was released in 2001, with recommendations for new policy to create a more conducive environment in India to leverage these invaluable human resources (Singhvi, et al. 2001). Singhvis report recommends the Indian government create an environment and specic systems to attract Diaspora investment:
[The Diasporas] receptiveness to Indian concerns will depend greatly on the quality of their interaction with the country of their origin and the sensitivity to their concerns displayed in India. It is essential for India to create the necessary structures to facilitate this interaction. 108
Dual citizenship for persons of Indian origin, simplication of investment in India from abroad, the formation of a government body to liaise between India and its Diaspora are some of the reforms made by the Indian government in response to the Singhvi report. Regarding the efforts made by the Indian government to attract the Indian Diaspora, Newland and Patrick write:
Indias Ministry of External Affairs now has a Non-Resident Indian and Persons of Indian Origin Division. The Investment Information Centre (IIC) is a free single-window agency for advice on nearly all issues associated with investing in India. It works with Indians, foreign investors and NRIs and is considered the nodal agency for promoting investment in India by NRIs. It provides all necessary services for NRIs in setting up their investments, including explaining government policies and procedures, available incentives, necessary data for project selection, and assists in obtaining government approval. It also provides an information service available to all potential investors on the state of various industries in India and prole of industrial projects soliciting investment.109
107 108 109
Newland and Patrick, 2004, p 5. Singhvi, et al, Executive Summary, p xxi. 2004, p 6.
The Indian Diaspora in Canada
The early Indo-Canadian community was mostly composed of young Sikh110 men from Punjab, who came to British Columbia with the hope of nding the better economic opportunities. 111 East Indians rst came to know Canada in 1897. Stopping in Canada en route in their journey home from Britain to India, a Sikh regiment of the British Indian Army participated in a parade to celebrate Queen Victorias Goldon Jubilee in London. This regiment visited British Columbia 112 and subsequently recommended North America to other Sikhs who were seeking employment opportunities abroad. The number of East Indians in Canada by 1903 was only three hundred. 113 However, between 1904 and 1908, this number increased to 5,185 (5,158 men, 15 women and 12 children)114 according to Chadney115 and Johnston.116 The arrival of East Indian immigrants in 1904 coincided with Canadas need for manual labour due to an intermission in Chinese immigration. The Canadian government had raised the head-tax on Chinese immigrants to $500.00 and needed Indian immigrants to take their place. 117 Jobs in big Canadian companies such as the Canadian Pacic Railway and the Hudson Bay Company, as well as in the resource industries were guaranteed for East Indians. They were able to nd jobs in lumber camps, in sawmills, on cattle farms, and in fruit orchards.118 Although the rst immigrants had been assured they would not confront discrimination (since they were British subjects, and Canada was a part of the British Empire)119, Sikhs faced widespread racism by local white Canadians who attacked them as threats to their
Most of these Sikhs belonged to the farming Jat caste. The Jats are a landowning caste or tribe whose origins probably go back to a pastoral group that first appeared in Punjab between the seventh and ninth centuries. Within Punjab, they are distinct, not only from trading, artisan, and menial castes, but from other landowning castes. In 1911 they made up about one-fifth of the Punjab population and were divided by religion. In eastern Punjab Jats were Hindus, in the west or what is now Pakistan they were Muslims, and in the central districts they were Sikh Johnston, 1984, p 4.
110 111 112 113 114
Johnston, 1984; Sampat-Mehta, 1984; Walton-Roberts, 2003; Bhat & Sahoo, 2003. Tatla, 1999; Kurian, 1993. Tatla, 1999.
The Indian immigrants to Canada in the first place were composed of single male Sikhs. Even the establishment of a point system of immigration favoured male immigrants. In this regard, DCosta 1993 writes: there are more males than females in the South Asian population while the reverse is the case for the total population of Canada. The sex ratios are 102.8 and 97.4 respectively p 189.
115 116 117 118 119
1984. 1988. Johnston, 1984. Nayar, 2004.
In 1858, Queen Victoria proclaimed that the people of India could enjoy equal privileges with white people without discrimination of color, creed or race. throughout the British Empire.
jobs. Chandrasekhar120 notes that Sikhs were easy targets of anti-oriental feeling and anti-color prejudice:
Being highly visiblebeards, brown complexion, colorful turbans and alland unable to communicate in English, they were easy victims of economic exploitation by their fellow white workers. At that time white labor was not organized into unions able to demand that the Asians not be hired, particularly at below white wage levels, and so the white laborers rioted and demanded that these Hindus be deported.121
In the beginning, India, like Canada, was a British colony; Indians did not need a visa to travel to Canada, but many white Canadians felt that the growing number of Indians would take over their jobs in factories, mills and lumberyards. Hence, anti-Asian riots started against the Chinese and Japanese, and soon included Indians. Fear of labor competition was followed by racial antagonism and demand for exclusionary laws. In British Columbia, attempts were made to pass stringent laws discouraging the immigration of Indians to Canada. 122 However, British Columbia could not regulate immigration through legislation; the British North American Act had placed that responsibility on Ottawa.123 Ottawa preferred to act vigilantly because Indians were British subjects and keeping them out would be to deny a fundamental right within the imperial realm, namely freedom of movement within the British Empire.124 On the other hand, the news of more discrimination in the British realm had unpleasant political consequences for the British government when nationalistic protest movements were under way in India. In response to the 1907 anti-Asian sentiments in Vancouver, the Canadian government began to establish barriers against Asian immigration. In 1907, Indians were disenfranchised despite being British subjects. A bill was passed by the Canadian government to deprive Indians not born of Anglo-Saxon parents of their right to vote in future general elections. In 1908, the Canadian government established more new rules to restrict Indian immigration. The new rules were that:
1) Prospective immigrants must have traveled on a through ticket purchased before leaving the country of their birth or citizenship and journeying continuously; 2) They must have in their possession $200 each; 3) They were subject to medical and sanitary examination upon arrival; and
120 121 122 123 124
1986. Nayar, 2004. Sibia, 2007. Mangalam, 1986, p 48. Ibid.
4) Their landing in Canada was subject to favourable labour conditions prevailing at the time in Canada. 125
Such restrictive measures, as well as the withdrawal of voting rights for Indians, restrictions against running for public ofce, exclusion from service on jury duty, accounting, pharmaceutical, or legal work, and the many other discriminatory conditions indicate the exclusionary position of Canada then. Due to such socio/economic pressures and restrictive immigration policies, most Sikh immigrants decided to return to India. The few who stayed in Canada were not allowed to have their families in Canada until 1919. Quotas established by the Canadian government limited the number of East Indian immigrants. Between 1909 and 1913, nearly a million and half immigrants entered Canada, among whom only 101 were from East India: 93 men, 6 women and 12 children.126 The Canadian immigration implementation of a continuous journey rule made immigration to Canada by East Indians almost impossible. The continuous journey required every ship to arrive in Canada directly from its home port, but a ship from India, due to distance, was compelled to stop at a foreign port to refuel. In 1913, 39 Indians travelling on the S.S. Panama Maru were not allowed to land in Vancouver. Indian immigrants appealed their case and Gordon Hunter, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of British Columbia ruled in their favour and let them enter Canada. 127 Then in 1914, the Japanese ship, Komagata Maru, carrying 376 Punjabies under the leardership of Gurdit Singh, was chartered from Hong Kong in an attempt to get around the continuous journey restriction. After a non-stop voyage, the Komagata Maru arrived in May to the Burrard Inleta narrow arm of the sea between the mountains and the city of Vancouver.128 Only 22 of these passengers were permitted to land and the rest of the 376 passengers, from Punjab but all British subjects, were denied landing in Vancouver. After ve months of living on the ship, they were returned to India.129 During the immigration ofcers examinations, food ran short on the ship, but the immigration ofcers were not prepared to supply provisions, saying that it was the responsibility of Gurdit Singh, who had chartered the ship and sold tickets.130 It was this incident that made prominent the exclusion laws in Canada, which were designed to keep immigrants of Asian origin out.131 Chandrasekhar writes about this incident:
125 126 127 128 129 130 131
Mangalam, 1986, p 49. Chadney, 1984. Mangalam, 1986. Chandrasekhar, 1986, p 20. Johnson, 1979. Mangalam, 1986, p 52. Sibia, 2001.
The Sikh passengers appealed to the Canadian people and the government for justice and sent cables to the King, the Viceroy and Indian political leaders in India and England. Only Annie Besant, the British feminist leader of many causes, who was later to become the President of the Theosophical Society in India and sometime later President of the Indian National Congress and to settle in Madras, took up the cause in the British press, but to no avail. 132
The response of Sir Richard McBride, the head of the provincial administration of British Columbia, was unequivocally bigoted and hostile; he asserted that: To admit Orientals in large numbers would mean, in the end, of extinction of the white people and we have always in mind the necessity of keeping this a white mans country.133 Sikhs permanently living in Vancouver took the case to court. The court ruled that the new Orders-in-Council barred law courts from passing judgments on decisions of the Immigration Department. In September, the ship returned to Calcutta. Because of the restrictive immigration policies for Asians, between 1914 and 1918, only one East Indian man entered Canada.134 These restrictive policies deterred women more than men from entering the country. 135 Between 1921 and 1923 only 11 women and nine children came to Canada from India.136 After 1918, a few East Indians were allowed to come to Canada, but the number remained quite low from 1919 to 1945 (only 675 Indians). 137 From 1947 to 1957, fewer than 100 people a year from India were allowed to immigrate to Canada. After 1950, with changes in Canadas immigration law, East Indian immigration to Canada increased. In 1957, the number of immigrants from India increased to 300 people a year. During this period, immigration to Canada was easier for those Indians who had a sponsor in Canada. Since the earlier East Indian immigrants were Sikh, the sponsorship system worked in favour of Sikh immigrants.138 The sponsorship system resulted in an increase in the population of a community of immigrants who came from a region in Punjab known as Doaba. 139 The effect of this tight regional migration can be viewed even in the composition of the population of East IndoCanadian today.
132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139
1986, p 20. The Times London, May 23, 1914, cited in Chandrasekhar, 1986, p 20. Chadney, 1984. Doman, 1984. Sheel, 2005. Singh, 2002. Nayar, 2004, p 17. Johnston, 1988a.
In 1947, Indians were allowed to vote after an intense struggle for elementary political and property rights.140 Singhvi141 writes:
Nothing demonstrated how the destinies of the Diaspora and India were bound together, as the fact that Indo-Canadians won the right to vote soon after the same time India won its Independence from colonial rule. Thus Indian Independence awakened the pride of the Indo-Canadian community, which gave an unprecedented welcome to the rst Indian High Commissioner Shri H.S. Malik. Nehru strongly advocated its cause during his visit to Canada.
Although Canadian immigration policy became more liberal at this time, allowing Indian citizens to vote and to study in universities and colleges,142 the most major changes in immigration policy occurred in 1962, when the Canadian government began to realize the need for educated professionals 143 for Canadas economic development. But it must be acknowledged that prior to this, the racialized nature of Canadian immigration policy, did, many scholars 144 argue, favour white people immigrating from Northern and Western Europe throughout the early 20th century.145 With the 1967 reformulation of immigration policy and the removal of overtly discriminatory laws, Indian immigrants were assessed on a point system relating to education and training, occupational skill, and employment opportunities or arrangements. The new point system was closely related to the needs of the Canadian economy and placed a premium upon professional and technical skills.146
As a result, a new, more educated group of East Indians came to Canada. In contrast with the pioneers who were dominantly of the skilled or unskilled labour class147 and mostly illiterate, and [of whom] few spoke English,148 the group entering Canada based on its point system were well versed in English and were educated professionals. With the liberalization of Canadian immigration regulations between 1962 and 1967, the population ratios and patterns in terms of sex and ethnicity became more balanced. The
140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148
Johnston, 1988a. 2001. Jayaram, 2003. Wood, 1978. i.e. Bannerji, 1996; Bolaria and Li, 1985; Das Gupta, 1995; Thobani, 2000. Helweg, 1986. Tinker, 1977, p 192. Jayaram, 2003, p 31. Johnston, 1984, p 6.
new reclassication of the categories for entry included the skilled class and the family class, which allowed more women and children as well as more ethnically diverse groups, to enter Canada:
Prior to 1962, most of the immigrants from India were men mainly from the Punjab region, but thereafter the inux was more balanced between men and women. Besides the Sikhs from Punjab, Hindus from Gujarat, Bombay and Delhi, Christians from Kerala and Parsis from Bombay too immigrated to Canada.149
Bhargava and Seethapathy 150 note that despite the elimination of explicit bias based on racial origin in immigration policy in 1960, Indo-Canadian challenges of racial tension, language and cultural issues, incidents of unemployment, lack of preparedness of the host society in Canada, and inability of the then small Indian immigrant community to their needs continued during the 1960s and 1970s. With the ascension of racial attacks, in the late 1970s, the Indo-Canadian community pressed, through political and human rights activities, for the development of public policy. Submission of a report entitled Equal Opportunity and Public Policy: the Role of the South Asian Community in the Canadian Mosaic was the result of one of these efforts, presenting a road map for all sectors of Canadian society for giving better protection of Human Rights and creating harmonious race relations.151 Such efforts, alongside the ofcial announcement of the policy of Multiculturalism in 1971 resulted in bringing public attention to issues of racial discrimination, access, and equity; these efforts began to create an ethos of respect for cultural/racial diversity. With the introduction of the 1967 point system for immigration, the Indian immigrant population began to grow. According to Statistics Canada, since the late 1990s, approximately 25,000-30,000 Indians arrive each year, making East-Indians the second highest group immigrating to Canada after Chinese immigrants. Though the number of immigrants entering Canada has had ups and downs, there has been a continuous, if not also steady, ow of Indian emigrants into Canada.152 By 1991, the East Indo-Canadian community became one of the most signicant proportions of the total immigrant population in Canada.
149 150 151 152
Bhat & Sahoo, 2003. Bhargava and Seethapathy 2004, p 2. Ibid, p 2. Jayaram, 2003, p 26.
The 2001 Census of Statistics Canada 153 estimates the number of people who identied themselves as being of East-Indian origin154 at 713,330. The majority of the IndoCanadian population is composed of new immigrants from India, or second and third generation East-Indian Canadians. However, there are groups of Indians who have moved from other countries such as Uganda, 155 Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, South Africa, Guyana, Trinidad, Tobago, and Suriname. Half of the East Indian population in Canada is Punjabi. The remaining Indian ethnic communities include Gujaratis, Tamils (Indian as opposed to Sri Lankan), Keralites, Bengalis, Sindhis and others. Such cultural and ethnic diversity means that IndoCanadians speak a wide variety of languages. The most widely spoken language is Punjabi. The second broadly spoken language is Tamil. Urdu is mostly the language of Muslims who come from North India. Hindi is mainly spoken by Indo-Canadians from North India. Bengali is the language of people from the state of West Bengal. Indo-Canadians have very diverse religious backgrounds. Sikhs, at 33.5%, are the largest group among Indo-Canadians, while this group comprises only 2% of the population in India. In India, Hindus, at 80%, are the greater population. However, they comprise only 27% of the Indo-Canadian population. Muslims and Christians respectively are 17.5% and 16.5% of East-Indian population in Canada. Indo-Canadians represent diversity in culture, as well as diversity in religion and language. Groups with differing ethnic and religious backgrounds have divergent cultural practices. For most Indo-Canadians, marriage is an important cultural element. Maintenance of traditional Indian values precludes the practice of dating, as is common among the other Canadians. As in India, arranged marriages are more prevalent among Indo-Canadians. Parents arrange marriages within their specic caste-ethnic community. Interracial marriage has not become common among Indo-Canadian communities, compared to other immigrant groups. Most East-Indians prefer to live in larger urban centers such as Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal. Indians in Toronto are from Punjab, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala. The majority of immigrants of South Asianorigin (over 80%) are concentrated in Ontario or British Colombia. The ethnic and religious population patterns of Indo-Canadians indicate how immigration policies affect the formation of Diasporic communities. A brief review of the history of
153
See the table of Population by selected ethnic origins, by province and territory 2001 Census Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo26a.htm
154
The term Indian is used by Statistic Canada to refer to the Aboriginal Canadians, while the term East Indian is used to describe people of Indian origin. Statistics Canada defines Place of Origin as the country in which a person, born outside Canada, last resided before immigrating to Canada. Continuing to apply Indian to the Aboriginal Canadians cause much confusion.
155
In the 1970s, Idi Amin forced 50,000 Indian-Ugandans out of the Uganda. The Indian government did not permit these people to return to India, so, they immigrated to the UK and Canada.
Indian migration to Canada illustrates how Canadian immigration policies have, over time, designed the pattern of Indian communities in Canada. Until 1961, 95.9% of Canadas annual acceptance of immigrants was of people from the UK, Europe and the US. The 1967 points system dramatically changed this, and the ow of immigration drew from Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Caribbean. When immigration rules softened, limited family immigration through the sponsorship program was allowed, and the IndoCanadian population slowly developed its composition as it is today. The sponsorship system produced a dominantly Punjab class in Indo-Canadian communities, which has since taken leading roles in politics and professions. Johnston 156 explains that this ascendancy is derived from a specic region within Punjab: Doaba. Thousands of Doabas young men emigrated because of the transformation of Doabas agricultural economy under colonialism.157 In the 1970s, approximately 70% of Indian immigrants in Canada were from Punjab.158 In the early 1990s, the same gure has been reported.159 The majority of this population is Sikh, although this dominance occurs alongside a wide variety of Indo-Canadians regional, ethnic, caste, religious, linguistic, economic and educational backgrounds, and ultimately constitutes a Diaspora of considerable heterogeneity. 160 Nonetheless, the attitude of considering non-Sikh or nonPunjabi-origin Indian immigrants as not apna, (not our own) has led to an insular vision of the Indian immigrant community on the parts of both Canadian Sikhs and the mainstream.161 Punjabis, the rst Indians to immigrate to Canada, have largely retained their dress style and are hence distinguishable from the other East Indians. According to Judge, 162 there are two levels of ethnic consciousness among Punjabis: the shared common status of membership in an immigrant community with other South Asians, and the exhibition of behaviour patterns distinct from others. Indian Diasporas in Canada have persisted in the maintenance of their cultural identity. Bhat & Sahoo assert that:
Despite the distance, the age-old traditions such as rituals, customs, festivals, religion, cultural expressions and performing arts have remained central to the life and identity of Indian immigrants in Canada. They also exhibit a strong desire to pass on these values and culture to the next generation to make them appreciate their own cultural roots.163
156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163
1988a. Kessinger, 1974. Wood, 1978. Paynter, 1995. Jayaram, 2003; Lele, 2003; Pandit, 2003. Kurl, 2000 cited in Walton-Roberts, 2003, p 238. 1994. 2003.
Among East Indian immigrants, family interests take priority over personal interests. Filial relationships and family harmony are typically the most important aspect of their culture.164 Gender division of labour and roles among Indo-Canadians 165 is often traditional, based on forms of male supremacy and female subordination. 166
The Indian Diaspora in Canada & the US: Differences & Challenges
Indo-Canadians are among the largest and most important Diaspora in Canada. However, they do not have the inuence of their American East Indian counterparts. Many have observed the lack of mainstream participation by Indo-Canadians167 as well as generational conicts arising from elder members strict devotion to the preservation of culture and traditions:
Parents have great expectations for their children to be economically successful. This requires them to embrace the mainstream Canadian culture. However, at home children are often expected to embrace Indian cultural values. Basically, there is a conict between the mainstream western Canadian culture of the school or workplace and the Indian culture of the home. 168
Maharaj concludes that Indians are economically successful in Canada. However, they experience serious psycho-social problems, which are in part related to cultural conicts.169 As noted above, the majority of Indian immigrants in Canada are Sikhs. Although early Indian immigrants to North America were largely Sikh peasants from Punjab, there is a distinct difference between those in Canada and those in the US. American Sikh population proles diverged rapidly because they frequently married local Mexican American women,170 unlike those in Canada who neither married women of European descent nor could bring wives with them from India. Yet Sikhs now constitute the majority of the East Indian population in Canada, while in the US, Hindus are now the most numerous. Leonard171 argues that the East-Indian Muslim communities in both Canada and the US are becoming increasingly important. Considering that Sikhs in India are a minority population, these Indo-Canadians lack of a strong link with their ancestral
164
Dhruvarajan, 1993; Gibson, 1988; Kurian, 1986; Stopes- Roe & Cochrane, 1989; Wakil, Siddique, & Wakil, 1981.
165 166 167 168 169 170 171
Dhruvarajan, 1993. Kwak and Berry, 2001. Ray, 1994, p x. Maharaj, 2003, p 59. p 62. Leonard, 1993. 2002.
homeland is explicable. Unlike Indo-Canadians, Indians in the US are dominantly Hindus and have a highly variant relationship with India. One link is the remittances that they sometimes send home.172 According to the US 1990 Census, Indians had the highest median household income, family income, and per capita income of any immigrant community. The majority IndoAmericans are professionals, and this privileged socioeconomic status endows them with the power of Diaspora.173 Nair174 argues that the US, with the lowest population of Indian Diaspora in its total population in 2001 (i.e. 0.59%), had the highest share of Indias total trade in 2000-2001 (i.e. 12.96%). Canada, with a share of 2.74% of the Indian Diaspora population has only 1.11% share of Indias total trade. He writes:
The two highest values in terms of the relative importance of total trade go to USA and the UK, which also have the rst and third positions in the table in terms of per capita income. This only goes on to lend further credence to the usually accepted view in international trade theory of the higher degree of complementarity between the more developed than between the less developed countries. Canada provides an interesting case in the table. It has the second highest value in terms of per capita income among the countries considered in the table, the value in this regard being higher than that of the U.K. But it occupies the second position from below in regard to the relative importance in terms of the share in Indias total trade with the world. This is actually so although Canada is better off than the other two countries of the western and developed world - U.S.A and U.K. in terms of the relative importance of the Indian Diaspora in their respective populations. It is true that facts of history and geography have stood in the way of stronger economic ties between India and Canada. But to the extent that the relative importance of the Indian Diaspora can overcome these obstacles, the evidence appears to be that there is considerable potential to improve matters.
What are the historical and geographical elements acting on Canada/India relations? Rubinoff, 175 in Canadas Re-Engagement with India, presents a history of CanadianIndian relations, beginning with the shared British Commonwealth experience, declining because of the Indo-China Control Commission, and reaching what seemed to be its nadir with Indias explosion of a nuclear device believed to have been conducted with Canadian materials.176 He argues that the Canada/India relationship has never fully recovered from this event, and that it subsequently became even cooler:
172 173 174 175 176
Maharaj, p 60. Leonard, 2000, p 23. 2004, p 4. 2002, p 838. p 838.
Relations reached a new low after the 1998 nuclear tests because of the humansecurity agenda of then-Foreign Minister Lloyd Axworthy, which promoted global nonproliferation rather than Canadas bilateral interests with India. His policies had adverse consequences for political, economic, and cultural linkages, as the Canadian governments retrenchment of diplomatic contacts resulted in diminished trade and an attack on the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute by Indian diplomats who were insensitive to Canadas tradition of academic freedom.
Unlike Rubinoff, Tremblay177 does not focus exclusively on a Canada/India relationship analysis, but instead on Indias international position:
It is generally assumed within Canadian (and some Indian) circles that Canada and India should have a potentially promising relationship, given the commonalities of the two countries: a colonial history, a strong commitment to fundamental democratic values, federalism and multiculturalism, parliamentary institutions and broader international agenda of international peace and security.
She believes that these commonalities may have been a sufcient basis for their relationship in the 1950s and 1960s, but not in the 21st century. Canada still seeks its relations with India in a common values framework, while India, not dening itself as an aid-seeking country, demands an equal relationship. This objective is apparent in the case of the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute. Shastri, founded in 1968, has, over the past 30 years, been responsible for cultural and academic ties between India and Canada. Although the institute was originally funded from Canadian foreign assistance grants178 in collaboration with the Indian government, the Indian government has refused to sign a Memorandum of Understanding with the Institute until it recognizes an equal partnership between India and Canada in all its governing structures.179 Nair argues that there are historical and geographical elements preventing the strengthening of trade relations between India and Canada. Despite the prominence of the Indian Diaspora presence in Canada, economic relations have not fruitfully formed between India and Canada in comparison with Indias relations with the UK and the US, particularly after economical liberalization in India. He states that:
It is thus clear that the present state of India-Canada economic relations is a shining example of unrealised potential particularly in view of the relative importance of the Indian Diaspora in Canadas population. As pointed out by many including Sahni (2003), the Indian Diaspora has indeed a big role to play to see that this unrealised potential is realised to the full. 180
177 178 179 180
2003, p 2. Rubinoff, 2002, p 852. Tremblay, 2003, p 3. 2004, pp 10-11.
Nair believes that the obstacles against stronger trade relations between India and Canada lie in the fact that India was almost a closed economy and whatever trade and investment were allowed into India were highly selective and mostly channelized through the mechanism of centralised planning. In view of this and of the fact that Canada has the USa big and very developed economy next door, the question of India and Canada developing strong economic ties simply did not arise.181
However, he notes that there have been liberalizing changes in Indias economic policies, which have offered means by which the Canadian government and Canadian NGOs can, through Indo-Canadians, better promote economic relations between Canada and India. Still, some argue that Indo-Canadians may not do as well in establishing these ties in comparison to their US or UK counterparts. Such theorists refer to the maintenance of cultural diversity among Indo-Canadians, an ostensible value of Canadas commitment to multiculturalism, as instead an obstacle not borne by those immigrants assimilating in the US and the UK. Although Canada and the US are both nations of immigrants, their respective policies on immigrants are profoundly unlike. The US emphasis on nation-building and individual rights favours unity, while Canadas legitimatization of an ethnic mosaic, particularly supporting French-Canadian culture and language, favours multiculturalism, which advocates the preservation of diversity among the members of a society. American assimilation, known as the melting pot policy, holds that all nations and races should abandon cultural identity in order to effectively adopt the American way. Canadas relatively recent policies, designed to serve a more global, or at least multicultural ethos, foster a more signicant adherence by Diasporas to the various cultural, religious, and linguistic traditions of their native regions than does the American model, which fosters (and requires) a greater degree of assimilation. Such adherence to the mother culture often makes the Indian communitys connection to other Canadian communities problematic. Maharaj asserts, There are concerns about the ways in which Indians relate to other Canadian communities as well with India.182 Canadian multiculturalism has generally been viewed as positive. Gregg writes:
Canada has long considered itself immune to violence rooted in ethnic divisions. By enshrining multiculturalism in our Charter of Rights and Freedoms and by promoting policies of inclusion, the argument goes, our country has created a peaceable kingdom and a model for how to manage diversity. Will Kymlicka, a Queens University professor of philosophy and one of Canadas foremost authorities on multiculturalism, states that while the actual practices of accommodation in Canada are not unique, Canada is unusual in
181 182
Ibid, p 4. p 62.
the extent to which it has built these practices into its symbols and narratives of nationhood.183
But of late, controversies have arisen; Gregg critiques the celebration of diversity and questions its reality in Canadian society. He refers to a study conducted by his polling and market-research rm in 2005 and states:
The Strategic Counsel suggests that Canadians are far from sanguine about the countrys increasing diversity. Fewer than half of those surveyed believe that Canada is currently accepting the right amount of immigrants, and among the remainder the overwhelming view is that we are accepting too many rather than too few. Forty percent also express the view that immigrants from some countries make a bigger and better contribution to Canada than others. The breakdown is disturbing: almost 80 percent claim that European immigrants make a positive contribution, the number falling to 59 percent for Asians, 45 percent for East Indians, and plummeting to 33 percent for those from the Caribbean.
Such a pro-white tendency has a history in Canada. The extent to which this is so has brought some researchers to attack multiculturalism:
Within Indian communities and in the larger society, Multiculturalism is attacked as ghettoizing and applauded as a guarantee of opportunity and a level playing eld. The term ethnic is both rejected as demeaning and embraced as a reection of Canadian societys easy awareness and acceptance of its multi-ethnicity and pluralism. Whatever the result of that debate, there is reason to be optimistic about the future.184
Ubale,185 on the other hand, is not very optimistic. In Politics of Exclusion, he argues that race relations and multiculturalism have negative impacts on visible minorities, and believes that Canada needs workable policy alternatives:
Canadian policies are crisis-oriented and short-range. Instead of developing our multicultural and multilingual strength to penetrate the international market, Canada is embroiled in inter-communal and intra-communal tensions as a result of two factors: multiculturalism has been ill dened and misunderstood, and it has been politicized to the point of fostering ethnic ghettos. 186
Abd-El-Aziz, et al. like Ubale, believe that a better understanding of multiculturalism is key, but they nonetheless suggest that multiculturalism may still offer many advantages:
What has not been sufciently addressed is the signicance of Canadas multi-ethnic make up on the countrys foreign and domestic policies. There is a gap in research and
183 184 185 186
2006. Israel, 1994, p 154. 1992. p 336.
discussion regarding the impact of Canadas multi-ethnic make-up and its multicultural consciousness on its national denition and on its conduct of international relations.187
Abd-El-Aziz, et al. claim that Canada is well aware of the advantage of a diverse society, and that national Canadian policies, designed to respect multiple identities, have preserved Diaspora groups who maintain signicant knowledge about the culture, language, and traditions of their source countries; knowledge that is invaluable in todays globalized world.188 They argue that a transnational theory of Diaspora, rather than the historically dominant settler theory, is a better basis for framing multicultural policy and for inuencing international politics:
Diaspora groups are able to generate information about their country of origin that surpasses anything that could be discovered through secondhand research. Their familiarity with customs, language, tradition, and a host of unwritten rules has the potential to make a sizable difference in Canadas efforts at international development. With the inside knowledge provided by Diaspora groups, development projects can be created to address real needs and implemented in a way that is effective and that strengthens global connections and solidarity. 189
For Israel,190 in the case of Indo-Canadians, the story is a little different from that posed by Abd-El-Aziz, et al. Israel notes that Canadian society has a desire to re-order and simplify the complexity and diversity of Indo-Canadian communities. This desire is reected in the term South Asian or in aging stereotypes handed down in the Eurocentric traditions of our education system.191 According to Israel, the Indo-Canadian community is intricate and heterogeneous because of Indias legacy of migration. Indian historical identity has been informed by this heritage. He writes:
India was a host society long before her people began to migrate in large numbers to other lands. Waves of peoples came to settle, conquer or seek refuge in India, bringing their cultures and their memories. India received and absorbed them into an increasingly pluralistic society, which appears to have an endless capacity for multicultural adaptation. 192
Such a variety of ethnicities, religions, languages, and more, has Indian culture extraordinarily synthetic. Indians have learned to live with difference, developing strategies, norms and institutions which allowed them to live together with a range of
187 188 189 190 191 192
2005, p 3. p 2. p 5. 1994. Israel, 1994, p xxvi. p xxv.
groups while retaining their own ethno-cultural identity.193 Indian Diasporas have inherited this very complex cultural legacy and transplanted it to countries. Israel continues:
The shift from Europe to Asia as the largest single source of immigrants to ll Canadas demographic targets has introduced a new and difcult challenge. Race difference has proved to be a signicant constraint on easy acceptance and integration. Canadian pride in the liberality of this society has been tested, and although the test has not been failed, in many areas it has barely been passed. But rejection or unease with the outsider is not a one-way street. This external barrier has been strengthened by one generated from within the Indian community, defensive not only in response to perceived bias and racist threat, but also support of traditions and values and the comfort of familiar space and company. 194
Generally, as Soroka, Johnston, and Banting 195 suggest, two policy agendas in Western democracies can be identied. The rst agenda focuses on diversity, where cultural differences are respected, and minorities are encouraged to express their own cultures and to construct new and more inclusive forms of citizenship.196 Conversely, the emphasis of the second agenda is on social integration and cohesion, which requires integration of immigrants into the economic and social mainstream to sustain a sense of mutual commitment or solidarity in times of need and to build a common national identity.197 In the US and Europe, there are serious concerns about the threat of multiculturalism and diversity to national unity. Soroka, Johnston, and Banting198 argue that the worry is that an emphasis on multiculturalism and respect for diversity has unintentionally created space for radical religious and political movements intent on attacking the liberaldemocratic order.199 Critics of multiculturalism present the principle as an exercise in post-modern identity politics that fragments the nation-building project.200 In Canada, the theory of multiculturalism is projected positively. There is a considerable political consensus on the virtues of multiculturalism. However, Canada faces its own crises of integration.201 Despite the view that the integration of newcomers to Canada is a
193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201
Israel,1994, p xxvi. p xxvi. 2007. 2007. p 561. 2007. p 563. Ley, 2007, p 7. p 563.
success, and the corollary belief that we need to continue focusing on the celebration of difference and minority rights, scholars such as Gregg202 and Bennett-Jones 203 argue that Canadian national unity is increasingly threatened by the policy of multiculturalism. Gregg notes that As is the case in England, France, and other advanced liberal democracies, national unity in Canada is threatened by the growing atomization of our society along ethnic lines.204 There is obviously a great deal to learn at this point about the potential for an increased Diasporic presence in Canadas economy, foreign policy, democratic practices and hurdles, and yet more to learn about aspects of multiculturalism that have not been fully explored, such as the reasons why Indo-Americans are generally more successful than their Canadian counterparts. We need to know more about how Diasporic engagement will foster a more global Canada. It may be that the current view of success is, itself, something to explore. The idea of success with respect to the Indian Diaspora in North America rests on fairly immediate economic values. Economically, it seems that US assimilationist policies produce greater nancial opportunities, although these appear to come at the cost of identity and cultural legacy. The mosaic approach may not, at this point, appear to result in immediate economic gains, but our increasingly global culture may effect greater opportunities precisely because of Canadas willingness to facilitate and maintain cultural, as well as economic links. If networking and making links between countries of origin and their members in Canada who have been encouraged to maintain, develop, and celebrate those aspects of their lives in the Diaspora continues, we may discover that much benet lies in realizing a slower but ultimately more enhanced long term return on the investment in social capital.
Studies on the Indian Diaspora

The Indian Diaspora in Canada has been studied in various ways. A review of the literature reveals that there are diverse ways of thinking about this population. Some studies take a historical approach, while others focus on the structures of Diasporic communities, and yet others emphasize the agency of immigrants. Some studies focus on the social adjustment of immigrants in Canada by examining cultural persistence, as well as the dynamics of family change, religion, language, ethnicity and culture. Studies on Indian Diaspora as social form investigate immigrants ethnic identity, generational differences, the level of prosperity and education in their communities, their background and relations with the authorities in their countries of origin, and the level of their
202 203 204
2006. 2005. p 4.
integration or adherence to the home culture in Canada.205 Spink, for instance,206 reviews the question of ethnic identity in 2nd-generation Indo-Canadian students, and this identitys relationship to matters of religion, gender, marriage, multiculturalism and educational experience. Examining participants perceptions of Canadian culture, she argues that the level of the integration of students parents into Canadian culture plays a signicant role in students integration. Her study indicates that female students have higher levels of integration than male students. Vertovec argues that
Practically all of the general works concerning South Asian communities (including specically religious groups) outside of South Asia concentrate, in one way or another, on Diaspora as social form, particularly by way of the kinds of social relationships noted above. Therefore it is neither possible nor necessary to recapitulate this large body of information . 207
More recent studies consider the role of Indian Diasporic communities in the contemporary context of globalization. These trace the conceptions of such theorists as Rudolph and Piscatori,208 who argue that the global system is facing a period of transnational religion and fading states. Along with globalization, and the surge in power of multinational corporations, nations are losing their sovereignty; instead, ethnoreligious groups and related movements are taking on a more signicant role in the new transnational civil society of world politics.209 Research with a focus on transnationalism argues that technological development has exponentially increased social networks among members of Indian communities dispersed around the world, as well as within their motherland. Walton-Roberts 210 describes this phenomenon:
India-Canada immigration patterns are overwhelmingly shaped by social linkages that are transnational in nature, since communities, families and individuals maintain and reinforce connectivity between sending and receiving regions through a variety of processes. 211
She asserts that a transnationalist approach develops our understanding of diverse ows of immigration to Canada. It helps us to contextualize the phenomenon and to examine multiple aspects of Diaspora.
205 206 207 208 209 210 211
see Dhruvarajan, 1995; Kurian, 1987; Ramcharan, 1983; Srivastava, 1983. 1999. p 232. p 236. p 255. 2003. p 236.
Highlighting the transnational nature of Diaspora makes Indian immigrants a center of attention for scholars interested in multidisciplinary research with a policy orientation. A signicant focus of these studies is on the impact of Indian Diaspora upon economic ties between Canada and India. These studies approach Diaspora as a matter of human capital, focus on the value of individual bearers of economic capital, and hold that networks of Indo-Canadian communities mutually benet both India and Canada. Indeed, the impact of Indian Diasporas social, political, and cultural contributions has not received as much scholarly or political attention as has interest in their economic capital. 212 Bhat and Sahoo213 address Diasporic benets in their essay, Diaspora to Transnational Networks: The Case of Indians in Canada. Here, they examine the emergence of transnational networks between the two most largest Indian Diasporic communities in Canada, Punjabis and Gujaratis. They argue that:
The Punjabis and the Gujaratis in Canada are in the threshold of forming transnational communities through their socio-economic, political and religious networks. Language, regional culture and religion offer the ideological base for their identities and bondage for fusion at the global level. The networks formed by the dispersed members of Punjabis and Gujaratis transcend the boundaries of the national states wherein they are currently situated but fall within the legislated norms of inter-national relations. 214
Patel and Rutten215 study family networks of Gujaratis dispersed among several countries, as does Helweg, who writes: Family business, founded on the absolute condence that unies members of the same family, particularly among the Sikhs, sometimes assumes global dimensions. In sum, Jayarams 216 identication of themes and issues in the study of the Indian Diaspora in Canada can guide our approach these studies:
212 213 214 215 216
Abd-El-Aziz, et al, 2005. 2003. p 162. 2000. 2003.
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) Demography of Indian emigration to Canada Cause of and conditions for migration to Canada The background of Indian immigrants The process of emigration Changing composition of Canadian population Dynamics of the Canadian society Social organization of the Diasporic community Cultural dynamics of Indians in Canada The question of identity The struggle for power Orientation of the Indians in Canada to the ancestral land Orientation of the ancestral land to the Diasporic Indians
Jayaram believes that raising these issues will result in an understanding of the multicultural experienceboth from the points of view of Canada and that of the Diasporic Indians there.217
Conclusion
The history of Indian immigration to Canada begins with an active exclusion of Indian migrants, which deepens with the 1908 continuous passage Order-in-Council, 218 and prevails through immigration laws against non-white Asians until the mid-20th century. The 1914 Komagata Maru incident drew attention to this discriminatory law, and attempts to challenge it began, but the immigration Act of 1953 reinforced constraints against the migration of Asians. In 1967, with the elimination of discrimination based on race, religion or national origin, a point system based on various qualications began to work. From then on, as Bagley holds, immigrants to Canada have been selected based on of their professions and the needs of economy:
Canadian ethnic policies work because the population has been highly selected in terms of commitment to the social relation required by capitalism immigrants (including ethnic minorities) have been specially selected for their combination of professional experience, education, youth, linguistic ability, and their willingness to t in with a social structure based on individuality and individual enterprise. 219
217 218 219
p 29. Dutton, 1989; Walton Roberts, 1998. 1984, pp 2-3.
Indians immigration to Canada has always been a continuous phenomenon. In this regard, Jayaram 220 writes:
Unlike the migration of Indian workers to West Asia in the wake of the oil boom, with little or no possibility of permanent settlement in many countries there, immigrants in Canada have by and large settled down there though with varying immigrant status.221
The Indo-Canadian community is diverse in its ethnic, linguistic, religious, and socioeconomic backgrounds, but despite this heterogeneity, has many commonalities across its sub-ethnic groups, 222 such as a belief in the value of family, the preservation of sharply dened family roles, and the priority of family interests.223 Indo-Canadians provide an important node in the global network of Indian Diasporas, through social and economic links with the home country, as well as in Canada. It remains to be seen whether Canadas policy-makers will, in future, engage more thoroughly with the Indo-Canadian Diaspora in order to enrich political, social, cultural and economic progress in both nations.
220 221 222 223
2003. p 27. Maharaj, 2003. Jain, 1993.
References
Alessandrini, A. (2001). My hearts Indian for all that: Bollywood lm between home and Diaspora. Diaspora, 10, 315340. Abd-El-Aziz, et al. (2005). Scoping the role of Canadian Diaspora in global diplomacy and policy making. Retrieved October 22, 2007, from http://ecommons.uwinnipeg.ca/archive/ 00000127/01/Scoping_Role_Canadian_Diaspora.pdf Alger, C. F. (1997). Transnational social movements, world politics, and global governance. In J. Smith et al. (Eds.), Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics: Solidarity Beyond the State, (pp. 260-275). Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. Appadurai, A. (1990). Disjuncture and difference in the global cultural economy. In M. Featherstone (ed.) Global Culture: Nationalism, Globalization and Modernity, (pp. 295-310). London: Sage. Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at large: Cultural dimensions of globalization. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press. Bagley, C. (1984). Education, ethnicity and racism: A European-Canadian perspective. Currents, (fall), 8-12. Retrieved July 4, 2007, from http://www.tgmag.ca/magic/mt5.html Bannerji, H. (1996). On the dark side of the nation: Politics of multiculturalism and the state of Canada. Journal of Canadian Studies, 31, 103.28. Basch, L., Schiller, N. G., & Szanton Blanc, C. (1994). Nations unbound: Transnational projects, postcolonial predicaments, and deterritorialized nation-states. Basel: Gordon and Breach. Bennett-Jones, O. (2005). Europes ticking time bomb. Globe and Mail, September 23, p. A27. Bhargava, K., & R. Seethapathy (2004). Indo-Canadians & Canada-India Relationships: Towards A WinWin Scenario. The revised version of paper prepared for the Second Canada-India Policy Dialogue held in Vancouver, March 23-24. Bhat, C., & Sahoo, A. K. (2003). Diaspora to transnational networks: The case of Indians in Canada. In Sushma J. Varma and Radhika Seshan (Eds.), Fractured identity: The Indian Diaspora in Canada, (pp. 141-167). New Delhi: Rawat Publication. Bhat, C. S., Narayan, K. L., & Sahoo, S. Indian Diaspora: A Brief Overview. Retrieved July 3, 2007, from http://64.233.179.104/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=cache: 0qnxxTFHDpAJ:www.uohyd.ernet.in/sss/indianDiaspora/oc8.pdf Bolaria. P., & Li, P. (1985). Racial oppression in Canada. Toronto: Garamond Press. Chadney, J. G. (1984). The Sikh of Vancouver. New York: AMS Press. Chadney, J. (1989). The formation of ethnic communities: Lessons from the Vancouver Sikhs. In N.G. Barrier, V.A. Dusenbery and D.M. Srinavasan (Eds.), The Sikh Diaspora: Migration and experience beyond the Punjab (pp.185-199). Delhi: Chanakya Publications. Chandrasekhar, S. (1986). A history of Canadian legislation with respect to immigration from India. In S. Chandrasekhar (Ed.), From India to Canada: A brief history of immigration; problems of discrimination; admission and assimilation. La Jolla, CA: A Population Review Books. Clifford, J. (1994). Diasporas. Cultural Anthropology, 9(3), 302-338. Cohen, R. (1997). Global Diasporas: An introduction. London: UCL Press. Cohen, R. (1996). Diasporas and the nation-state: From victims to challengers. International Affairs, 72, 507520. DCosta, r. (1993). Socio-demographic characteristics of the population of South Asian origins in Canada. In Israel and Wagle (Eds.). (pp. 181-195).
Das Gupta, T. (1995). Families of native peoples, immigrants and people of color. In N. Mandell and E. Duffy (Eds.), Canadian families: Diversity, conict and change (pp. 141-174). Toronto: Harcourt Brace. Dhruvarajan, V. (1993). Ethnic cultural retention and trans-mission among rst generation Hindu Asian Indians in a Canadian Prairie City. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 24, (pp. 6379). Dhruvarajan, V. (1995). Hindu Indo-Canadian families. In M. Lynn (Ed.), Voices: Essays in Canadian families, (pp. 30128). Toronto: Nelson. Doman, M. (1984). A Note on Asian Indian Women in British Columbia, 1900-1935. In B. K. Latham and R. J. Pazdro (Eds.), Not Just Pin Money. Victoria: Camosun College. Dutton, A. (1989). Beyond the Komagata Maru: Race relations today. Proceedings of the conference held in Vancouver: The Progressive Indo-Canadian Community Services Society. Expert Forum Capacity Building for Peace and Development: Roles of Diaspora, Final Report (October 19-20, 2006). Toronto, Canada. Retrieved July 3, 2007, from http://www.toronto.upeace.org/ Diaspora/documents/Final%20Report%20Diaspora%20Forum.pdf Gibson, M.A. (1988). Accommodation without assimilation: Sikh immigrants in an American high school. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Gilroy, P. (1987). There aint no black in the Union Jack: The cultural politics of race and nation. London: Hutchinson. Gregg, A. (2006). Identity crisis. The Walrus, March 2006 issue, Retrieved October 22, 2007, from http://www.walrusmagazine.com/articles/2006.03-society-identity-crisis/ Hall, S. (1990). Cultural identity and Diaspora. In J. Rutherford (Ed.), Identity, community, culture and difference (pp. 222-237). London: Lawrence and Wishart. Hannerz, U. (1996). Transnational connections: Culture, people, places. London and New York: Routledge. Helweg, A. W. (1986). Sikhs in England. Delhi: Oxford University Press. Israel, M. (1994). In the further soil. Toronto: University of Toronto Press Inc. Jain, R. K. (1993). Indian communities abroad: Themes and literature. Manohar: New Delhi. Jayaram, N. (2003). The Indian Diaspora in Canada: An analytical introduction to themes and issues. In S. J. Varma and R. Seshan (Eds.), Fractured Identity: The Indian Diaspora in Canada, (pp. 25-47). New Delhi: Rawat Publications. Johnston, H. (1984). The East Indians in Canada. Wellington, Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association. Johnston, H. (1979). The voyage of Komagata Maru: The Sikh challenge to Canada's color bar. Bombay: Oxford University Press. Johnston, H. (1988a). The development of the Punjabi community in Vancouver since 1961. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 10 (2), 119. Johnston, H. (1988b). Patterns of Sikh migration to Canada. In J. OConnell, M. Israel & W. Oxtoby (Eds.), Sikh History and Religion in the Twentieth Century, (pp. 296-313). Toronto: University of Toronto. Judge, P. S. (1994). Punjabis in Canada: A Study of Formation of an Ethnic Community. Delhi: Chanakya Publications. Kessinger, T.G. (1974). Vilyatpur, 18481968: Social and Economic Change in a North Indian Village. Berkeley: University of California Press. Koppedrayer, K. (2005). Hindu Diasporic Consciousness: Srinivas Krishnas Masala. Psychology and Developing Societies 17(2), 99-120.
Kurian, G. (1986). Intergenerational integration with special reference to Indian families. Indian Journal of Social Work, 47, 3949. Kurian, G. (1987). Socio-cultural adaptation of South Asian immigrants: The Canadian experience. Journal of Sociological Studies, 6, 47-62. Kurian, G. (1993). Immigrants of Indian Origin in Canada: Conict Between Adaptation and Retention of Ethnic Values. In J. K. Motwani (ed.), Global Indian Diaspora: Yesterday, today and tomorrow, (pp. 485-490). New York: GOPIO Publication. Kurl, S. (2000). A tragedy can engender cultural awareness. The Vancouver Sun 13 November, A10. Kwak, K., & John W. Berry, J. W. (2001). Generational differences in acculturation among Asian families in Canada: A comparison of Vietnamese, Korean, and East-Indian groups. International Journal of Psychology, 36 (3), 152162. Lele, J. (2003). Indian Diasporas long-distance nationalism: The rise and proliferation of Hindutva in Canada. In Sushma J. Varma and Radhika Seshan (Eds.), Fractured identity: The Indian Diaspora in Canada, (pp. 66-119). New Delhi: Rawat Publication. Leonard, K. I. (1993). Ethnic Identity and Gender: South Asians in the United States. In M. Israel and N.K. Wagle (Eds.), Ethnicity, Identity, Migration: The South Asian Context, (pp. 165-180). Toronto: Center for South Asian Studies, University of Toronto. Leonard, K. I. (2000). State, culture, and religion: Political action and representation among South Asians in North America. Diaspora, 1(9), 21-38. Leonard, K. I. (2002). South Asian Leadership of American Muslims. In Y. Yazbeck Haddad (Ed.), Muslims in the West: From Sojourners to Citizens, (pp. 233-249). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ley, D. (2007). Multiculturalism: A Canadian defence. Retrieved October 22, 2007, from http:// www.riim.metropolis.net/Virtual%20Library/2007/WP07-04.pdf Maharaj, B. (2003). Comparative reections on the Indian Diaspora: Historical and recent perspectives. In S. J. Varma and R. Seshan (Eds.), Fractured Identity: The Indian Diaspora in Canada, (pp. 48-65). New Delhi: Rawat Publications. Mangalam, J. J. (1986). The Komagata Maru Affair, 1917. In S. Chandrasekhar (Ed.), From India to Canada: A brief history of immigration; problems of discrimination; admission and assimilation. La Jolla, CA: A Population Review Books. Mitchell, K. (1997). Transnational discourse: bringing geography back in. Antipode, 29(2), 101114. Mountz, A., & Wright, R. (1996). Daily life in the transnational migrant community of San Agustin, Oaxaca and Poughkeepsie, New York. Diaspora, 5(3), 403428. Nair K.R.G. (2004). India-Canada Relations: A shining example of unrealised potential. Retrieved July 3, 2007, from http://www.asiapacicresearch.ca/caprn/cisp_project/2004/papers/nair.pdf Nayar, K. E. (2004). The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver: Three generations amid tradition, modernity, and multiculturalism. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Newland, K., & Patrick, E. (2004). Beyond Remittances: The Role of Diaspora in Poverty Reduction in their Countries of Origin. Retrieved July 4, 2007, from http://www.livelihoods.org/hot_topics/ docs/MPIDiaspora.doc Nolin Hanlon, C. (2001). Transnationalism: The ruptures and sutures of identity renegotiation among Guatemalans in Canada. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers, New York, 27 February3 March. Owusu, T. (1998). To buy or not to buy: Determinants of home ownership among Ghanaian immigrants to Toronto. The Canadian Geographer, 42(1), 4052.
Pandit, S. D. (2003). Tamil Diaspora Reections. In Sushma J. Varma and Radhika Seshan (Eds.), Fractured identity: The Indian Diaspora in Canada, (pp. 120-138). New Delhi: Rawat Publication. Patel, P. J., & Rutten, M. (2000). Transnational Linkages Between India and Britain: An Exploration of Socio-Eco Ties Between Patidars of Central Gujarat in Greater London. Paper presented at International Conference on Culture and Economy in the Indian Diaspora. India International Centre: New Delhi, 8-10 April 2000. Paynter, J. (1995). Canada-India diplomatic relations. In J.R. Wood (Ed.), Genuine Mutual Interest: Proceedings of the Plenary Session of the Silve Jubilee Conference of the Shastri IndoCanadian Institute (pp. 39-48). New Delhi: Shastri Institute. Ramcharan, S. (1983). The social, economic and cultural adaptation of East Indians from the British Caribbean and Guyana to Canada. In G. Kurian, & R. Srivastava (Eds.), Overseas Indians: A study of adaptation (pp. 51-67). NewDelhi, India: Vikas. Ray, (1994). General introduction. In M. Israel, In the future soil, (pp. ix-xv). Toronto: University of Toronto Press Inc. Rubinoff, A.G. (2002). Canadas re-engagement with India. Asian Survey, 42(6), 838855. Rudolph, S. H., & Piscatori, J. (Eds.) (1997). Transnational religion and fading states. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Safran, W. (1991). Diasporas in modern societies: Myths and of homeland and return. Diaspora, 1(1), 83-99. Sampat-Mehta, R. (1984). First fty years of South Asian immigration: a historical perspective. In R.N. Kanungo (Ed.), South Asians in the Canadian Mosaic (pp. 13-31). Montreal: Kala Bharati. Sengupta, S. (1998). India Taps into Its Diaspora. New York Times, August 19. Retrieved July 3, 2007, from http://www.ofbjp.org/news/0898/0020.html Sheel, R. (2005). Marriage, money and gender: A case study of the migrant Indian community in Canada. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 12(2&3), 335356. Sheffer, G. (1986). A new eld of study: Modern Diasporas in international politics. In G. Sheffer (Ed.), Modern Diasporas in international politics, (pp. 1-16). London: Croom Helm. Shuval, J. (2000). Diaspora migration: Denitional ambiguities and a theoretical paradigm. International Migration, 38(5), 41-57. Sibia, T.S. (2007). Komagata Maru. In Pioneer Asian Indian Immigration to Pacic Coast. Retrieved July 3, 2007, from http://www.sikhpioneers.org//koma.html Singh, K. (2002). Sikh Diaspora in Canada. Lecture at Oakland University, Michigan, USA, 7 March. Retrieved October 22, 2007, from http://www.sikhreview.org/pending/pending1.htm Singhvi, L. M., et al. (2001). Report of the High Level Committee on Indian Diaspora. Government of India, Ministry of External Affairs, Non-Resident Indian and Persons of Indian Origin Division. Retrieved July 3, 2007, from http://indianDiaspora.nic.in/contents.htm Skeldon, R. (2003). The Chinese Diaspora or the Migration of Chinese Peoples? In L. J. C. Ma & C. Cartier (Eds.), The Chinese Diaspora: Space, Place, Mobility and Identity (pp.51-66). Oxford: Rowman and Littleeld. Smith, J., Chateld, C., & Pagnucco, R. (1997). Transnational social movements andgGlobal politics: Solidarity beyond the state. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. Spink, V. J. (1999). Ethnic identity and the perceptions of indo-Canadian students in their relation to Canadian culture. Retrieved July 3, 2007, from http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/ dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0017/MQ47145.pdf
Srivastava, R.P. (1983). The evolution of adaptive strategies: East Indians in Canada. In G. Kurian, & R. Srivastava (Eds.), Overseas Indians: A study of adaptation (pp. 30-40). NewDelhi, India: Vikas. Statistics Canada/Canadian Hertiage (2001). Population projections of visible minority groups, Canada, province and regions. Retrieved July 3, 2007, from http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/ 91-541-XIE/91-541-XIE2005001.pdf Statistics Canada. 2001 Census. Retrieved July 3, 2007, from http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/ demo26a.htm Stopes-Roe, M., & Cochrane, R. (1989). Traditionalism in the family: A comparison between Asian and British cultures and between generations. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 20, 141 158. Soroka, S. N., Johnston, R., & Banting, K. (2007). Ties that bind? Social cohesion and diversity in Canada. Retrieved October 22, 2007, from http://post.queensu.ca/~bantingk/Soroka %20Johnston%20Banting%20%20Social%20Cohesion%20(IRPP).pdf Tarrow, S. (2003). Rooted cosmopolitans: Transnational activists in a world of states. Retrieved October 22, 2007, from http://sociology.berkeley.edu/faculty/evans/evans_pdf/Tarrow %20RootedCosmops%204-03%20-Soc190.pdf Tatla, D.S. (1999). The Sikh Diaspora: The Search for Statehood. London: UCL Press. Thobani, S. (2000). Nationalizing Canadians: Bordering immigrant women in the late twentieth century. Canadian Journal of Women and the Law, 12(3), 279.312. Tinker, H. (1993). A new system of slavery: The export of Indian labor overseas, 1830-1920. London: Hansib. Tinker, H. (1977). The Banyan tree: Overseas emigrants from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Tololian, K. (1991). The nation state and its others: In lieu of a preface. Diaspora, 1(1), 3-7. Tremblay, R. C. (2003). Canada-India Relations: The Need to Re-Engage. Paper prepared for the Asia Pacic Foundation of Canadas Roundtable on the Foreign Policy Dialogue and Canada-Asia Relations. Retrieved October 22, 2007, from http://asiapacicresearch.ca/caprn/discussion/ tremblay_mar03.pdf Ubale, B. (1992). Politics of exclusion: Multiculturalism or ghettoism. North York: Ampri Enterprises. Vertovec, S. (1997). Three meaning of Diaspora exemplied among South Asian religions. Diaspora, 6(3), 227-299. Wakil, S.P., Siddique, C.M., & Wakil, F.A. (1981). Between two cultures: A study in socialization of children of immigrants. Journal of Marriage and The Family, 43, 929940. Wald, K. D., & Williams, B. D. The Diaspora consciousness of Arab Americans: The intersection of social identity and global politics. Retrieved July 3, 2007, from http://www.middlebury.edu/ NR/rdonlyres/4A90EFC6-5281-49C4-A7A5-BF4B7F4BF9F3/0/WaldandWilliamsPaper.pdf Walton-Roberts, M. (1988). Three Readings of the turban: Sikhs in Greater Vancouver. Urban Geography, 19(4), 311-331. Walton-Roberts, M. (2003). Transnational geographies: Indian immigration to Canada. The Canadian Geographer, 47(3), 235250. Wapner, P. (1995). Politics beyond the state: Environmental activism and civic politics. World Politics, 47, 311-340. Wong, M. (2000). Ghanaian women in Torontos labor market: Negotiating gendered roles and transnational household strategies. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 32(2), 4574.
Wood, J. (1978). East Indians and Canadas new immigration policy. Canadian Public Policy, 4(4), 547 567. Workshop on National Diaspora Strategies: India, China and Canada, Final Report. The 8th National Metropolis Conference (March 24, 2006). Vancouver, Canada. Retrieved July 3, 2007, from http://www.asiapacic.ca/analysis/pubs/pdfs/roundtbl_2006/national_Diaspora.pdf
Appendix II: The Diasporic Dimension of Indias Bilateral Economic Relations
By K. R. G. Nair, Honorary Professor, Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi
Introduction
There exists a view that even in this age of electronic convergence, people-to-people contacts can strengthen economic ties between countries.224Often quoted as empirical evidence to prove the point is the fact that 60% of Foreign Direct Investment in China between 1978 and 1999 came from three ethnically Chinese economies (Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) which have 95% or more people of Chinese origin in their respective populations. Additional analytical arguments are emerging in support of such a view, with a stress on the importance of network and reputational capital in international economic relations. 225 India has signicantly opened up her economy since the late 19th century. There are 48 non-SAARC countries in the world, in which 10,000 or more persons are present or former Indian citizens or their descendants. 226 It would be interesting to enquire into the extent to which this Indian presence in select countries has an impact on the concerned countrys bilateral economic relations with India, particularly since overt measures are being increasingly taken to tap this source for the promotion, to Indias benet, of bilateral economic relations. I discuss two aspects of international economic relations -- trade, and foreign direct investment (FDI) among Canada, the US, and the UK. Of interest here is the quality of change in Indias bilateral trade relations with these three countries since the 1990s, especially regarding FDI inows and outows between India, these countries and their respective Indian Diaspora populations. The conclusion unites main ndings and draws some policy inferences. The Indian Diaspora includes non-resident Indians (NRIs) who are Indian citizens holding Indian passports, but are abroad for an indenite period, whether for employment or otherwise. It also includes persons of Indian origin (PIOs) whose spouse, parents, grandparents, or great grandparents were once citizens of India. In the year 2001, the
224As
pointed out by Field in 2003 such a view that relationships matter underlies the growing literature on Social Capital. See among others also Nair, 2005
225 226
Kapur, 2007, Nayyar, 2007. Singhvi Committee Report, 2001.
Indian Diaspora thus dened numbered around 20 million, and was scattered in more than 110 countries all over the world. Between Canada, the UK, and the US, the latter ranks rst in of the number of Indian Diaspora but last in the percentage of total population; inversely, Canadas Indian Diaspora population is among the highest of percentage of overall population. Canada occupies an even higher rank in this regard than South Africa, to which Indians began emigrating much earlier.227 A 2000-2001 study focused primarily on Canada did not indicate a clear relationship between the population percentage of Indian Diaspora and its relative importance in foreign direct investment in India or in Indias foreign trade. 228 The study worked out the total trade of India with seven countries as the percentage of Indias total trade with the world as a whole. The value was highest at 12.96 for the US, which has the lowest percentage of Indian Diaspora in its total population among a number of developed/ developing countries. The second lowest value in this regard was 1.11 for Canada, which has a very high percentage of Indian Diaspora in its total population. 229 The study concluded that the relative importance of Canada in Indias foreign trade and foreign direct investment approvals was very low, and thus inferred that there is unrealized potential for trade and business relations between India and Canada. The analysis here goes somewhat further; rather than compiling total trade, exports and imports, these are studied separately. Further, since there is often a big slip between the cup and the lip, instead of approvals, actual accruals of foreign direct investment into India are examined.
Bilateral Trade Relations

Bilateral economic relations in trade and foreign direct investment between countries generally undergo change only gradually over time. The fact that India was under British rule for over a century and a half, until the middle of the last century, and that the US has been the most dominant economic power of the world for the past few decades meant that Indias economic ties with both Great Britain and the US were striking contrast with those of Canada, with whom Indias economic ties for obvious historic and geographic reasons were nothing to write home about. To expect an overnight sea change in this as a result of Indias economic liberalization in the 1990s, and Canadas greater efforts to improve its economic ties with India since then, is to hope for the impossible. What is
227
Bhana and Vahed, 2007, Naidoo and Leslie, 2007. Nair, 2005. The corresponding value for UK was 5.75.
228
229
generally more likely is that gradual changes take place over time in the direction of trade and investment ows between countries, leading to changes in the relative importance of the country concerned in the total trade and investment ows of the other country analysed. To capture these changes in the inter-country ows of trade and foreign direct investment, Indias economic ties with Canada, UK and USA are analysed through deciphering the trends in this regard by tting linear and quadratic trend equations to trade data between 1991 and 2006, and FDI data between 1998 and 2006. The more relevant results of this exercise are given in the tables below to document such a view. If the coefcient of the time variable is signicant, and the value of R square is high, the equation is said to give a good t to the data, with the sign of the coefcient giving the direction of the trend over time. The following points are clearly indicated by the tables: 1. 2. The relative importance of India in Canadas imports indicated a clear and increasing trend over time, with similarities occurring in the US but not in the UK; There does not seem to be any decipherable trend in the case of the relative importance of India in Canadas exports, with the same holding true in the cases of UK and the US; Regarding the relative importance in Indias imports, both the US and the UK seem to experience denite declines over time, and there are similar patterns in Canada, at least in the short period; If we consider the relative importance in Indias exports, both the US and the UK seem to be experiencing declining trends over time, while the same does not seem to be true of Canada; Examination of the FDI ows to India indicated that while there seems to be no decipherable trend in the relative importance of the US, there are signs of an increasing trend in this regard in both Canada and the UK.
3.
4.
5.
This section attempts to analyse the trends, if any, in the relative importance in bilateral trade between India and each of these countries. Data are based on UNCTAD between 1991 and 2004. First and second-degree trend equations are tried, with RI the relative importance, as the dependent variable and time T as the independent variable. The table presents the results of this exercise in cases where there appears to be a signicant trend, with signicance being tested on the basis of the two-tailed t-statistic at 5% level.230
230
Throughout this study, the same simple format to estimate time trend is being followed.
Trends in Relative Importance in Bilateral Trade Relations231
Description Trend equation RI = 0.818 + 0.109T** RI = 1.654 0.156T** RI = 0.159 + R2 0.447 0.519 0.946 0.908 0.525 0.463 0.669 0.873 RI of Canada in Indias exports Indias imports RI of India in Canadas imports RI of UK in Indias exports Indias imports RI of US in Indias exports Indias imports RI of India in US imports
-0.006T2 + 0.008T2 0.018 -0.076T2**
RI = 7.106 0.172 T** RI = 0.668 0.015 T** RI = 15.769 + 1.271T** RI = 1.135 0.036 T** RI = 0.678 + 0.026 T**
RI stands for % relative importance in terms of value and T for time. Double asterisk indicates signicance as dened in the text. If none of the coefcients of the time variable is signicant, the equation is not reported.
Concerning Indo-Canadian bilateral trade relations, trends seem decipherable except in the case of the relative importance of exports to India in Canadas total exports. The relative importance of Canada in exports from India seems to be increasing, though not necessarily sustainably. The relative importance of India in Canadian imports seems, in slight contrast, more denitely set for an increase over time. If we consider the relative importance of Canada in imports to India, a declining trend appears, though there are some indications that this may be reversed over time. If we consider Indo-British trade relations, there is no trend decipherable in Indias relative importance to the UK, irrespective of whether we consider imports in, or exports from, the UK. There are, however, denite declining trends in the relative importance of the UK in imports to or exports from India. It is also true that in the case of Indo-US trade relation, there is no decipherable trend, if we consider the relative importance of India in exports from the US. There is similarity between trends in Indo-British and Indo-US trade relations in the sense that the relative importance of the US in Indian imports is undergoing a denite decline over time. Further, there are clear indications that the relative importance of the US in Indias exports will ultimately decline over time.232 Indo-
231 232
More detailed results in this regard can be had from the author on request.
In the case of exports from India, though the sign of the coefficient of T is positive and significant, the coefficient of T2 is also significant, but it is negative.
US trade relations appear to take a completely different path over time on one count; in striking contrast with the trend in Indo-British trade relations, if we consider the relative importance of India in US imports, there is a denite increase over time. The results do not indicate a clear and positive relationship between the percentage of Indian Diaspora in a country and that countrys bilateral trade relations with India. The rising trend in the relative importance of India in Canadian imports perhaps suggests such a relationship; that there is a similar trend in the relative importance of India in US imports, despite the lower percentage of Indian Diaspora in the US population and the absence of any such trend in the UK. More detailed study is required before more denite conclusions can be drawn.
Foreign Direct Investment

The following table233 gives the total actual inow into India of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) from 1991 to 2007 for the three countries considered here: FDI inows to India: 1991-2007
Total inow in millions Canada UK US 132.6 4060.1 6352.0 As % of inow 0.22 6.48 9.79
On the face of it, there appears to be an inverse relationship between the percentage of Indian Diaspora in a population and the respective percentage of FDI in India. However, an analysis of the trends in RI,fdi234 the relative percentage shares of these countries in FDI in India indicates another view: Trends in RL fdi Relative Importance of Different Countries in FDI inows into India, 1991-2007
Country Canada UK Trend equation RIfdi = 0.094 + 0.021 T** RIfdi = 17.579 3.451 T** + 0.207 T2** R2 0.372 0.511
RIfdi stands for % relative importance of FDI inows and T, for time. Double asterisk indicates signicance as dened in the text. If none of the coefcients of the time variable is signicant, the equation is not reported. More detailed results in this regard can be had from the author on request.
233
More detailed results in this regard can be had from the author on request. Secretariat of Industrial Assistance of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry of the Government of India
234
The US, with the smallest percentage of Indian Diaspora in its population, shows no trend in the relative importance of the country in Indias FDI. The UK, with the second largest percentage of Indian Diaspora in its population, is experiencing an initial decline in relative importance in FDI, but seems to have a tendency over a longer period to have a larger percentage share in Indias FDI inows. There are indications of an increase over time of the relative importance in inows of FDI to India in the case of Canada, which has the largest percentage share of Indian Diaspora in its population among the three countries. A similar picture of the possible affect of the Diasporic element emerges if we look at changes over time in Indian FDI in these three countries:
Approvals of Foreign Direct investment from India, 1996-2007235

Country Canada UK US Approvals of FDI from India 1996-2000 5.58 (in US$ million) 2002-2006 405.12 1739 1227.47
410.62 1540.83
In the rst sub-period, the US, with the lowest percentage of Indian Diaspora in its population, ranks rst, but this rank is occupied by the UK in the second sub-period. While approvals of FDI from India increased in the case of both Canada and UK between the two sub-periods, they underwent a decline in the US. The increase is the maximum, by more than seventy fold, in Canada, while only around fourfold for the UK.
Place of Origin Factors

It must be remembered that the impact an Indian Diaspora can have on bilateral economic relations depends on factors beyond the percentage of its population abroad. Historical aspects, the extent of the proven urge to maintain relations with India, and institutional supports will all affect economic relations, and on each count, there are signicant differences between the three countries. Indian immigrants arrived in the UK around 1700, but up to two centuries later in the other two countries beginning in 1898 in the US and in 1903 in Canada. There were, until 1948, no special restrictions on the entry of Indians to the UK, since India was under British rule, and it may be because of this that there was no corollary in the UK to the US
235
Secretariat for Industrial Assistance, Department of Commerce and Industry, Government of India.
Asiatic Exclusion League of 1910, or the 1914 Koma Gata Maru incident in Canada. 236 Before Indian independence, the ow of migrants from India to the UK consisted mostly of either workers looking for better employment, or elites going for higher education. In the main, it was members of the former group who migrated to the US and Canada. After Indian independence, selective migration of more trained persons became the pattern particularly of doctors to the UK and to some extent, the US, and IT professionals to all the three countries in recent years. Many migrants who had left India earlier for other countries ultimately relocated in the US, the UK, or Canada.237 Consequently, there are distinct differences in the composition of the Indian Diaspora in these three countries. An example: in the US, the Indian Diaspora has spread to most parts of the country, but this is not the case in either the UK or Canada. 238 There is a great deal of variation in the extent to which the Indian Diaspora from these countries participates in the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas, which have been organized annually in India since 2003 to maintain links between Diasporas with India. Below we see the number per million of registered delegates from these three countries:
Number of registered delegates from abroad at Pravasi Bharatiya Divas 2003-2008 239
Registered delegates per million Indian Diaspora
UK USA 2003 121 125 300 2004 46 76 247 2005 94 94 351 2006 14 25 179 2007 41 28 105 2008 38 22 89 Canada
Inferences
On the basis of the Singhvi Committee Report (2001), this study nds that of the US, the UK, and Canada, Canada has the highest percentage of Indian Diaspora in its population and the US, the lowest. While initially it appears that economic relations in terms of relative importance in trade, as well as ows of FDI between India and these three countries are not directly related to the relative importance of the Indian Diaspora, a
236
The Asiatic Exclusion league was an organization formed in the US to prevent migration of Indians to the US. Komagata Maru was the ship carrying 376 Indian immigrants non-stop from Hong Kong to Vancouver in British Columbia to satisfy legal stipulations, but was disallowed from offloading its passengers there.
237
The most noticeable in this regard was the movement particularly to UK of migrant Indians from Uganda in the early 1970s of the last century.
238
Most Indians are concentrated along highways M1 and M6 in the UK and, in Canada, in Toronto and Vancouver, with very few in the Maritimes or in Quebec.
239
Singhvi Committee Report, 2001. Calculated as per the number of Indian Diaspora in each country.
closer look at recent trends suggests that this is not necessarily so. More study is needed before more denite inferences in this regard can be drawn. In such studies, the historical roots of the Indian Diaspora, the composition of the Diaspora and the extent of Diasporic urge as reected in participation in PBD vary among these three countries, must each be considered. The emergence of SICI has to be considered in such analysis. There are already some indications that Canadas Diasporic advantage is gradually having its affect on economic relations between Canada and India.
References
Field, John. (2003). Social Capital, Routledge: New York. Kalra, Virinder S. (2007). United Kingdom in The Encyclopedia of the Indian Diaspora. Ed. Lal, Brij V. Oxford University Press: New Delhi. (pp 242-253, 336-345). Kapur, Devesh. (2007). International migration from India: Economic Impact in The Oxford Companion to Economics in India. Ed. Kaushik Basu. Oxford University Press: New Delhi. (pp 309-312). Lefsrud, Lynette. (2004). The SICI celebrates its 35 year history. Special Publication for Republic Day, Indian High Commission, Ottawa. Nair, K.R.G. (2005). Canada-India Economic Relations: Tapping Unrealized Potential in Asian Regionalism: Canadian and Indian Perspectives. Eds. Wadhva, C.D and Y.P.Woo. APH Publishing Corporation: New Delhi. (pp 225-236). Nayyar, Deepak. (2007).International Migration in The Oxford Companion to Economics in India. Ed. Kaushik Basu. Oxford University Press: New Delhi. (pp 305-309). Singhvi Committee Report. (2001). Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora. Indian Council of World Affairs: New Delhi. Available at meaindia.nic.in/pressbrieng/ 2002/01/08pb01.htm Vaidyanathan, A. (2007). An Overview: Fourth Review of ICSSR. Retrieved on 09/03/08 from www.icssr.org/nalreport.pdf. Economic and Political Weekly. Vol XLIII, No. 5, (pp 21-25). Available at http:// www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/taxonomy/term/8308
Appendix III: Multiculturalism & the Indian Diaspora in Canada
By Ambassador (Retd.) Paramjit S. Sahai, Former High Commissioner of India to Malaysia
Introduction
Multiculturalism is an integral part of daily life all over the world; highly publicized events such as those below corroborate this: British Prime Minister Browns 2008 visit to India in January 2008, headlined as The Browns are Coming. The Canadian Parliamentarian Ruby Dhallas reported advising of Indias Prime Minister to take up the case of the Turban with French President Sarkozy while in India in 2008. Indias tribute to legendary Canadian pianist Oscar Peterson on the occasion of his death. The Ulema advising a boycott of Indian business magnate Adil Godrej for hosting a lunch for Salman Rushdie. Controversial Bangladeshi writer Taslima Nasreens forced move from West Bengal to Delhi under pressure from fundamentalists. The cry of racism in the Sydney Cricket Test match between India and Australia, resulting in a deeply toxic atmosphere. Indo-UK Members of Parliament taking a stand against the recently announced discriminatory immigration policies in the United Kingdom. Concerns that the growth of Hindu Students Council of America is the outcome of the multicultural policies of United States.
Some multicultural developments evoke positive views; others, not so. We still have miles to go toward real global multiculturalism, which is, and has always been, the product of interplay among various forces. Primarily, the concept is based on the realization of Identity, real or imagined, as we seem to place ourselves as us, and others as them. This Identity is shaped by contact made in migration, and latterly, by globalization, and creates highly dynamic environments, which are always in ux. A number of nation-states have largely embraced multicultural policy, or pluralism, with the aim of reconciling
diverse cultures to coexist or better, regardless of ethnicity, language, race, class, caste, culture or religion. In some nation-states, multiculturalism is the result of an imperceptible process; this is the case in India, unique in its historical acculturation, where diverse inuences in various epochs have created Indian-ness, which generally denotes acceptance of a composite character. Indian-ness is the idea expressed by Unity in Diversity. This phenomenon leads to multiple identities, confronted by individuals in individual ways.
Trends Having an Impact on Multiculturalism

The concept of multiculturalism has thus to contend with the following trends, which, at times, may be contradictory: Identity remains central, both at the individual and nation-state level, and is largely a mix of various factors, such as ethnicity, language, and culture, which makes necessary the need to understand diversity. 240 Globalization has led to a Diaspora community of approximately 190 million, which forms about 4% of the worlds total population. Nation-states cannot afford to ignore the interests of their Diaspora communities in the formulation of policy. The American ethos of a melting pot has not stood the reality test; migrants to the US acquire not a single American identity, but hyphenated identities, (IndianAmericans, Italian-Americans and Chinese-Americans.) Diversity, perforce, has to be recognized, and assimilation is giving way to adjustment. Globalization has not resulted in the emergence of a single identity, despite fears of a homogenization of culture, whether tagged as MTV culture or McWorld.241 Diversity has become the rule rather than the exception. Domestic compulsions dictate immigration policies of receiving countries, with a mix of liberalization and restriction, whether as a cap for IT workers in the US, or liberalization to attract migrants in the case of Australia or Singapore.242 Such compulsions can also negatively react against previously committed policies, as in the case of the UKs policy for Highly Skilled Migrants Programme (HSMP.)243 New concerns emerge, which seem to seek a reversal of globalization, when the British Prime Minister announces that Britain [is] for British Workers. 244 This
Felicia R. Lee, Black Migration, Both Slave and Free, The New York Times, February 2, 2005. Benjamin Barber, Jihad vs. McWorld, The Atlantic Monthly, March 1992. Koh Gui Qing, Ageing Singapore Woos immigrants, The Times of India, March 27, 2007. India Warns UK over unfair immigration laws, The Tribune, January 31, 2007.
240 241 242 243 244
Statement of British Prime Minister Gordon Brown.
comes as a palliative to domestic constituents concerned that the UK demographic character will tilt in favour of Asians. Simultaneously, other inuences, such as post-911 security concerns, turn the tide against multiculturalism. There is now a growing cry for the inculcation of British Values, American Values, or Canadian Values even among migrants, with stringent tests being prescribed before the acquisition of citizenship.245 One manifestation of this quasi-xeonphobia is seen in the British Governments raising of the age for the grant of visas to married women from 18 to 21 years of age. 246
Whatever the pressures against it, multiculturism is dictated by necessity for economic development; this basic reality of the emergence of multi-ethnic societies can be appreciated by looking at the following demographic indices, and other trends: Immigrants form a large component of total population of the major immigrant countries, which is 22.2% in Australia, 19.8% in Canada and 12.5% in the US;247 In the UK (2000), the component of different regions among the foreign born population was: Asia (53%); Africa and Middle East (18%), Europe (18.9%) and Central Asia (5%); Population diversity and predominance of foreign populations are more conspicuous in metropolitan cities, with percentage shares at 45.7 in Toronto, 39.6 in Vancouver, 36.5 in Mexico City, 34.7 in Los Angeles, 31.7 in Sydney, 28.9 in Melbourne, 27.9 in New York, 20.6 in Montreal, and 19.9 in Washington;248 Symbolic gestures strengthen multiculturalism, such as a Canadian Prime Ministers celebration of Diwali or Deepavali (The Festival of Lights), with a message of interdependence between peace, prosperity and pluralism.249
Canada & Multiculturalism

Canada has come a long way from when, in 1914, 300 Indians, mainly from the State of Punjab, failed to enter Canada legally despite having performed the continuous journey. Canada was the rst country to ofcially adopt a multicultural policy in 1971, which subsequently resulted in the passage of Multiculturalism Act in 1988. Canadas multicultural policy rests on the edice of two languages English and French. The
245 246
UK Cities to have White Minorities in 30 yrs., The Indian Express, Sept. 15,2007
UK Raises Visa Age for Some Minor Brides, The Times of India, March 26, 2007; English Test before you marry a Britain, The Times of India, Dec.10, 2007.
247
248
www.12.stat.cen.ca/englith/census06/analysis Ibid Address of Prime Minister of Canada, Ottawa, November 1, 2007.
249
Governor General, in October 2007, reiterated support to Canadas Linguistic Duality,250 and Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced the appointment of a Special Adviser for Consultations on Linguistic Duality and Ofcial Languages. The Governments aim is to conduct public consultation on the future of minority languages as a policy issue, keeping in view the need to build... more and stronger bridges between our minority and majority language communities.251 Progress in this regard would naturally foster Indian Diaspora investment. Canadas approach to diversity has three main components social cohesion, political inclusiveness and sustained livelihood. Multiculturalism is expected to encompass economic, cultural, gender, age, ethnic, ability, and religious orientation.252 In demographic terms, the 2006 Census conrms trends revealed by the 2001 Census, which indicated that:253 Over 200 languages were reported as mother tongues in Canada; One in every ve Canadians was foreign born (19.8%) meaning that 6.18 million of Canadas 31.2 million are foreign born; 1.11 million immigrants entered Canada between January 2001 and May 2006, forming about 17.9% of the total foreign born population; The largest component of immigrants came from Asia (58.3%) with 16.1%, 10.8% and 10.6% coming from Europe, Central / South America & the Caribbean, and African countries, respectively; 70.2% reported a mother tongue other than English or French, with Chinese spoken most, at 18.6% of the population. Italian speakers comprised 6.6%, Punjabi speakers 5.9%, Spanish speakers 5.8%, German speakers 5.4%, Tagalog speakers 4.8% and Arabic speakers 4.7%; According to the 2001 Census, 43.6% of Canadians were Catholic, 29% were Protestants, 2% were Muslims, 1.1% were Jewish, 1% were Budhists, 1% were Hindus, 1% were Sikhs and 16.5 had no religious afliation.
Canada, like any other country, is not free from incidents of social discrimination or hate crime. The 2002 Statistics Canada Ethnic Diversity Survey revealed that:
A Strong Federation, Strengthening the Federation and our Democratic Traditions Special from the Thrive, October 16, 2007.
250
Prime Minister announces Bernard Lord will lead Cross-Canada Official Languages, Consultations - Press Release, Moncton, New Brunswick, December 3, 2007.
251 252
Independent Report of the Diversity Task Force, Liberal Renewal Commission, Canada, August 2006. 2006: Census: Immigration, Citizenship, Language, Mobility and Migration,' The Daily, December 4, 2007.
253
Approximately 1.6 million, or 7% of the population, experienced discrimination or unfair treatment within the past ve years; In 2001-02, 938 hate crimes were reported by twelve major Canadian police forces. Race and ethnicity were the motivating factor in 57% of the cases, while religion accounted for 43% cases; Black and South Asians were the principal targets.
Such perceptions (or misperceptions) are held even today; at times, general conclusions are faultily reached based on individual cases. The deportation order of handicapped illegal immigrant Laibar Singh invited spurious parallels to the Komagato Maru case, bringing the local Punjabi community into conict with the Canadian government. 254 There was controversy over invitees being restricted to the Sikh Diaspora from Canada at the NRI Punjabi Sammelan, held on January 5-6, 2008 at Chandigarh and Jalandhar respectively, and Canadian Parliamentarian Deepak Obhrai, Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affaires, was reported to have felt ignored. 255 There are also complexities associated with the transmission of Indian values into Canada, such as attend the status of women.256 The Canadian Government opened a new ofce, the Canadian Immigration Integration Project, in New Delhi, to further facilitate newcomers, in particular, highly skilled immigrants from the States of Punjab and Gujarat.257 After the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration announced facilitation measures in September 2007, controversy over issuance of visas to the Punjabis erupted during the visit of the British Columbian Premier Gordon Campbell to India in December 2007. The Canadian Visa Ofcer Brian Hudson had reportedly questioned the recruitment of immigrants from Punjab, which had high crime, forgery, and human trafcking rates. The Minister of Immigration has promised an enquiry, but Hudsons claim has left a bad taste. Simultaneously, reports appear about the involvement of Punjabi boys in drug warfare in Canada. 258 But these are anomalous points; there is also full recognition of the important role being played by Indians in the development of Canada, as evidenced in the active involvement of the community in the political processes at state and federal levels.259
254 255 256 257
K.B. Kapur, Laibar row puts ties under strain,' The Hindustan Times, January 28, 2008. Obhrai angry at being ignored,' The Hindustan Times, January 6, 2008. Gur Kirpal Singh Ashk, NRI Punjabis biased against girls, The Times of India, December 15, 2007.
Minister Finely announces overseas expansion of foreign credentials referred service, Press Release, High Commission of Canada, New Delhi, November 6, 2007.
258 259
Varinder Singh, 100 Punjabi boys killed in Canada during warfare.'
Interaction of the Author with Mr. Waly Oppal, Attorney General and Minister for Multiculturalism, Government of British Columbia, September 3, 2007.
Multiculturism is not a one-off passage of law, but a cultural ethos needing perpetual nurturance and management. In the case of India, multiculturalism requires management virtually on a daily basis, despite its historical reality. In Canada, theoreticians would like multiculturalism to become more value based than is the case at present (Canadas Multiculturalism 2.0.260) Only time will tell whether Canada moves past the point where tolerance is a goal, toward a more truly multicultural state of acceptance and appreciation for differences. One commentator has observed that; A President Obama [or any other black president] would bring us face to face with the threatening idea that colour blindness and equality are not the same, and that real progress on racial issues means respect for and not avoidance of difference.261
India & Canada: Diverse Roads to Multiculturalism

The root of Indian multiculturism lies in a philosophy in which the whole world is a family: Vasudeva Kutumbakam. In practical terms, this ethos creates a pluralistic society, a composite culture with a catholic approach and the capacity to absorb various outside inuences, whether Aryan, Islamic or Dravidian, into a coherent whole. India is home to all the worlds major religions, including Christianity, Islam, Zoroastrianism and Judaism, as well as to over 500 dialects, 22 of which are formally recognized as major languages in the Constitution. At the indigenous level, it is important to recognize pantheism in the Hindu religion. There is no single Hindu deity, even though the word Hindutava has gained currency; in India, Hinduism has adopted a corrective course to meet challenges at social levels, leading to the birth of new religions, such as Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism, some of which are older than Christianity, Judaism or Islam. There is, therefore, a kind of double diversity in India, not only between different cultural and religious groups, but within the religious groups of common origin. During their 2008 visits to India, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown and French President Sarkozy praised India as a multicultural, multilingual and multi-religious society. Indias pluralism is interpreted in unique ways by Indians and by non-Indians, and it is difcult for anyone to comprehend the totality of the proverbial Indian elephant. Unlike Canada or Australia, such deep plurality has not been ordained through Legislative Acts. Each country has had its own reasons for adopting pluralism. India has provided constitutional props, after having opted for a written Constitution. These are manifested in Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy of the Indian Constitution. The rst are embedded as Rights, which are enforceable through the courts, while the latter are as directives to the Government, and are not justiceable.
260
Alden E. Habacon, Beyond the Mosaic: Canadas Multiculturalism 2.0.' Annual Summer Conference, Cochiching Institute on Public Affairs (CIPA), August 9-12, 2007
261
Uzodinma Oweala, America, in black and white. Los Angels times, The Indian Express, January 25, 2008.
Multiculturalism: Challenges & Management
Indias principal challenges have been to ensure linguistic diversity and communal harmony among a wide variety of religious groups. This has largely been achieved through constitutional amendments such as that of 1955, which guaranteed the continuation of English as an associate ofcial language, to deect strong opposition from then-state Tamil Nadu to make Hindi the only ofcial language. Similarly, through another constitutional amendment in 1976, the word secular was added to the Preamble of the Constitution. In an Indian context, secularism, like nonviolence, is a positive idea, which allows freedom to profess and propagate religion. The word propagate creates contention, in the case of perceived forced proselytization. How to maintain communal harmony among diverse religious groups remains the primary concern of the Indian government and civil society. Globally, we are faced with a complex picture of multiculturalism under pressure at various levels and from diverse sources, particularly after 9/11. At times, policies followed by governments compound difculties in managing multiculturalism. This can be seen from the coverage of the following developments, in the media: The Malaysian Governments objection to the use of the word Allah in Christian prayers;262 The reappearance of cartoons of the Prophet Mohammad, creating serious tensions in Denmark;263 Racial tensions in Malaysia arising out of protests by the Hindu Group HINDRAF,264 and by former Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahims criticism of the government for the its handling of the HINDRAF march, and his presentation of roses to Prime Minister Abdullah Badawi; 265 The Prime Minister of Australia tendering an apology to Aborigines, describing their forcible conversion to the Australian way of life as a national shame;266 Indian tennis star Sania Mirzas decision not to participate in tournaments in India in response to pressures from fundamentalists; 267
262
The BBC News coverage in Asia News, February 1, 2008.

Papers republish Prophet Toon,' The Times of India, February 14, 2008
263Danish 264
Thomas Fuller, Indian Discontent Fuels Rising Tension in Divided Malaysia, The Times of India, February 11, 2008.
265 266 267
Anwar criticizes Malaysian Government for crackdown on Indians, The Tribune February 18, 2008.
Australia apologizes to aborigines for past sufferings, The Hindustan Times February 14, 2008.
Cartoon Sania getting her foot enmeshed in the Tennis Racket, The Hindu February, 2008.
The governments proposal to reserve jobs for Muslim minorities in the private sector as a follow up to the Sachar Committees Report; 268 Multiculturalism coming under pressure in the Netherlands from Conservatives; 269 Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams call for the inclusion of certain aspects of Sharia Law into the British Common Law, which has drawn criticism from both Christians and Muslims;270 An Indians successful suit against racism in the UK; 271 The repeal of the ban on not wearing hijabs in Turkey; 272 Widespread concern over abuse of South Asian women in the UK; 273 The call by Raj Thackeray, leader of the Maharashtra Nav Nirman Sena (MNS,) to declare Maharashtra for the Maharashtrians;274 and its condemnation by political leaders L.K. Advani and other intellectuals as against the letter and the spirit of the Constitution;275 Lord Meghnath Desai, a UK intellectual coming down heavily on the Indian Reservation System as a means of fracturing Indian identity There are no Indian citizens left, there are only OBCs and Dalits and Hindus and Muslims, and you get your agent to get your entitlement;276 Brampton-based Baljinder Badesho ghting against the helmet law as discriminating against Sikh tenets.277
Canada has struck a delicate but largely successful balance between the French language and culture and the English, as well as between Catholicism and Protestantism. But with the opening of Canada to non-whites to serve its economic needs has created
268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276
Rashmi Roshan Lall, Stand by for the British Shah Bano Case,' The Times of India, February 11, 2008. UK Indian wins racism case against Honda,' The Tribune February 14, 2008. Turkish Law Makers lift head-scarf ban,' The Times of India, February 10, 2008. Jijay Dutt, UKs South Asian Women battered for family honours, The Hindustan Times, February 11, 2008. Shailesh Gaikwad, Arrested, bailed, arrived,' The Hindustan Times, February 14, 2008. Cartoon North Indians go; I am the rightful heir to the Shiv Sena Legacy,' The Hindu February 5, 2008. Cartoon Violentines Day, (marking the Valentines Day) The Hindu February 14, 2008. N.K. Singh, We the Migrants, The Sunday Express, February 17, 2008.
The Idea Exchange,' Lord Meghnath Desais free willing interaction with journalists, The Sunday Express, February 17, 2008.
277 Sikhs undertake speed trial to challenge helmet rule, The Tribune February 18, 2008.
multiculturalism via biculturalism which requires some degree of integration into either British or French culture. India and Canada, as multicultural societies have, therefore, arrived through different routes and by adopting different models to their respective pluralist states; the essence in each case is not in the legislation alone, but its implementation, in law and in spirit, and perhaps most importantly, in policy and management. Here, civil society applies strategic rather than tactical pressure, and the government must respond not by using the electoral process to turn communal issues into vote banks, whether Moditva (the Hindu vote banks of the BJP), Mayawati Model (the Dalit-Brahmin Partnership), the Secularism Model (Minority Appeasement of Congress) or the revival of erstwhile slogans in Mumbai for Maharashtrians (cartoon in Hindu-Feb.5, 2008.) Positive discrimination has been accepted as state policy in many parts of the world, but must be temperately and judiciously placed to strengthen the spirit of multiculturalism.
Appendix IV: The Bridging Indo-Canadian Diaspora
By Ambassador (Retd.) Paramjit S. Sahai
Canada perceives a role for the Diaspora that could be leveraged to promote political dialogue both nationally and internationally, and used to promote global political and economic relations.278 What the Indian Diaspora can accomplish depends on its strength in Canada and its connectivity with India. If the Indo-Canadian Diaspora is perceived as having a fractured identity, its potential may be reduced, but, if synonymous with cultural diversity, perhaps this population will have more affect. More ideally, Former Premier of British Columbia Ujjal Dosanjh, who was honoured with the Pravasi Award at the rst PBD in January 2003, stated that he viewed himself simultaneously as an Indian and as a Canadian.279 What means are currently available to facilitate links between Canadas Indian Diaspora and India to the advantage of both?
Indias Engagement with Diaspora

At the global level, India has wooed its Diaspora since the 1970s through various policy initiatives to attract remittances, investments and participation in development projects. India has succeeded in drawing remittances because of attractive interest rates. In India, the bulk of remittances come from the gulf countries, but North American remittances are increasing. In 2006, these reportedly reached 50% of total remittances to India from the US, amounting to $26 billion. But a Diaspora should play a role beyond remittance; in January 2008, Shinder suggested that Diaspora involvement could be dened by ve Ts: transfer of money, tourism, trade, transport and telecommunications.280 At the same time, it has to be remembered that any kind of relationship between India and its Diaspora cannot be based on goodwill, love and patriotism alone.281 Although the Indian Diaspora connects through remittances and investment guided by commercial considerations, involvement in the development of the home country is dictated by other than pecuniary matters. Lord
278 279 280
Canadian Diversity: Policy Imperative Report of the Liberal Review Commission, August, 2006 . Ujjal Dosanjh, former Premier of British Columbia (Canada) at PBD-01/09/03, New Delhi.
Professor Shinder Thandi, Beyond Remittances: Can the Diaspora be a Strategic Asset in Economic and Social Prosperity: A Case Study of the State of Punjab,' Conference on Indian Diaspora, CRRID, Chandigarh, 01/14-15/08.
281
Lord Bhikhu Parekh, London School of Economics, UK at PBD-01/09/03.
Bhikhu Parekh, cynical on investments, felt nonetheless that the Diaspora had a role to play in the development of the home country.282 Structured and formalized interaction between India and its Diaspora began on January 9, 2003, which was declared Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (Indian Diaspora Day.) This date marked the return to India of the Father of the Indian Nation Mahatma Gandhi, from South Africa. Then-Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee described the event as a celebration of Jugalbandi (connectivity or harmonious blending) between the 22 million members of the Indian Diaspora and their motherland, between Bharatvasis (Indians) and Bharatvanshis (Indian Diaspora). 283 This event has become an annual feature since, connecting around 1,500 Diaspora from over 50 countries, who have an opportunity to listen to and interact with Indian dignitaries, including the President and Prime Minister. The value of this event may be debatable, but it does connect India with its Diaspora, and generates mutual awareness of requirements and perceptions. Over time, the PBD forum could usefully facilitate the capacity of Canadas Indian Diaspora to build more meaningful bridges with India.
Annual Pravasi Bharatiya Divas 2008 Indias Agenda

At the All-India level, the focus of the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD) 2008 was on Development as opposed to Investments, which was the theme of PBD-2007. This emphasis resulted from inadequate response towards investment, as noted by Minister Vayalar Ravi. 284 In his inaugural address, the Indian Prime Minister exhorted the Diaspora to join as active partners in this exciting journey of Indias progress and prosperity, in keeping with the theme Engaging the Diaspora: The Way Forward. The key to this new partnership between India and its Diaspora was education; Prime Minister Manmohan Singh expressed a desire to see India empowered through education.285 To focus Indias priorities, he dened the 11th Five Year Plan (2007-12) as the Education Plan of India. India has sought Diasporas involvement in three areas: the empowerment of women, the development of India as a knowledge society, and the strengthening of cultural links. Within these areas, sectors most inviting participation are education, health, small-to-medium-scale institutes, rural development, and micro-nancing. The PBD 2008 also brought announcements of some new initiatives: Progress made on the setting up of the PIO University was noted, as bidders tenders were under examination;
282 283 284 285
Ibid. Inaugural Address of Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Prime Minister of India, PBD-01/09/03. Vayalar Ravi, Minister, MOIA. Inaugural Address: Prime Minister Manmohan Singh at PBD 01/08/08, New Delhi.
The Overseas Indian Facilitation Centre (OIFC), a public/private partnership between the Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs (MOIA) and the Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) was set up in May 2007 to act as a focal point for the Diaspora for investment and development projects. A market place under the OIFC was operational at the PBD 2008 to provide connectivity; Plans to set up a Diaspora Centre in New Delhi were unveiled; The establishment of the Prime Ministers Global Advisory Council of People of Indian Origin to share knowledge and experience; The launch of the India Development Foundation for channeling funds from Diaspora towards human development in India.
Punjab has been holding its own annual Sammelans (get-togethers) of overseas Punjabis, and, unlike previous years, chose to hold a two-day event. The rst, on January 5, was at Chandigarh, and was for 250 invited guests. The second was an open house on January 6 for approximately 1,000 people at Jalandhar, the migration centre of Punjab. On both occasions, Chief Minister Prakash Singh Badal was present with all cabinet ministers, the chief secretary, and other senior ofcers. The theme was A New Partnership, and the tone was of serious, sincere commitment to a results-oriented approach. The emphasis was on the state governments role rather than the seeking of NRI investments. The leadership projected Punjab as a land of opportunities, with the government aggressively and expeditiously pursuing projects to regain Punjabs status as the number one state in India. Areas ripe for investment were; infrastructure (airports, roads), social infrastructure (education, health and water development), rural development and urban housing. The government assured the Diaspora of its willingness to provide security on their investments, a one-window clearance system, and time-bound implementation of projects. It also assured them that it was willing to take care of their concerns regarding property and personal security by setting up NRI courts, NRI police stations in six districts, and by making extensive use of websites to inform viewers of the status of properties and offences. The chief minister also announced a new committee of parliamentarians from Punjab, with Mr. Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa, Member of Indian Parliament, as the contact to interact with Indo-Canadian parliamentarians. He also promised to hold the next meeting in Canada, in response to a suggestion by Ruby Dhalla. Further, the Chief Minister announced the governments decision to enhance its share of NRI-supported development projects, under a scheme for community development, to 75% from 50%.
Indo-Canadians: Areas of Concern & Connectivity
Impressive Indo-Canadian participation was seen at the PBD-2008, and at the Punjabi NRI Sammelan. Minister Harinder Thakar from British Columbia was the Chief Guest at the plenary on business opportunities, while Dr. Ruby Dhalla (MP,) Mr. Sunil Jugasia, (president of the ICCC,) and Mr. Kasi Rao of Torontos Hospital for Sick Children participated as speakers at the working session on North America. At the NRI Panjabi Sammelans at Chandigarh and Jalandhar, Canadian participants included Ujjal Singh Dosanjh, Ruby Dhalla, Harvinder Thakar, Gurbux Malhi, and Gunwant Grewal. Indo-Canadian participation in Punjab was concentrated more on seeking commitments from the government to look after matters of concern to the Indo-Canadian Diaspora, which included reassurances regarding land disputes, urban property, personal safety, removal from blacklists, and the publishing of lists of proclaimed offenders. Other discussions dealt with a variety of matters in connection to these events: Only 5% of Indo-Canadians could invest or participate in development projects.286 On another occasion, this number was thought to be 10%.287 SMEs were the appropriate vehicle to promote trade and business links between India and Canada, in particular, in agriculture, agro-processing, and rural development.288 Canada was a land of hope, equality and opportunity. Indo-Canadians felt they had a signicant prole and yet wanted to give back to the home country. Relationships between Canadian NRIs and Punjab should go beyond investments, by building trust between NRIs and the government through knowledge sharing, by looking at the best practices of governance, and by making government more transparent and accountable.289 Concerns were expressed about fraud marriages, which were becoming a conduit for entry into Canada. Gurbax Singh Malhi moved a motion in the Canadian House of Commons to plug this loophole through more stringent sponsorship rules.290 To thwart illegal immigration, steps were being taken to regulate Gurdwaras as tax havens in the home, and steps were being taken to monitor illegal immigration.291
286 287 288 289 290 291
Ujjal Dosanh, Punjabi NRI, Sammelan Jalandhar, 01/06/08. The Punjabi Tribune, 01/05/08. Harvinder Takhar, PBD-01/09/08, New Delhi. Ajay Banerjee, Look Beyond Dollars, Ruby Dhalla, The Tribune, 01/21/08. Ajay Banerjee, Punjabi Origin MP takes up case in Canada, The Tribune, 01/14/08. Canadian Government becoming vigilant to stop kabutarbazi Malhi, The Ajit, 01/22/08.
Indian and Canadian governments need to deal with extremism with an iron hand; any revival of extremists would disappoint NRIs who wished to invest in India.292 The ICCC will promote projects and raise funds as in the past, and did not view Indo-Canadians as a fractured community.293 NGOs such as Torontos Hospital for Sick Children were willing to engage with India through exchanges and training programmes, but need guidance.294 There is a wish for the Canadian government to express regret for the Kamagata Maru episode of 1914. 295
The Canadian Government Agenda

There has been an increase in visiting delegations from Canada to India, which is reective of the desire of the Canadian Government to raise the level of its relationship with India. Then-Prime Minister Paul Martin, during his visit to Delhi in January 2005, expressed the desire to develop ties from a long-term perspective. Both Prime Ministers focused on the core elements of relationship: trade and investment, science and technology; environment and health. Martin wanted to diversify Canadas trade with India and other countries, lessening dependence on the US; both India and Canada agreed to take the following initiatives: To develop a tsunami early warning system, as a collaborative venture among likeminded countries. India, however, expressed that it had capabilities to meet the challenges through its own resources. To encourage a CEOs Roundtable on trade and investment promotion, with focus on developing partnerships in environmental technologies; To develop long-term collaborations in information, bio and nano technologies.296
Premier McGuinty undertook his rst visit to India in January 2007. The focus of his visit was on cooperation in the areas of education, culture, research and innovation, infrastructure, nancial services, information and communication technologies. During his visit, he met with the Chief Ministers of Punjab and Haryana, and addressed members of the Confederation of Indian Industry, whom he urged to develop ties with Canada. As a symbolic gesture to Indo-Canadians in Canada, the Premier paid homage at the Golden
292 293 294 295 296
Mahesh Sharma, Revival of Terrorism to affect NRIs, The Tribune, 01/08/08. Sunil Jurasia, President, ICCC at Working Session PBD-01/09/08, New Delhi. Kashi Rao, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, at Working Session PBD-01/09/08. Kamagata Maru: Ruby to urge Canadian Government for apology, The Tribune, 01/20/08. Rajeev Sharma, Canada views India as big power, The Tribune, 01/19/05.
Temple, Amritsar, and entered India from Pakistan through the Wagah-Attari land border. Mr. Harinder Takhar, Ontarios Minister for Small Business and Entrepreneurship, accompanied him on this trip and spoke of the need to establish collaboration among Indian and Canadian universities to foster industrial cooperation. Trade between India and Ontario reached one billion dollars in 2005, which represented an increase of 80% over ve years. In his discussions with Premier McGuinty, Mr. Bhupinder Singh Hooda, Chief Minister of Haryana, spoke of the possibility of cooperation in automotive industry, power, agriculture and agri-food, education, infrastructure projects and the environment. Haryana is also likely to explore the possibility of exporting basmati rice to Canada. A large delegation led by Gordon Campbell, Premier of British Columbia, visited Punjab in December 2007. This visit underscored the value of a special bond between British Columbians and Punjabis, as stated by Chief Minister Prakash Singh Badal. Badal sought British Columbias assistance in strengthening the areas of education, healthcare and information technology, and the exchange of scientic technical knowledge. Canada assured cooperation in upgrading technical skills and knowledge through experts and teachers exchange programmes, particularly in primary and secondary education, telemedicine, bio, nano and information technologies. 297 Premier Campbell was accompanied by a group of 20 educators, with the aim of signing MoUs with Indian Universities/Institutes. Vice Chancellor Professor R.C. Sobti noted that the Panjab University had MoUs with the University of Manitoba, with Simon Fraser University and the University College of Fraser Valley. Premier Campbell acknowledged that British Columbia needed people-power and hoped India could contribute; targeted were the states of Punjab and Haryana. The province was facing a shortage of 35,000 professionals, and immigration processes under the Provincial Nominee Programme had resulted in accelerating pace for the clearance of visas. Further steps were being taken to simplify these procedures. 298 Campbell also promised to look into the cases of refused visas, while his Attorney General and Minister of Multiculturalism Waly Oppal touched on the issue of abuse of visas resulting in the desertion of NRI Brides.299
Ground Realities: Status of Development Projects in Punjab & Canadas Role

The Punjab government took the initiative in 1998 to involve the Diaspora in development projects, by encouraging them to adopt villages for development under a programme called Mera Pind (My Village.) Under this scheme, called CD 2.35, the Punjab
297 298 299
Badal seeks cooperation from the British Premier,' The Indian Express, 12/4/07. Canada banking on India for fulfilling its human resource requirements, The Indian Express 12/4/07. Naveen S. Grewal, British Chamber Seeks Manpower, The Tribune, 12/4/07.
government contributes, on a fty-fty basis with Diaspora, to village development. The plan began in a relatively small way, but Rs.50 crore (Rs.500 million, or US $ 11.4 million) has been earmarked as Punjabs contribution from FY 2005-06 onwards. The scheme operates under the Department of Rural Development and Panchayats but was shifted to the NRI Department in April 2004. From its meager beginnings in 1998, to 2004, the governments share was Rs.1.64 crores (Rs.16.4 million or US $ 0.37 million) for 13 projects in the districts of Patiala, Hoshiarpur, Ludhiana and Kapurthala. Within FY 2004-05, the amount was Rs.45 lakhs (Rs.4.5 million or US $ 0.1 million) for 3 projects in Ludhiana and Hoshiarpur, and has increased to Rs.166 lakhs (Rs.16.6 million or US $0.38 million) for 46 projects in Patiala, Nawanshahr and Jalandhar. The Centre for Research in Rural and Industrial Development (CRRID) undertook a eld survey of these projects in the district of Hoshiarpur between January and May 2007. 300 Indo-Canadians led the group, although most of the projects had begun to acquire multicountry status, given support from Diaspora of a number of countries. Diaspora preferred to nance projects individually rather than in tandem with government support. Their interests and support were largely in areas of education, health and sanitation, although some villages were adopted for further development. Grassroots support at the district level was available, although concerns were expressed over local party politics and bureaucratic hurdles, which hindered some projects. Contribution of local share and maintenance were the other issues, which still need to be addressed fully. The IndoCanadian projects reveal four broad patterns of development: 1) An Integrated Village Development Approach: A Canadian group, the Indo-Canadian Friendship Society of British Columbia, adopted an Integrated Village Development approach, starting with the village Kharaundi, in 2003. Dr. Gurdev Singh Gill and Dr. Raghbir Bass are the principal initiators and motivators for this and other similar projects. This village has become the model for development of other villages, and was visited by the then-President of India in 2007. 2) A Combined Health and Education Project Approach: The Guru Nanak Mission Medical and Education Trust, Dhahan Kaleran, of the Hoshiarpur district, adopted this approach. The project was initiated in 1994 by Baba Budh Singh Dhahan of Vancouver, BC, and now operates a hospital, a nursing college and a senior secondary college programme with the University of British Columbia (UBC.) 3) A Joint Approach: The AAPI Charitable Hospital in Kartarpur, Jalandhar, was launched in 1991 by Vijay Kalhan of Toronto, and was located at their original family home. It is now a joint project; the American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin (AAPI) has joined with the project to upgrade the facilities. The hospital itself has adopted a village as a part of its preventative healthcare facility.
300
The author was present on a number of these district visits.
5) Health Camps: This approach was taken by Canadian Eyesight International, of Vancouver, which has for some time now, held eye camps in various parts of India. They now plan to institute an eye hospital with a commitment from the Punjab government to support their activities. Four leading Indo-Canadian philanthropists, all currently involved with development projects, shared their views and perceptions at a CRRID seminar in January 2008: Dr. Gurdev Gill spoke of the need to adopt the Integrated Village Development Approach. He asserted that sanitation was the key, because India has spent over Rs.5 billion every year in treating water-related diseases. According to their estimates, Rs. 25,000 per person was necessary to provide basic amenities. Mr. Vijay Kalhan stressed the need for providing basic health facilities, and for starting the same at the grassroots level. He was encouraged by the Canadian system, which provided basic health amenities to people. He stressed the need for a local partner. Mr. Anup Singh Jubbal stressed the need for timely support from the government. They had so far completed 46,000 eye operations under their programme Eye Sight India. They were looking for support, not only nancial, from the government. Baba Budh Singh stressed that health and education were the primary targets for development in any country, and that within these aims, attention must be paid to the maintenance of identity through language, and that the sponsors committed work ethic and discipline were essential.
At CRRID, two Punjab Centres were set up in 2003, to connect communitiesat the grassroots level. Exchanges of delegations of farmers, opinion-makers and media personalities have been initiated. A workshop on infrastructure linkages between the two Punjab Centres was held in May 2005. Emerging at present are considerations of investment, with a tripartite approach between an MNC, India and Pakistan; at this point, it is premature to contemplate connecting these centres with Canada, but it is nonetheless worth mentioning that Ontario Premier Mcguinty crossed the Wagah-Attari land border between India and Pakistan during his visit in January 2007. Although symbolic in nature, the event forecasts the likelihood of connectivity in the future.
Conclusion & Policy Recommendations

Indo-Canadians are willing to forge greater links between Canada and India, but it may be that only 5 to 10% of Indo-Canadians appear to be in positions to do so, and these have restricted themselves generally to Punjab, which states good governance has bearing on matters of Indo-Canadian Diaspora personal safety, safeguarding of land and urban property.
Concerning women and girls and Indo-Canadians cultural baggage, the perception is of a fractured community, and the lingering centrality of Gurdwara remain require deep revision. Both Indian and Canadian governments clearly wish to strengthen not only bilateral relationships, but to promote cooperation on international issues. Any viable policy or programme should have the support of the triad: both governments and Indo-Canadians. A multi-pronged and multi-agency approach will facilitate many of the recommendations below: Establish a berth for an Indo-Canadian in the PMs Advisory Council on PIOs; Form a group of Indian Members of Parliament specically for interaction with their Canadian counterparts; Hold Pravasi Divas in Canada, such as are held in the US, such as the one in 2007; Reactivate the Indian-Canadian Chamber of Commerce; Establish linkages at the university level; Establish an Association of Canadian Scholars comprised of Indians who have studied in Canada; Canada should consider sponsoring a youth delegation for participation at PBD-2009, with the Punjab State as a partner; The Association of Indian Physicians in Canada should develop an MoU with MOIA.
To achieve the above and other objectives, it is equally important to develop an infrastructure, which could meet such challenges and facilitate Indo-Canadian links through a multi-pronged and multi-national approach. We need: A greater push toward bilateral relationships at the federal level; Institutionalization of a relationship at the level of Parliamentarians, i.e. Friends of India and Canada. Such a group in Canada already exists informally; To establish links at the state/province level; Punjab and British Columbia seem to be natural allies. Chief Minister Prakash Singh Badal has talked publicly of signing an MoU; To establish a Friendly City relationship through the twinning of such cities as Vancouver or Toronto with Chandigarh; To strengthen links between the ICCC and the CII, since the latter is designated the Indian locus for Diaspora-related investments and/or development through OIFC and other similar bodies; To promote cross-linkages among NGOs involved in socio-economic issues, and, in particular, on gender issues;
To set up India Centres in Canadian universities and Canada Centres at Universities in India; To set up a Centre for Diaspora Studies in Canada to focus on Indo-Canadians. A similar centre exists in Australia; Media, in particular, the ethnic media, has to mature and generate awareness in a positive and professional manner, about the two countries and the two peoples; A Friendship Association of Canadian Scholars, like the British Association, with headquarters in Delhi and branches in other cities like Chandigarh, could become a useful connection at the Indian end.
All is possible through a free ow of people, as only then do ideas and projects follow, which ultimately enables progressively easier implementation of the recommendations above.
Appendix V: The Indo-Canadian Diaspora: A Preliminary Survey & Analysis
By Jane Dougan
Introduction
In 2007, the Center for the Study of Democracy (CSD) at Queens University in Canada embarked upon Building Bridges: A Case Study on the Role of the Indian Diaspora in Canada. The projects purpose was to examine the present and potential role of IndoCanadian society as a critical component in developing strategic partnerships between India and Canada. The further strengthening of such an international alliance is seen as benetting both countries in many areas; e.g., trade, public policy, good governance and democracy. India is the worlds largest democracy, and is on the threshold of becoming a major economic powerhouse in the 21st century. However, it faces considerable challenges, not the least of which are continued poverty reduction, and increased environmental deterioration brought on, in part, by growing energy demands.301 Canada, a democratic federation with an ofcial policy of multiculturalism, has had ongoing involvement in South Asia, and now faces challenges of wise management of energy resources and threats from climate change. By 2009, it is anticipated that the largest group of immigrants to Canada will be from India. There is considerable scope, therefore, for international collaboration, and much to be gained in this by the citizens of both countries, and, indeed, by the broader global community. As a component of the project, in early 2008 the CSD co-hosted Roundtables in Toronto and India (in New Delhi and Chandigarh, Punjab) to discuss relevant perspectives. Participants at the Toronto Roundtable (held on January 30, 2008, and co-hosted by the Indian Institute of Technology Alumni Canada) were asked to assist in disseminating awareness of a web-based survey amongst their contacts. The questionnaire was designed to provide supplemental data on the Indo-Canadian Diaspora.
301
Dwivedi, O.P. (2007) India in a globalised world: Transforming bureaucracy for the well-being and prosperity of all. Indian Journal of Public Administration Vol. III, No.4, 717-741.
Methodology
Questionnaire respondents were approached by snowball sampling, in which previously identied members of the Indo-Canadian Diaspora were asked to contact potential respondents from within Indo-Canadian society. This was initiated through attendees at the Toronto Roundtable meeting on January 30, 2008. The questionnaire was housed on SurveyMonkey.com, an online questionnaire design and tool. Participation was voluntary, and the questionnaire was self-administered on-line in real time. The questionnaire was wholly in written English.302 Only one response was allowed per computer. Respondents could not return to the questionnaire once they had nished it, or had left the server, but, while the questionnaire was in progress, they could go back to previous pages and edit or update their responses. On entering the questionnaire, a short introduction thanked respondents in advance for their participation, gave a brief summary of the CSD Building Bridges research project, and assured anonymity. Respondents were instructed that they could skip questions if they wished, although they were encouraged to provide as much information as possible. The estimated time for completion was ten minutes. Questions were closed (respondents chose from preselected alternatives) and open-ended. There were 71 questions in all. Closed questions (#1-64) were grouped according to four categories:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Family, Community and Social Relationships (#1-18) Economic, Political and Cultural Activity in Canada (#19-37) Economic, Political and Cultural Activity Abroad (#38-52) Identity and Demographics (#53-64) The nal seven questions (#65-71) were classied under the heading Open Questions.
Respondents needed to be a member of Indo-Canadian society, uent in written English, with access to the Internet, and able to successfully complete a questionnaire online. Ninety-seven respondents started the online questionnaire, of which 82 (84.5%) completed it. The rst response was submitted on February 9, 2008,and the last on April 25, 2008.
302
The language of the survey (English) was not necessarily a significant filter to respondents. Statistics Canada reports that in 2001, 85% of the Indo-Canadian Diaspora could converse in English. (Statistical figures for written English literacy are not given.)
Analysis/Interpretation
1. Family, Community & Social Relationships (Questions 1-18)
The rst group of questions related to birthplace, ethnicity and assimilation. The response rate to this section was good; on average, only 7 people (7%) skipped a question. The majority of respondents (almost 90%) were rst-generation immigrants; just over 10% were second-generation. 303 This is comparative to the Indo-Canadian Diaspora overall, most of which (67%) were born outside of the country.304 In almost all cases (95%), respondents indicated that both parents were born in India. Most respondents (71%) had spouses or partners of the same ethnic background. 10% had partners of a different ethnicity. Interestingly, all of these were rst-generation immigrants; one might have expected second-generation immigrants to be more likely to marry outside their ethnic group. One question (#5) asked whether and how respondents encouraged their children to maintain their heritage, given four broad choices of related activities. The majority (43%) selected adherence to religious practices, followed by speaking the native language at home (35.5%). An equal number (30%) required their children to attend related cultural events and to wear traditional clothing, when appropriate. Respondents could choose more than one answer; eleven people indicated that they required their children to comply with all the activities. The nal possible selection was None of the above. I encourage my children to assimilate as much as possible. Of the 27% who selected this, eight (32%) also selected one or more of the activity responses. Perhaps the boundaries of allegiance are not seen as clearly distinguished; e.g., one can support ones children in retaining aspects of their traditional Indian heritage, while at the same time encouraging their assimilation into broader Canadian society. This also supports ndings that suggest the majority of the Diaspora feel a sense of belonging to both Canada and their country of origin. 305 English is spoken always or often at home with children (78%) and spouse/partner (59%); sometimes or never with parents (46%). It is again perhaps counter-intuitive that only rst-generation immigrants (16 respondents, 18%) indicated that they always spoke English with their spouse and children. Inter-generational conicts within families based on cultural values were the exception (38%) rather than the norm (62%). Respondents
303
The presumption was that second-generation immigrants were born in Canada, but this was not explicit. One respondent commented later in open question responses that they would have appreciated more clarification of was what meant by second-generation.
304
Lindsay, Colin. (2007) The East Indian Community in Canada. Analytical Paper. Statistics Canada, Social and Aboriginal Statistics Division. Ministry of Industry, Canada.
305
Lindsay, Colin, p 17.
were unlikely to speak their native language at work, almost never with management or administration. Almost one-quarter indicated that they occasionally spoke their native language with workplace peers; 11% with clients or support staff. This supports ndings that when a member of the Diaspora speaks an unofcial language, this is most likely to be in the home. 306 Most (91%) did not prefer to work with people of their ethnic background, although almost 20% found it challenging to work with white or non-Indian Canadians. Just over half (52%) spend social time with people of other ethnic backgrounds, and a majority (77%) found it easy to become good friends with white or non-Indian Canadians. They are more inclined to have friends from similar ethnic (45.5%) or economic (43%) backgrounds, than to focus on religious (7%) and political (4.5%) similarities. Respondents indicated wide involvement with charitable organizations and/or volunteer work (97%), followed by religious institutions and community (44%), social clubs (24%) and politics (19%). There was double-digit participation in each of the wide-ranging community activities identied, except for community theatre (9%). Only 15% indicated that they did not participate in any of the selected activities. In a following question (#15), a majority (54%) indicated their willingness to engage in community activities.307 There are similarities here to the broader Diaspora community in Canada, 48% of which indicated in 2001 that they had participated in a sports team or church event. 308 Family is a critical source of support, being either the rst or second place respondents turn to for help with personal, family, social or nancial (especially educational) concerns. The other most common source of non-nancial support is associates within the ethnic community. This differs most when very specialized knowledge is needed; e.g., for physical or mental health concerns, almost all (95.3%) look rst to a medical practitioner, just as 72% seek income tax assistance from an independent nancial advisor. With family or business nancial needs, or unexpected expenses, respondents turn to a Canadian bank rst, but family in Canada second. Visa issues may prevent Indians from emigrating, working or studying in Canada. Onequarter of respondents knew of examples of each instance. Almost half (47%) knew of cases where Indians had encountered problems in emigrating, and over one-third (35%) where there had been problems working. Just less than one-third, however, knew of no such experiences. The question did not include mention of visas to allow family visits to
306 307
While questions 16 and 17 distinguished between community within and outside the Diaspora, this was not explicit in the preceding questions, (e.g., community theatre, community activities), and so responses may relate to either or both. The possible responses to Question 15 suggest that it refers to activities outside the Diaspora community.
308
Canada from India, but this emerged later in open questions (#71) as an additional area of concern.
2.
Economic, Political & Cultural Activity in Canada (Questions 19-37)
On average, 14 respondents (14%) skipped a question in this section. Only two people were unemployed; most (33%) were in business or self-employed entrepreneurs (28%). When asked whether they would either like to own, or already owned, their own business in Canada, it is perhaps surprising that the percentage answering afrmatively (55%) wasnt higher, given that the question made no distinction between those for whom business ownership was a reality or an aspiration. In business/career networking, generational similarities were most important, if there was a shared ethnicity. About twothirds (66%) reported considerable or some success regularly in nancial or business enterprises with colleagues outside of their ethnic group in Canada, although an equal or higher number (21-39%) felt this was not applicable to their situation. Most were unaware of federal or provincial resources geared toward strengthening the IndoCanadian community or individual entrepreneurship, and almost 70% would like to see more related initiatives at the federal level. One of the underlying questions posed by the Research Proposal for the Building Bridges project has to do with gaining a clearer understanding of the complexities of identity within the Indian Diaspora. How is it dened? When asked to choose, just over half felt that social institutions of the Indian Diaspora were based on language, then religion (26%). A tantalizing 20% indicated that the Diaspora was based on an unidentied other. One respondent to an open question (#71) emphasized that the Diaspora was not based on language, caste or religion, but essentially on being Indian. While just over 10% felt that multiculturalism in Canada was a myth, the majority (64%) recognized that it was a point of pride for most Canadians. An equal number (64%) participated enthusiastically in Canadian cultural events, although 20% report mixed feelings. Interestingly, of those who did not participate in Canadian cultural events (13 answers, 15.5%), none indicated in Question 15 that they were reluctant to engage in community activities because they had experienced racism. In correlating Questions 15 and 28, it would appear that some do not participate because of little time (4 answers) or preferring to spend time with their own family or ethnic group (3 answers). Questions 15 and 27 both dealt with issues of discrimination. A slightly higher percentage (56%) felt that they had faced some degree of discrimination in seeking work in Canada. In this, they echoed Statistics Canada ndings relating to the broader Indian community, where 49% reported experiencing discrimination. 309
309
Reecting back to the earlier question on visa problems (#18), it is encouraging that almost half of respondents felt that current Canadian immigration policies were much better than in the past, although one-third didnt know.310 Almost all had personal or familial experience of having to retrain or re-certify to work in their eld in Canada. A signicant percentage of respondents voted provincially (74%), federally (71%, compared to 61% for Canadians overall, according to the 2004 census), and municipally (60%). In this, they are similar to the broader Indo-Canadian Diaspora, of which 66% of those who were eligible voted in the last federal election 311. For the most part, however, they did not regularly participate in political activities at any level. Any such involvement was occasional, and most likely to be provincial in scope. A high percentage (84%) would like to see more lobbying on behalf of Indo-Canadian interests. A little over one-third (38%) had experience of political lobbying in Canada; of these, 26% had been considerably or somewhat successful. This supports the suggestion of the Building Bridges Case Study Report that there has been no organized lobbying effort amongst Indo-Canadians to promote Indian interests, or vice-versa. There appears to be considerable room for improvement of the perceived success of the Canadian government and the private sector in engaging Indo-Canadians in trade, investment, education, science and technology, and social philanthropy/development cooperation. Only a small percentage (4-14%) rated efforts to have been very effective. This was seen as somewhat effective in education (44%) as well as science and technology (37%). With investment and social philanthropy/development cooperation, 36% saw effectiveness in certain ways, but any such attempts were seen as not very effective in trade; (a key focus of the Building Bridges project). Similarly, the highest percentage of respondents (40.5%) felt that Canadian laws, policies and economic conditions did not enhance their association with colleagues in India, although one-third indicated benet to some degree.
3.
Economic, Political & Cultural Activity Abroad (Questions 38-52)
On average, 16 respondents (16.5%) skipped a question in this section. Those questioned were most likely to visit India every 2-3 years (49%), and 30% returned annually or bi-annually. It was assumed that all returned to visit at some point (never was not a possible choice). Only one respondent did not have family members in India, and one-fth (17-18%) had investments or were involved in Indian-based businesses or non-governmental organizations. Just fewer than 40% have nancial interests in Indian
310
The question did not clarify as to whether reference to the past related to personal or family experience, or the historical record, or set any boundaries around the time period. This is not of great importance; the important finding is that there is a perception that immigration policies are improving, but it might be interesting in future questions to allow respondents to specify the comparative time period.
311
enterprises. Respondents were most likely to have weekly contact with family members in India (52%), and occasional contact with non-family members of their ethnic group (45%). In an increasingly globalised world, it is worth noting that the geo-political links of the Diaspora extend beyond Canada and India; respondents were equally likely to have occasional contact with family and members of their ethnic group living in other countries (35%). In comparison to Question 20, in which 55% indicated that they either already had ownership of a Canadian-based business or would like to do so, a slightly higher percentage (60.5%) already actively participate in an Indian-based venture while being a resident in Canada, or would like to do so. However, most (58-68%) indicated no experience of nancial or business enterprises with colleagues in India, suggesting that the answer to the previous question may have reected aspirations more than present realities. Over one-third (32%) had experienced some or considerable regular success in such international enterprises. The highest percentage (59%) indicate that Canadian policy makers and politicians dont understand present-day India very well, although one-third suggest there may be a moderate understanding. Half of respondents are only somewhat inclined to agree that Canada has failed to develop cornerstones and initiatives for two-way trade with India, although 49% agree absolutely. Earlier, respondents had been asked to what extent Canadian policies enhanced their association with colleagues India; not at all, to some degree or a great deal. Most (40.5%) had responded not at all, while 30% said to some degree. A similar pattern held when asked whether Indian policies and trade affected them in Canada; 38% said no, while one-third (30.5%) felt that there was an effect. Over half (53%) do not object to certain Western corporate/business/nancial practices becoming prominent in India. One-fth of respondents object, and almost one-third are undecided. Perhaps relatedly, 42% felt that their ongoing relationship with members of their home country had not resulted in cultural changes in either country, nor had these had political value (66%). However, 43% felt there had been economic benet to some in India. A majority (69%) agreed that there were good reasons why Indians wishing to immigrate to North America should choose Canada rather than the US, even if research indicates that economic prospects for them are better south of the border. It should be noted, however, that respondents are already in Canada; it would be interesting to ask a similar question of Indians applying to immigrate to North America. In later open questions (#69, #70), several respondents indicated that they had found greater economic success in the US, but this had not necessarily altered their wish to live in Canada. For example, I would like to come back to Canada, but I cant because I cant have proper work in Canada Canada is nowhere in my radar, though it is the best place to live, if profession was not the issue. Another wrote to succeed, I had to go to the US, get some North American experience, and then come back to Canada. Now, I can honestly say that Canada has given me much more than the US or India ever could.
Turning to consideration of higher education, most (69%) did not know of anyone who had wanted to come to Canada to study but gone elsewhere because of visa problems. Nevertheless, there was strong agreement (90%) that Canadian universities were failing by not recruiting in India as heavily as their counterparts in the US. Over-half (57%) did not know of India/Canada student-exchange programs and fellowships.
4.
Identity & Demographics (Questions 53-64)
For the most part, respondents were middle-aged male professionals, with aboveaverage education and incomes. By far the greatest number of respondents was male (86%), 35-64 years of age (78%). The largest demographic were 45-54 years old (33%). There were no respondents under 16; youths (16-24) and young adults (25-34) were marginally represented at 6%. At the other end of the age demographic, some 10% were 65 and older. A high percentage (88%) was in their rst marriage; one-tenth was single. This supports Statistics Canada ndings that Canadians of East Indian origin are more likely to be married, and less likely to live in common-law relationships 312. None were widowed; one was separated, and one divorced. Almost all had post-secondary education; most had graduate, professional or doctoral degrees. 64% had obtained a graduate degree in India. Almost 30% achieved a professional or doctoral degree since coming to Canada. Generally, this is a moreeducated group (26% of which have graduate degrees, according to Statistics Canada gures for 2001) 313. More than half (almost 60%) reported annual family incomes of over $100,000, and of this group, 35% earned over $140,000. Over 90% were born in India, and the majority identied themselves as Indo-Canadian (39.5%) or Canadian (36%). (The subtle nuances of such identication may be related in part to whether individuals had Canadian citizenship or landed-immigrant status, a distinction that was not specied.) Of the 80% who had children, an equal number (36%) were born in Canada and India. (Respondents were limited to one answer; some pointed out that they had children born in more than one country.) Two-thirds of respondents were Hindu, and 16% Sikh. This was a higher representation of Hindus than for the South Asian Diaspora in Canada in general, of which Hindus comprise 28% and Sikhs 30%.314 Muslims and Christians were equally represented in the questionnaire at 6%. This was a lower percentage of Muslims than in the broader Canadian Diaspora (where they number some 23%) but perhaps similar for Christians (8%, at least for Catholics). (Respondents could nominate only one choice of religion; the comment was made in open questioning that one might claim allegiance to more
312 313 314
Lindsay, Colin p 12. Lindsay, Colin, p 13. Lindsay, Colin, p 11.
than one religious tradition.) Over one-third (43%) had observed their religion within the past week, and another 21% within the past month. The linguistic and cultural diversity of the Diaspora was evident when respondents identied their rst language. Hindi was in the majority (21%), followed by an equal number who were native Panjabi (14%) or English (14%) speaking. In decreasing order, Gujarati (10%), Tamil (9%), Bengali (7.5%), Marathi (5%), Malayalam (5%), Telugu (4%) and Oriya (2.5%) were also represented. The percentage of native Panjabi speakers is somewhat less than the representative number of Indo-Canadians; approximately half of the Indian Diaspora in Canada comes from the state of Punjab.
The Womens Voice

Recognizing that the sample size is small (11), it may be of interest to isolate the responses from women to see where they speak with a unied voice, and to identify dissimilarities from the overall response pattern. A higher percentage (50% of women, compared to 36% of men) reported that they had experienced inter-generational conicts based on cultural values. Women were less likely to speak their native language at work; this might occur occasionally with peers, clients or support staff, but never with management or administration None of the female respondents preferred to work with people of their ethnic background and, unlike one-quarter of male respondents, all found it easy to be come good friends with white or non-Indian Canadians. The women who responded tended to be involved in a narrower range of community events, primarily volunteer work (60%) and charitable organizations (50%) but none with local political activities, music, community theatre or local sports. Perhaps not surprisingly, while the largest group of men (37%) was employed in the business sector, a similar percentage of women (36%) worked in education/childcare/social services. Women were somewhat (55%) more aware of federal provincial resources to strengthen the Indo-Canadian community. All knew of someone who had had to be re-trained or re-certied to work in their eld in Canada. They were more likely than men to agree that the Canadian government and private sector had been somewhat effective in their efforts to engage the Indo-Canadian community. Women were less likely than men to have nancial interests in Indian enterprises, and (unlike men) most indicated that they either were not or did not wish to be active entrepreneurial partners in an Indian-based venture. All agreed that Canadian universities were failing to effectively recruit Indian students. Like their male counterparts, they were well educated; just under half (45.5%) had obtained a graduate degree in India, while 36% had earned professional or doctoral degrees in Canada.
5. Open Questions (#65-71)
The nal section of the questionnaire included 7 open-ended questions. The average response rate for these was signicantly lower than for the earlier closed questions, with over one-third (43%) declining to respond. Respondents were asked their opinion on whether there was a unied Diasporic voice, or if Indo-Canadians are too diverse to speak as a group. For the most part (56%) the Diaspora is seen as too diverse to speak with one voice. Simple yes (4/63 or 6%) or no (10/63 or 16%) answers were challenging to interpret without modiers to signal whether they were in reference to the rst or second part of the question; (e.g., yes, there is a unied Diasporic voice or yes, Indo-Canadians are too diverse to speak as a group, and vice-versa). However, 8 respondents (13%) suggested that there was movement within the Diaspora towards such unication, or that this was necessary and might be possible under some sort of national or umbrella organization. (None was nominated.) One respondent saw low morale within the Diaspora as a hurdle. Three questions (#66, 67 and 68) dealt with questions of communication and outreach, about the project, and about media representation of Indo-Canadians. Respondents felt that the best way to reach potential contributors to this project in India would be through the Internet or websites (21%), print media such as newspapers (6%), and targeted professional organizations (32%), particularly universities (16%). Specic suggestions were the Canadian High Commission, the Indo-Canada Chamber of Commerce (ICCC), and the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute. Several suggested that the best way to reach people in India was indirectly, through Indians living in Canada. This leads directly to question (#67), which asked how to reach members of the Indo-Canadian Diaspora to further project-related research. Contact with community organizations was seen as the most effective way, including religious organizations. Several suggested that this should take the form of personal visits and presentations. Again, the Internet was seen as a key tool (including websites such as SikhNet, www.sikhnet.com, and Sikhchic, www.sikhchic.com) along with advertisements and articles in print media. Specic s u g g e s t i o n s i n c l u d e d a l u m n i a s s o c i a t i o n s s u c h a s I I TA C ( h t t p : / / www.iitalumnicanada.org), the India-Canada Association (http://www.indiacanada.org/), and the Marathi Bhashik Mandal (MBM) in Toronto (http://www.mbmtoronto.com). One respondent observed that, reaching members of the Indo-Canadian community was not so much a physical activity as an intellectual activity; e.g., dependent upon context and grasping the issues. For this, one needed greater understanding of the broader mass of Indo-Canadians, which could be achieved through targeted discussion with a selected representative panel. Turning the lens in the other direction, respondents were asked how they felt about the medias representation of India and Indo-Canadians. Building a better relationship
between Canadian media and the Diaspora is one of the policy recommendations resulting from the Roundtable Discussions of the Building Bridges project. More than one respondent (6%) saw the role of media as inconsequential, rather than signicant. A majority (53%) felt that media representation was negative, for the most part; specic comments included non-existent, not enough, unfair and stereotypical, mostly focused on problems. More encouragingly, about one-quarter felt that media representation was adequate or improving. Two respondents suggested that the Canadian media should focus on stories related to Indias advances in business and technology. Four-fths of respondents (80%) could identify an instance where immigration to Canada had resulted in tremendous success; for one out of every four, this was an explicitly personal account. Nine respondents (17%) could not think of a single success story. Perhaps underscoring the sense of belonging to a community, several of those who related success stories tempered this with recognition that there were others who had not prospered, perhaps because their skills were not recognized in Canada or because of systemic racism. Others emphasized that success had come only after struggle, (a reminder of the tenacity and ingenuity of the Indian Diaspora referred to in the case study for the Building Bridges project report). Success was usually seen in economic terms, although one respondent included political and social leaders and another highlighted contributing socially and professionally. Only one respondent explicitly challenged the prevailing denition of success, by responding that he knew a refugee who lives on social assistance and he is happy. Several successful individuals and companies were identied by name. Question 70 was complex.315 Essentially, it concerned exploring the potential of the Diaspora in facilitating two-way exchanges between Canada and India, in the context of globalization. The responses were varied. Only three respondents were explicitly negative, feeling that these were meaningless issues and the proposal was no more than a make-work project. Over 40% were supportive of the Diaspora playing an integral role; some went further and commented that such exchanges would not be possible without the Diasporas cooperation. Several stressed the need for greater respect; e.g., for India as an emerging and equal power, a dialogue between two equals, and for better self-esteem of those within the Diaspora, what we are and what we can bring to the table. Only on such a secure foundation could true dialogue emerge, and would the recognition of shared priorities be possible. The nal question gave respondents the chance to contribute any additional observations, experiences or examples related to Indo-Canadian life that would help to strengthen the relationship between India and Canada. If a general theme can be recognized from the diversity of answers, one that emerges is the critical need for greater
315
Six respondents suggested by words or symbols (e.g., ??) that the question was too complicated for them to respond.
recognition by Canadian institutions and people of the skills and contributions of the Diaspora. This is foundational to any continued efforts to build bridges between either country. Several respondents stressed the need for Canada to recognize Indian educational qualications and work experience. 316 The need for greater integration was also mentioned, (economically, academically and socially), but again this must be built on mutual understanding and respect. A number of respondents wanted to emphasize their allegiance to Canada, which does not preclude that for their country of origin (e.g., I love India, I love Canada, I think I stand to gain from my association with both countries). There is a running thread of concern that issues of importance to Canadians outside the Diaspora (e.g., human rights, multiculturalism) are not yet the key issues for IndoCanadians (who for the short-term are more focused on professional success and nancial security) or, indeed, for an emerging India. Others challenged the concept of the Diaspora itself; I have become a Canadian and therefore, other than speaking to my relations in India, why do I have to identify myself as Indo-Canadian? One new aspect that emerged from two respondents was the importance of spirituality (the real value of India) and the need for better education of other Canadians around the Indo-Canadian spiritual heritage, as a point of unity rather than division. Regarding the questionnaire design and questions, several participants felt that the framing of some questions was not grounded in a rm knowledge of India or the Diaspora, and that this could be improved in future questionnaires.
Questionnaire Discussion about Building Bridges

The Indo-Canadian Diaspora may be Canadas largest by 2017. The essential purpose of the questionnaire was for the voices of this citizenry to be heard, especially against the backdrop of the need to strengthen collaboration between Canada and India. There are predictions that India will become the worlds fastest-growing major economy.317 The Center for the Study of Democracy (CSD) at Queens University has identied the need to strengthen Canadian-Indian partnerships, not only economically but with respect to social, political and cultural aspirations, such as good governance and democratization. Many of the key issues raised in the questionnaire informed the nal recommendations made in the Building Bridges Case Study; particularly the need for improvements in visa policies for visitors and potential immigrants, better recognition of credentials and skills obtained overseas, and improved media coverage and understanding throughout Canada of the contributions and strengths of India and its Canadian Diaspora.
316
One respondent directed readers to a website that addresses and documents concerns related to the immigrant experience, http://www.notcanada.com.
317
Flavin, C. and Gardner, G. (2006) China, India and the New World Order. In State of the World 2006, edited by Linda Starke, 3-23. Washington, D.C.: The Worldwatch Institute.
An essential question is to what extent the voices in this particular questionnaire are representative of the broader Indo-Canadian Diaspora. As with the East Indian Diaspora overall (2001 gures), most respondents were rst-generation immigrants. However, they were signicantly better-educated and higher income earners. In 2000, the average per capita income for the Indian Diaspora was just over $27,000 318. Almost 60% of respondents to this questionnaire reported annual family incomes of over $100,000. Even though this includes family income as compared to individual, it likely reects a signicantly higher-than-average income group. Questionnaire respondents were also a signicantly older demographic. Almost 60% were in the 45-64 year age bracket, as compared to 21% of the Indian community in Canada overall. The youth voice is largely missing from this questionnaire. Some 40% of the Indian Diaspora is 24 years of age or under, but this age group was represented by only 6% of respondents. The Building Bridges Case Study report recognizes that the coming generation of Indo-Canadians will have a very different prole than their parents and explicitly recommends more of a focus on the development of youth leadership from within the Diaspora. Perhaps a future questionnaire might be targeted to Indo-Canadian youth, especially because some of the responses to the questionnaire from secondgeneration Canadians seemed counter-intuitive. The emerging youth of the Diaspora would seem to be a fascinating, complex group who resist easy classication. Much can be gained from a better understanding of their aspirations and perspectives of the future role of the Diaspora in international linkages. Similarly, women make up almost 50% of the East Indian community in Canada, but only 14% of questionnaire respondents. The respondents to the Building Bridges questionnaire show similarities to the overall Indian Diaspora community, as evidenced by Statistics Canada 2001 gures, in their sense of connection to the Canadian community; e.g., an overall willingness to participate enthusiastically in Canadian cultural events. Of religion, representation was appropriately broad of range, if not in percentages. Like their counterparts in the IndoCanadian Diaspora overall, the respondents were a well-educated, English-speaking, cosmopolitan group, active with their communities, and allied to both Canada and India. One slight caveat might be broached regarding environmental concerns and opportunities. The Case Study recognizes the need for partnerships in environmentally related areas such as concerns for alleviating climate change and for ensuring sustainable energy alternatives. For the most part, however, such considerations are largely absent from the project report, and all but wholly absent from the questionnaire questions and responses. The Case Study is correct in recognizing that the quest for environmentally sustainable solutions opens up exciting and creative opportunities for both countries, certainly regarding a two-way trade in ideas, and far beyond the potential
318
richness of Canadas raw materials. The crux of the matter is perhaps put succinctly in a recent report, about the emerging economies of China and India:
Global ecosystems and resources are simply not sufcient to sustain the current economies of the industrial West and at the same time bring more than 2 billion people into the global middle class through the same resource-intensive development model pioneered by North America and Europe. 319
New models and approaches are needed, for both India and Canada, and as examples for the broader global community. What better conduit than the Indo-Canadian Diaspora, especially its emerging and enthusiastic youth, supported by the type of international academic initiatives and exchanges already identied in the report, and strongly supported by questionnaire participants? In conclusion, the research proposal asks the essential question, concerning the Indian Diaspora in Canada, If community can be a bridge, how sturdy is that bridge? The foundational support for the bridge represented by these respondents is, for the most part, sturdy indeed. They are comfortable conversing in at least one of Canadas ofcial languages (English), and both working and interacting socially with Canadian society outside of and within the Diaspora. They are well educated, nancially successful, with solid family ties, and are active within their communities, mostly through volunteering and charitable engagements. They travel regularly between Canada and India, so are up-todate in their awareness of the evolving realities in both countries. A majority of respondents can build on a history of nancial success with colleagues outside of their ethnic group, and many would like to see more federal or provincial resources to strengthen such entrepreneurship. While many had experienced issues with visas and recognition of work experience, for the most part they felt Canadian immigration policies were improving. Perhaps most important to this project is the sizeable number (40%) who were supportive of the Diaspora playing an integral role in exchanges between Canada and India. There was concern that the Diaspora was too diverse to speak with one voice (56%), and the recognition that groundwork needed to be done to ensure mutual respect and heightened self-esteem, based on recognition of their skills and contributions, before true dialogue could emerge. Some issues seen as integral to the project (e.g., human rights, multiculturalism) were not yet seen to be shared to the same extent as concerns within the Diaspora or indeed India, but again, a greater foundation of respect and security was seen to be the underpinning for this as well. It may be that there is a need for further questionnaires within the Diaspora to gain a clearer picture of the range of perspectives, but the indications are that, provided the groundwork is in place, the bridge foundation will be deep and strong.
319
Flavin and Gardner 2006 p 4
Indian Diaspora in Canada - CSDs Survey
On behalf of the Centre for Studies in Democracy (CSD) at Queens University, thank you for engaging with the following survey. As a member of Canadas Indo-Canadian society, your unique experience, opinions and information will contribute to the larger project of building socioeconomic, political, and cultural bridges between India and Canada. The Indo-Canadian Diaspora may be Canada's largest by 2017; the CSD and its afliates on this project, (of which this survey is only one part) feel that there is a need for the voices of this citizenry to be heard. This short questionnaire is a component of Building Bridges: The Role of the Indian Diaspora in Canada, a research project conducted by the CSD. The purpose of the study is to examine the current state of the Indian Diaspora in Canada: its sense of identity; the role played in Canadian communities; the strengths and challenges of organizing collective activities in Canada; the effectiveness of Indias efforts to engage its Diaspora; the potential for Indo-Canadians to move beyond trade links toward deeper Canada-India partnerships in pluralism, federalism and democratic practice.
There are ve categories in the survey: 1. Family, Community and Social Relationships 2. Economic, Political and Cultural Activity in Canada 3. Economic, Political and Cultural Activity Abroad 4. Identity and Demographics 5. Open Questions All responses are entirely condential; your privacy is assured. Participation is voluntary, and should take no longer than about ten minutes. Simply select your responses from the menus found in each question. You may omit questions if you wish, although we hope you will provide us with as much information as possible.
1.
Q1.
Family, Community and Social Relationships

I am a:
First generation immigrant Second generation immigrant Third or more generation immigrant Born in India Born in Canada Born elsewhere
Q2.
My mother was:

Q3.
My father was:
Born in India Born in Canada Born elsewhere Yes No Not applicable
Q4.
Is your spouse/partner of the same ethnic background as you?

Q5.
If you have children, (how) do you encourage them to maintain their heritage? (you may choose more than one answer)
By having/attending Bollywood movie nights or other Indian cultural/ entertainment/sporting events By requiring our native language be spoken at home By requiring adherence to religious practices By expecting them to wear traditional clothing in family or cultural events None of the above: I encourage my children to assimilate as much as possible Not applicable Always Often My spouse/partner My children My parents Sometimes Never
Q6.
At home, English is spoken with:
Q7. Q8.
I have experienced inter-generational conicts based on cultural values within my family YES NO I speak my native language at work

With peers
Always Often
Sometimes
Never
With management or administration With clients With support staff. FALSE
Q9.
I prefer to work with people of my ethnic background.

TRUE
Q10. I have found it easy to become good friends with white or non-Indian Canadians.
TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE
Q11. It is challenging to work with white or non-Indian Canadians. Q12. My friends are typically:
From the same ethnic background as me From the same economic background as me
From the same religious background as me From the same political afliation as me People of my own ethnic background People of diverse backgrounds Community theatre Local sports Charitable organizations Volunteer work Local music activities Environmental awareness programs Local political activity (fundraising, campaigning, etc.) My religious institution and community Social clubs
Q13. Socially, I spend more time with:

Q14. I am involved in: (you may choose more than one answer)

None of the above
Q15. I am reluctant to engage in community activities primarily because: (you may choose more than one answer)
I worry that my accent causes difculty I have experienced racism I have little time I prefer to spend time with my family and people of my own ethnicity None of the above; I am not reluctant to engage in community activities
Q16. If I need support in any of the areas described in the column below (Family, Health, Personal, Social), I seek support from: (you may choose more than one answer)
Religious advisor Family member Medical practitioner Associates from within my ethnic community Associates from outside my ethnic community Other
Q17. In facing any of the nancial matters in the column below (Family Enterprise; Business/Career; Education; Income Tax Assistance; Unexpected Expenses), I seek support from: (you may choose more than one answer)
Family in Canada A Canadian bank An independent nancial advisor
Family abroad Associate(s)from within my ethnic community
Q18. I know of cases where Visa issues (delays, roadblocks, red tape) have prevented Indians from:
Emigrating to Canada Working in Canada Studying in Canada None of the above All of the above
2.
Economic, Political and Cultural Activity in Canada

Unemployed Self-employed/entrepreneur Employed at home, paid Employed at home, unpaid Employed in a family business, paid Employed in a family business, unpaid Employed in the business sector Employed in education/child care/social services Employed by government/legal or penal institution Employed in labour/manufacturing/repair NO
Q19. I am:
Q20. I do (or would like to) own my own business in Canada.

YES
Q21. I nd it easier to network and make strong business/career connections with: (you may choose more than one answer)
People of the same ethnicity and generation as me. People of a different ethnicity but the same generation as me. People of the same ethnicity but a different generation than me. People of differing ethnicity and generation than me.
Q22. Would you say that the social institutions of the Indian Diaspora in Canada are based on:
Language? Caste? Religion? Other?
Q23. In my experience of nancial or business enterprises with colleagues NOT of my ethnic group in Canada, I have experienced regularly; often; sometimes:
Considerable success
Some success Limited success No success Not applicable
Q24. I am aware of federal or provincial resources that could help IndoCanadian establish a strong community.
YES NO
Q25. I am aware of federal or provincial resources that could help me establish my own entrepreneurial enterprise or business.
YES NO
Q26. Initiatives to foster commerce tend to be provincial, not federal. Do you think Canada needs to pay more attention, at the federal level, to developing initiatives that would enhance your prospects in Canada?
YES UNDECIDED NO
Q27. I have, or suspect I have faced some degree of discrimination in the process of looking for work in Canada.
YES NO
Q28. I participate in traditional Canadian cultural (i.e. Canada Day, New Year's Eve parties, Santa Claus parades, Thanksgiving, etc.) with:
Great enthusiasm Mixed feelings Discomfort I do not participate in these events A genuine point of pride for most Canadians I have met. Complicated, because many Canadians seem to dislike the policy. A myth. Don't know Much better than in the past The same as in the past Much worse than in the past Don't know
Q29. Multiculturalism in Canada is:

Q30. Current immigration policies in Canada are:
Q31. Research has shown that Canada currently undervalues the credentials of many immigrants who have been trained and educated outside of Canada. Have you, or has someone you know of, experienced the need to re-certify or re-train in Canada to work in a eld for which you / they are already trained?
YES NO
Q32. Have you, individually or with a group, ever lobbied an elected ofcial (municipal, provincial or federal) for any reason?
Yes, with much success
Yes, with some success Yes, unsuccessfully No
Q33. Would you like to see more lobbying by individuals and organizations on behalf of Indo-Canadian interests?
Yes No Don't care
Q34. How effective [Very Effective/Somewhat Effective/Effective In Certain Ways/Not Very Effective] have the efforts of the Canadian government and private sectors been in engaging Indo-Canadians and the Indian Diaspora in:
Trade Investment Education Science and Technology Social Philanthropy and Development Cooperation Federal Election Provincial Election Municipal Election YES YES YES NO NO NO
Q35. Did you vote in the last:

Q36. Aside from voting, do you participate in any of the following, and to what degree?
Local/municipal political activity Occasionally Never Provincial political activity Occasionally Never Federal political activity Occasionally Never Always O Always O Always f f t t e e n n
Often
Q37. To what degree do Canadian laws, policies, and economic conditions enhance your association with colleagues in India?
A great deal To some degree Not at all Unsure
3.
Economic, Political and Cultural Activity Abroad

Bi-annually Annually Every 2-3 years
Q38. I visit India:
Every 4-6 years Rarely
Q39. I communicate regularly with people in India because: (you may choose more than one answer)
I have family members there I have or am involved with a business there I have investments there I am involved in NGO activity there
Q40. I have nancial interests as a customer, supplier, partner, investor, holder of stocks or shares, in one or more Indian enterprises.
YES NO
Q41. I am in contact with [Daily/ Weekly/ Monthly/ Occasionally/ Not At All]:

Non-family members of my ethnic group living in India Family members living outside of India but not in Canada Family members living in India Non-family members of my ethnic group living outside of India but not in Canada
Q42. I am (or would like to be) an active participant in a business or entrepreneurial venture in India, while living in Canada.
YES NO
Q43. In my experience of nancial or business enterprises with colleagues in India, I have experienced [Regularly/ Often/ Sometimes]:
Considerable success Some success Limited success No success Not applicable Very well Moderately well Not very well Not at all
Q44. Policy makers and politicians in Canada understand India, as it is today:
Q45. Canada has been criticized for failing to develop cornerstones and initiatives for two-way trade with India -- do you agree with this criticism?
Yes Somewhat No Yes No
Q46. Do policies and trade practices in India affect you, here in Canada?

Unsure
Q47. I object to certain Western corporate/business/nancial practices now becoming prominent in India.
True False Undecided
Q48. My ongoing relationship with members of my home country [Some In India/ To Many In India/ To Some In Canada/ To Many In Canada/ To None] has:
Been of Economic Value Brought about cultural changes Brought about cultural changes Had political value
Q49. I can think of good reasons why Indians wishing to emigrate to North America should choose Canada rather than the US, even though research indicates that economic prospects are better for Indians in the US than in Canada.
TRUE FALSE
Q50. Do you know of anyone who wanted to study in Canada and couldn't get a visa on time, so went elsewhere?
YES NO
Q51. US universities recruit very heavily in India, but Canadian universities do not. Is this a failure on the part of Canadian universities?
YES NO
Q52. I am aware of student exchange programs between Canada and India and fellowships for either Canadian students wishing to study in India or Indian students wishing to study in Canada.
YES NO
4.
Identity and Demographics

F 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 Over 65 Single Separated Divorced Widowed Other 16-24 Married
Q53. I am: M Q54. I am: Q55. I am:

Q56. While in India, I obtained:

Some high school courses A high school diploma A college diploma or certicate An undergraduate degree A graduate degree A professional or doctoral degree Not applicable
Q.57. While in Canada, I obtained:
Some high school courses A high school diploma A college diploma or certicate An undergraduate degree A graduate degree A professional or doctoral degree Not applicable under $15,000.00 $15,000.00 - $34,000.00 $35,000.00 - $49,000.00 $50,000.00 - $74,000.00 $75,000.00 - $99,000.00 $100,000.00 - $140,000.00 over $140,000.00 In Canada In India Elsewhere Canadian Indian Indo-Canadian None above Born in Canada Born in India Born elsewhere No children
Q58. My/our family annual income is between:
Q59. I was born:

Q60. When asked, I identify myself as:

Q61. My children were:
Q62. My rst language is:__________________________ Q63. I am:

Sikh Hindu Muslim Christian None of the Above Within the past week
Q64. I have observed my religion / attended my institution of religion:

Within the past month Within the past year None of the above
5.
Open Questions
Q65. Do think there is a unied diasporic voice, or that Indo-Canadians are too diverse to speak as a group? Q66. How do we best reach people in India who would be interested in contributing knowledge / opinions to our project? Q67. How do we best reach members of your community in order to further our research? Q68. Media plays a signicant role in educating Canadians about India and the Indo-Canadian Diaspora. How do you feel about the media's representation of India and Indo-Canadians? Q69. Can you describe a "success story" of yourself or someone you know whose immigration has resulted in tremendous success in Canada? Q70. What, in your opinion, are the prospects for a greater role and greater responsibility of the Indian Diaspora, as part of a multicultural polity in Canada, for promoting two-way exchanges between Canada and India of their experience and knowledge of federalism, democracy, human rights and multiculturalism, in the context of globalization? Q71. Finally, is there anything additional that you feel would be helpful for us to know about your experience and knowledge of Indo-Canadian life, culture and economics, or anything you feel we may have omitted in our questions that would help us to better develop and strengthen bridges between India and Canada?
References
Dwivedi, O.P. (2007) India in a globalised world: Transforming bureaucracy for the well-being and prosperity of all. Indian Journal of Public Administration. Vol. III, No. 4, (pp.717-741). Flavin, C. and Gardner. G. (2006) China, India and the New World Order. In State of the World 2006, edited by Linda Starke, (pp.3-23). Washington, D.C.: The Worldwatch Institute. Lindsay, Colin (2007) The East Indian Community in Canada. Analytical Paper. Statistics Canada, Social and Aboriginal Statistics Division. Ministry of Industry, Canada.
Appendix VI: Roundtables
The Toronto Roundtable & Concluding Recommendations
The Toronto Roundtable, organized by the CSD, Queens University, and the Indian Institute of Technology Alumni Canada, was held on January 30, 2008. The objective of the Toronto Roundtable was to elicit views of Canadian and Indo-Canadian academics and experts on the potential for a stronger relationship between Canada and India to be forged by the present Indian Diaspora. The participants were asked to suggest policy recommendations for realizing this potential. Dr. Soodahbeh Salehis paper was circulated to attendees in advance. A complete transcript of proceedings as also discussion points for the Roundtable formulated by CSD can be made available on request. Participants included:
Prof. Thomas Axworthy, Chair, Centre for the Study of Democracy, Queens University. Ravi Seethapathy, Chair, Canadian Advisory Council, Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute. Ajit Jain, Editor, India Abroad Ananya Mukherji Reed, Dr., Professor, Dept. of Political Science, York University Anouck Carsignol, Researcher, University of Geneva Balbir S. Sahni, Dr., Prof. Emeritus, Concordia University Bzeiler Kligman, International Division, Canadian Chamber of Commerce Chander Dhavan, Consultant, Mobileinfo and member IITAC Hari Pandey, President, ICICI Bank Canada Hari Venkatacharya, President, Toronto Chapter, The Indus Entrepreneurs (TiE) Jim Peterson, Former Minister of International Trade Julie Burch, Coordinator, Centre for the Study of Democracy Kant Bhargava, Fellow, Centre for the Study of Democracy (Project Lead) Kasi V. P. Rao, Consultant and Senior Fellow, Munk Centre for International Studies, University of Toronto Kam V. Rathee, President, Canada-India Business Council Natasha Sawh, Prog. Manager, Walter & Duncan Gordon Foundation Neil Desai, Sr. Policy Advisor, Secretary of State, Multiculturalism and Canadian Identity Pradeep Sood, Ontario India Business Forum Pradeep Srivastava, President, Indian Institute of Technology Alumni Canada, (IITAC) Rabiz Foda, Former President, IITAC Raghu Naik, Co-Chair, Panorama India
Rakesh Srivastava, Director, Business Development, Bizquad Technologies Sandeep Kumar Agarawal, Dr., Associate Professor, Ryerson University Satish Mehta, Consul General of India Sheila Embleton, Dr., V.P. Academic, York University Dr. Soodabeh Salehi, Researcher, Centre for the Study of Democracy, Queens University Valerie Ashford, Research Co-ordinator, Centre for the Study of Democracy, Queens University
The participants supported the view of the Chair, Centre for Democracy, Queens University that within a decade the Indo-Canadian relationship will be one of the top two or three relationships that Canada will have. Of late, several Federal Ministers and Premiers of provinces have visited India and are taking an active interest in Canada-India relations, although it was noted that so far the focus of the Asia Pacic Foundation of Canada, the premier think tank on Canadas relations with Asia, lies on China and East Asian countries, not on India. There is need to identify ten or fteen strategic policy makers in India whose involvement is critical for Canada-India relations. In matters related to education and business, visa problems are quite serious. The sense of identity of Indo-Canadians is mutating and mutable. One participant remarked that he could be described as a Sikh, a Punjabi, a Canadian academic and an economist. Many Indo-Canadians regard themselves as Canadians of Indian origin, while others like to retain their identity as Indo-Canadians. In the 1970-80s, serious inter se problems plagued the Indian Diaspora. Then, the average Canadian associated India with corruption, bribery, and lack of participatory democracy. According to a research being led by Sandeep Kumar Agarawal (Ryerson University) on The Economic Value of Indo-Canadians, the majority of Indian households are not as prosperous as it is commonly believed. Over 60% of Indians earn less than $30,000 whereas only 2% earn more than $100,000 (this last data correlates with Canadian born). One-third of Indo-Canadians are employed in the manufacturing sector, and 7% are in the technical-science sector. The immigrant population is very young (75% of Indo-Canadians are between 20-29 years), and generally more educated than the average population (25% of Indo-Canadians and 12% of Canadians have a Bachelors Degree). This data indicates that Indo-Canadians have the potential to become a very prosperous group. Media needs to help educate mainstream Canadians about the new India and the socio-economic prole of Indo-Canadians. There are growing linkages between IITs and Canadian universities; the former are currently engaged in some projects involving Canada and India. Several participants
were closely connected to the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute (SICI). SICI is a unique bi-national organization that promotes mutual awareness and understanding between India and Canada, mainly through facilitating academic activities. Civil society (encompassing the larger and growing communities from the private sector, the NGOs and academia) appears to be actively engaged in the development of partnerships between Canada and India. The range of activities carried out by these institutions and individuals has potential to contribute in trade, investment, education, S&T and social philanthropy as well as in development cooperation. The Indian Diaspora is well represented in many institutions, but at present, is not engaged in any big way in doing business with India, although of late, IndoCanadians have been active in the Ontario Chamber of Commerce and the Toronto Board of Trade. Education is the linchpin connecting technology and trade. Both Canadian & Indian universities and other educational establishments consult Indo-Canadian academics. One Indo-Canadian is the Co-Chair of Focus India Group of DFAIT. Another IndoCanadian is Chair of the Education Committee of the Canada India Business Council. They both work in cooperation with SICI. Indo-Canadians have taken some health care initiatives, the latest being the training of some eminent pediatricians from India in Torontos Hospital for Sick Children, who will return to India to practice. The Diaspora also plays an important role in knowledge transfer matters and tie-up between Indian Institutes of Technology and Canadian Universities. IITAC has brokered some valuable exchanges. IIT alumni members worked hard for the Washington Accord of June 2007 (of which Canada is a member) on recognition of Indian engineering degrees. IITAC members are aware of the need for Canada to be part of the fth generation technology that is going to be created by India in collaboration with the US. It was important to gure out how Indo-Canadians can facilitate deeper Canada-India partnerships on pluralism, federalism and democratic practices. It was noted that the India Diaspora, of late, is becoming interested in such matters, but these issues do not yet appear to be a high priority. Given the importance of the matter, sustained efforts are required to involve the Diaspora in discussion in these areas. Given the size of the Indian Diaspora, there was general agreement about the scope of the untapped potential of the Indian Diaspora to boost a bilateral relationship. Civil society and governments in Canada do not seem to be using the Indo-Canadian connection as effectively as they could or should. The Canadian Chamber of Commerce has referred to this in its 2007 Report, Boosting Ties and Cutting Barriers: Strategies for Closer Economic Relations in its chapter Indo-Canadian Connections and Capabilities which makes some pertinent recommendations. There is need for discussion how best Indo-Canadians can organize collective activities in
Canada in trade and economic matters, in conjunction with bodies such as the Chambers of Commerce, the Canadian Council of Chief Executives, and the CanadaIndia Business Council. There is little doubt about the collective competence, connectivity and contribution of the Indian Diaspora towards further enhancement of Canada-India relations. A myriad of institutions exists, attracting Indian Diasporas active participation, and yet, it is a case where the impact appears to be less than the sum of its parts. This calls for efforts to explore potential options for future actions. The multiple identities constituting the Indian Diaspora in Canada are assets with respect to deepening bilateral relationships, despite the present lack of institutional frameworks that might facilitate this. A single platform composed of a consortium of Indo-Canadian organizations would be helpful.
Recently, the Government of India has adopted following measures to engage its Diaspora abroad: Pravasi Bharatiya Divas, a conference hosting the Indian Diaspora with Indian political and corporate leaders has been held annually since 2003. The Ministry of Overseas Indians Affairs (MOIA), established in 2004, has developed public-private partnerships with the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) on Diaspora issues. The Overseas Indian Facilitation Centre, established in 2007, focuses on business, taxation, wealth management, real estate, and more. The Samman Awards are given annually to prominent overseas Indians to honour signicant contributions towards promoting India and Indian values abroad. The Know India Program (KIP) is a forum for students and young professionals. Forty participants between 20-28 years are sent to India every year for 3 weeks. The India Development Foundation (2008) is an institution aimed at assisting overseas Indians to contribute to social sectors in India, such as education, health, and rural development.
How well the strength of Diaspora can be used depends to a large extent on what governments central and state in India, federal and provincial in Canada want to do. With guidance from governments and proper funding, the Diaspora can foster closer links in business and culture.
Recommendations
1. Policy makers in Canada and India will benet from interacting with recognized experts in various elds who can be located within the Indian Diaspora in Canada. It would be helpful to have the Indo-Canadian community assume advisory and advocacy roles on issues of major concern to Canada and India. 2. Immigration policy needs to foster inows of qualied immigrants from India to Canada. Visa permits should be facilitated, and information on immigration procedures should be made clearer and more transparent. 3. All aspects of the problem of credential recognition require serious attention from both federal and provincial governments. Both governments must act to rectify this signicant disincentive. 4. In work and education, policies facilitating exchanges between Indo-Canadian women, as well as second generation Indo-Canadians and youth with counterparts abroad, need to be developed. 5. Canada House in India should be structured such that an average Indian can get all information pertaining to Canada at one place, and so that visiting Indo-Canadians can access networking facilities between segments of civil society in the two countries.
The New Delhi Roundtable & Concluding Recommendations

The New Delhi Roundtable, organized by the CSD, Queens University, and the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute (SICI) Ofce in New Delhi, was held on February 21, 2008. The objective of the New Delhi Roundtable was to elicit Indian perspectives about the role of the India Diaspora for building bridges between two countries particularly in the context of the outcome of the Toronto Roundtable that was held on January 30, 2008. Papers made available to participants included Dr. Soodahbeh Salehis review, Sahais IndoCanadian Diaspora as Bridge Builder, Multiculturalism and Indian Diaspora in Canada, and Indo-Canadians as Bridge Builders: Approach and Recommendations, Sharmas Building Bridges: The Role of Indian Diaspora in Canada, and Nairs The Diasporic Dimensions of Indias Bilateral Economic Relations. A complete transcript of proceedings and discussion points is available by request. Participants included:
A.S.Narang Ph.D. (Dr.), Professor of Political Sciences, Coordinator Human Rights Education, School of Social Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University, and Vice President of Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute Aziz Quraishi, Commissioner for Non-Resident Indians, Punjab Bhavan, New Delhi Kunte, Anuradha, Dr. Former Addl. Secretary, Cabinet Secretariat, SICI Advisory member
Bernard Francais, Canadian High Commission C.P. Thakur (Dr.), Member of Parliament & Former Faculty Member in Canada Chandrashekar S. Bhat (Dr.), Centre for the Study of Indian Diaspora, University of Hyderabad Charan Wadhva (Dr.), Former President, Centre for Policy Research David Malone (Dr.) (Speaker, Inaugural Session), High Commissioner of Canada to India Ghislain Chaput, Head Public Affairs, Canadian High Commission Heather Michaud, Canadian High Commission Himachal Som, Former Deputy High Commissioner to Canada Sharma, Former Secretary, Ministry of External Affairs J.C.Srinivastava, Regional Advisor (Delhi), Indian Merchants' Chamber Jayant Lele (Dr.), Prof. Emeritus, Queens University, Kingston, Former President, Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute K.P. Fabian, Former Deputy High Commissioner to Canada K.R.G. Nair (Dr.), Honorary Research Professor, Centre for Policy Research Kant Bhargava (Project Lead), Ambassador (Retd.), and Fellow, Centre for the Study of Democracy Kavita Sharma (Dr.), Principal, Hindu College Kennet Macartney, Deputy High Commissioner, Canadian High Commission Kristal Trembath, Canadian High Commission M.G.K.Menon, Prof. (Chair, Inaugural Session), President, India International Centre Man Mohan Bhagat, Chair. Bhagat Group Earth Foundation Maria Mathai, Representative, Canadian Education Network, New Delhi Mukund B.Kunte, Commodore, and Former Additional Secretary, Cabinet Secretariat N. Jayaram (Dr.), Institute for Social and Economic Change, Banagalore Nitin Desai (Dr.) (Keynote Speaker, Inaugural Session), Former Under Secretary General of the UN, Prof. Indian Council for Research in International Economic Relations Nitin Kumar, Under Secretary, Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs Paramjit S. Sahai, Ambassador (Retd.) Prem. K. Budhwar, Former High Commissioner of India to Canada Raj Kumar Hans, Prof. of History, MOS University, Baroda Rajanikanta Verma, Former High Commissioner of India and Canada
S.J.S. Chhatwal (Session Chair), Ambassador (Retd.), Chair Focus Canada Group, New Delhi, Former High Commissioner to Canada, Member, Governing Body of the Indian Council for World Affairs S.K. Pachauri (Dr.), Former Secretary, Government of India, and Chair, Non Resident Institute, New Delhi Samat Kaul, Aviation Foundation, Former Representative of India to ICAO, Montreal Sarmistha Roy, Executive Director, New Delhi Ofce, Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute Shashi Tripathi (Chair, Concluding Session) Member, Union Public Service Commission and Former High Commissioner to Canada Subha Rajan, CEO, Overseas Facility Centre, Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs and Confederation of Indian Industries, Subhash Agarwal, Editor, India Focus, Strategic Analysis & Forecasts Vanaja K. Thekhat, Under Secretary, Ministry of Indian Overseas Affairs Vijay G. Pande, Former Director, India Ofce, International Development & Research Centre, New Delhi Viraj Singh, Deputy Secretary, Public Diplomacy Division, Ministry of External Affairs
To understand and appreciate the process of building bridges, a cultural history of the Indian Diaspora that describes the cultural and intellectual life of the Diaspora needs to be written. It was noted that in 2003, an understanding was reached between the two governments to build a partnership for the 21st century. Both economic and political conditions seem to be conducive now for the Indian Diaspora to create better bilateral relationships; the time is opportune now to develop good mechanisms that would facilitate such a process. The situation now is quite different from the days of the Khalistan movement. Once the irksome nuclear question is out of the way, the possibilities for cooperation will be immense. In this context, it is important that thorough discussions should take place on some specic questions such as: how does the Diaspora build bridges; what guidelines could be created; what concrete suggestions can government and civil society give to support Diaspora-based linkages? The Focus India Group in Canada established by DFAIT discusses matters pertaining to Canada-India relations. This group involves the Indo-Canada Chamber of Commerce (ICCC) and the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute (SICI) among other stakeholders. A Focus Canada Group was set up in Delhi two years ago and is anchored in SICI, which also organizes seminars and conferences on
India-Canada relations. Unlike Israel and other countries, India is so vast a country that it can absorb, as well as ignore, the advice of any number of its Diaspora members abroad. While it is difcult for Diaspora to inuence policy on core issues, there are a number of possibilities in other areas. The Diaspora relationship is somewhat triangular; it plays itself out through all sorts of networks of inuence in the business community and in politics. The Canadian community and political leadership have readily accepted the Indian presence and the Indian Diaspora in Canada. The Indian Diaspora is very much involved in Canadian political activities and social life. This gives an opportunity to the Indian leadership and the Diaspora leadership to use their inuence to have the Canadian community and the government move closer to the Indian people and Indian Government. Some of the areas where Diaspora can act as bridge builders are energy, agriculture, health care and skill development. Due to the trans-national nature of the Indian Diaspora in Canada, the Canadian government can leverage its contacts all over the globe with their vast network in areas of trade, nance, health care, technology, education and its presence in every continent in the world. With its fertile lands, Canada might welcome the Punjabi farmers as immigrants to work for agricultural development in Canada and thus contribute to a resolution of food security problems. Few students from Canada go to India to study. SICI can facilitate semester-long programs for Canadian students to study in India. It is important to involve young Indo-Canadians of second, third and fourth generation who otherwise may feel disconnected. They can be hosted in India by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR), the Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs (MOIA) or SICI. MOIA has already initiated a program for Indian Youth known as the Know India Program, in which 50 overseas Indian youth, specically second or third generation youth, are invited to come to India. It has also instituted a program for giving 100 scholarships per year for youth to study in India. Needed is sufcient political, entrepreneurial, and institutional will to devise selfsustaining mechanisms that would facilitate Indian Diaspora activity, which should have an annual plan and a ve-year plan, including performance measures, for optimization of the role of the Diaspora. Participants agreed with Toronto Roundtable conclusion that the sense of identity of Indian Diaspora in Canada is to some extent mutating. Multiple identities create multiple challenges. In some ways, North America is particularly hospitable, and it accepts the notion of a hyphenated identity very readily. The idea of India in the minds of Indo-Canadians is essentially that of an identity
marker. In certain contexts, the identity marker of India becomes more important than the identity marker of ones caste, religion or linguistic origin. Sometimes this operates in concentric circles. The fractured nature of identity is not necessarily negative. Given the statistics and the demographic situation, a majority of the Indian immigrants in Canada still have their moorings in India. As the Indian Prime Minister has remarked, the 21st century will be a century of global citizens. The concept of global citizenship needs to be promoted and developed. The new immigrants into Canada from India, particularly professionals, may not have as much interest in staying in Canada, now that India is emerging as an economic giant. The Indian Diaspora is consistent with immigrants in Canada belonging to different educational, socioeconomic, regional, linguistic, religious and even caste backgrounds. There is also the phenomenon of what is called the second Diaspora and, in some cases, even a third Diaspora. The Indian Diaspora is not immune to varying external inuences. Fourth generation Indo-Canadians are more inuenced by Canadian society than rst generations, although those who consider returning are less likely to adapt. The Indian Diaspora in Canada from the State of Punjab has focused its work on its home State in India. Canadian participation in development in Punjab includes an integrated village model, combined health and education projects, and attention to connectivity between universities in advocacy areas including programs with the Punjab University. The Diaspora has the potential to be a source of political problems and conicts in the country of origin. LTTE and Khalistan movement are two examples of this. Both the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute (SICI) and the Centre for the Research in Rural and Industrial Development, Chandigarh (CRRID) readily expressed their willingness to be partner organizations for the CSD Project. The latter agreed to host the Roundtable in Chandigarh with a focus on the role of Diaspora from the State of Punjab. Former President of the India International Centre (IIC) Centre Dr. L.M. Singhvi chaired the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora set up by the Government of India. IIC was willing to continue its support. Initiative by academics and ofcials in Canada to connect with India is less forthcoming than in the US, So the Indian Diaspora needs to engage them more.
Economic growth in North America is co-related to the ow of immigrants. Some segments of the Indian Diaspora in Canada constitute a high-savings community, and put a great deal of emphasis on education, although weaknesses include division on the basis of caste, religion, and region. Regardless, InfoTech, nancial services, and health care include a number of Indian Diaspora. The government of Indias priorities currently include enlistment of the Diaspora to help India become a knowledge power through the transfer of technology and bilateral cooperation in R&D. It also seeks to promote investment, increase international trade, revamp and expand higher education, health care, medical tourism, the empowerment of women, and micro nancing. It also wishes to have support from its Diaspora to establish, in India, an Institute for Skill Development The Ministry of Indian Overseas Affairs (MOIA) has set up an Overseas Indian Facilitation Centre (OIFC), which is a public private partnership between CII and MOIA. The OIFC is a single window where the Indian Diaspora can get information and answers to its queries on various points. At present, its focus is on issues relating to wealth management, capital management, real estate, taxation, and legal affairs. The Indian Diaspora in Canada need not invest millions; small amounts can be channeled for philanthropic work through the India Development Fund, which will have a chapter in every state and will collaborate with credible NGOs, the government, and state stakeholders. MOIA is now intending to enter into a Social Security Agreement with Canada so that Indian people going to Canada on short terms assignments and Indian companies would not be subject to dual taxation. MOIA also wants to create a legal network for placement of Indian workers in Canada. The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) is prepared, in conjunction with CII, FICCI and other agencies, to fund programs for visits of parliamentarians of Indian origin to India, so that they get a feel for India. The Indian government and civil society organizations in India need to start enabling links to Canada themselves. SICI is willing to support academic Diaspora projects in India provided the researchers have a partner in Canada.
Recommendations
1. Canada needs to create a Diaspora Council, as well as an exchange body, such as that established by the American universities, which have the Council for International Educational Exchange (CIEE). 2. Institutionalized relationships between parliamentarians and state members, particularly between Punjab and British Columbia, will do much to facilitate bridges between Canada and India. 3. The possibility of setting up a friendship association of scholars who had studied in Canada should be considered so that it can play a meaningful role for branding Canada in India. 4. The Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute (SICI), with greater support from the Diaspora, should organize events bringing universities from Canada and India face to face, and offer an India Study program for Canadian students, just as the American Institute of Indian Studies does. As well, this institute should fund Indian interns going to Canada, enlisting the Diaspora to providing support and facilities. Such interns should be attached not only to business organizations, but also to NGOs. SICI should also sponsor studies and two-way exchanges between Canada and India on their respective experiences in federalism, democracy, human rights, and multiculturalism. 5. OIFC should offer a knowledge network to Canadas Indian Diaspora to facilitate opportunity. 6. Punjab, Bengali, Kannada, Tamil, Goanese and Orissa Diaspora groups have their own conferences; OIFC and similar bodies should send representatives to such conferences as well. 7. Canadian schools with any concentration of India Diaspora children should offer courses in Indian history, culture, and geography. 8. Project ndings should be communicated to the Ministry of Indian Overseas Affairs.
The Chandigarh Roundtable & Concluding Recommendations
The Chandigarh Roundtable, organized by The Centre for Research in Rural and Industrial Development, Chandigarh, The Centre for the Study of Democracy, and Queens University, was held on March 10, 2008. The objective of the Chandigarh Roundtable was to elicit views of eminent policy analysts in Punjab regarding Indo-Canadian Diaspora bridging. Participants included:
Ambassador (Retd.) P.S. Sahai, Centre for Integrated Rural and Industrial Development (Host) Kant K. Bhargava, Fellow Centre for the Study of Democracy, Queens University. Project Lead. S. Chhatwal, Commissioner, NRIs, Government of Punjab B.S. Ghuman, Prof., Department of Public Administration, Punjab University D. S. Saroya, Additional Secretary, NRIs, Government of Punjab D. V. Bhatia, Indian Administrative Service (Retd.) Darshan S. Tatla, (Dr.), Punjab Centre for Migration Studies, Lyalpur Khalsa College, Jalandhar Gurudev Gill, (Dr.), President, Indo-Canadian Friendship Society of British Columbia Helen Economo Amundsen, Consul General of Canada K. P. Tiwari, Protector of Emigrants M. M. Sharma, Regional Director, Indian Council of Cultural Affairs (ICCR) Paramjit Singh Judge, Prof. (Dr.), Professor and Head, Department of Sociology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar Paramjit Singh Sahai, Ambassador (Retd.), The Centre for Research in Rural and Industrial Development (Chair) Raghbir Bassi, (Dr.), Medical Doctor Ram Kumar, (Dr.), Consultant on Health Care S.K. Shukla, Dr. (Mrs.), Reader, Political Science, Punjab University Sucha Singh Gill, Prof., Dean (Academics), Head, Department of Economics, Punjabi University, Patiala Vitul Kumar, Regional Passport Ofcer
Most participants in the Punjabi non-resident India (NRI) Sammelans held at Chandigarh and Jalandhar on Jan 5-6, 2008 were from Canada, which demonstrates the interest of the Indo-Canadians in the State of Punjab. This group has begun aiding the development of villages in Punjab. Fifty percent of Canadas Indian Diaspora are from Punjab, so opportunity for ventures between Canada and Punjab are many, especially if strong links were to be established between research institutes in India and Canada. The number of visa applications from Punjab increased to 27,000 by 2007. Punjabi is expected to become the 4th largest spoken language in Canada. The government of Punjab is focused on promotion of two-way linkages between Canada and itself. Diaspora issues are a priority, and the Punjabi Diaspora appears keen to promote development in its native state. Pressure on the Diaspora to invest has declined, and the government now is keen to encourage their participative investment as ideas, technology transfer and experiences, to enhance the skills of those back home. The government of Punjab is establishing proper mechanisms through special courts and committees to address Diaspora-related cases involving divorce, property issues and criminal matters. The government intends to provide better facilities to the Diaspora, as NRI police stations, and expedient settlement of revenue cases etc. An NRI Facilitation Centre near Amritsar airport is expected to open soon, and NRI Advisory Board is in the process of composition, and the Government plans to open trade ofces in countries with sizable NRI populations, including Canada. Local government is also trying to streamline the immigration process, with the help of the central government. Government appreciated work done by Village Life Improvement Foundation, although expressed interest in seeing more involvement by villagers themselves. The Village Life Improvement Foundation is a concrete example of Canadas Indian Diaspora developing villages in Punjab. The Canadian International Development Agency supported these projects; Village Kharoudi became the model village, as noted by former President Abdul Kalam. This was the rst step of this kind in India, and proved especially helpful given a focus on sanitation, resulting in a decline in water related diseases. The second CIDA-supported project, in the village Ibrahimpur, received Canadian $60,000. CIDA funded these projects on a 25:75 basis, which conforms to the norm adopted by the Government of Punjab under its scheme of nancing such projects. The Punjab University has funding for need-based scholarships and hopes to establish a World Punjabi Centre, which would facilitate networking with Punjabi Diaspora abroad. It was noted that links between educational institutions in Punjab with those from the Province of British Columbia were growing.
Recommendations
1. Needed is a study of the India Diaspora in Canada from the State of Punjab. 2. The success story of the Punjab University in developing links with educational institutions in British Columbia invites further cooperation. Networking with foreign universities to globalize the Indian education system would be benecial. In turn, universities in Punjab needed to connect with the Indo-Canadian Diaspora, through programs such as the Cultural Immersion Program, the online Punjabi Learning Program, and through scholarships for rural students. 3. Only one percent NRIs from the State of Punjab, were interested in commercial investment. NRI participation in conducting a study on remittances may be useful. 4. Twining Punjab and British Columbia could facilitate bridge building.
Appendix VII: Indo-Canadian Institutions
The Indo-Canada Chamber of Commerce (ICCC) 320 The ICCC, founded in 1977, is the oldest, largest and best-organized IndoCanadian body, with a permanent ofce and a governing Board of Directors. Members of the ICCC contribute to Canadian society, economy, and polity, as well as to two-way trade and economic cooperation between Canada and India. Of late it has augmented its activities considerably bridging in Canadian and Indian trade and investment. The ICCC has also concluded Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) with the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) and the Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) in India. It has also entered into MOUs with their counterpart organizations in other countries where there is a sizeable Indian Diaspora. The ICCC interacts with such stake-holders as the Canada-India Business Council (C-I BC), the Shastri IndoCanadian Institute (SICI), and the Asia Pacic Foundation of Canada (APFC.) Several Canadian organizations are among its sponsors. The economic bridgebuilding progress made thus far by the ICCC has, however, been rather modest and is likely well below its potential. The Indian Institute of Technology Alumni Canada (IITAC) 321 The IITAC is a Toronto-based organization whose members are former students of any of the IITs (Indian Institutes of Technology) and belong to the PAN-IIT worldwide family. They help to brand IITs, to assist in employment searches, and to arrange common programs to help them in their integration into Canadian culture. The IITAC has also created groups for entrepreneurs and a mentoring group called IITians for IITians, which facilitates Continuing Professional Development in concentrated modules. Such innovative and entrepreneurial activities have transcended academic institutions, in part by formalizing partnerships between universities, industries and the government. The IITACs approximately 500 members already undertake signicant roles in Canadas economy, as well as in Indias, through a cross-exchange of ideas, and have been instrumental in facilitating contacts between IITs and some universities in Canada. Many IIM graduates and postgraduates are faculty members in various schools of business in Canada. In the eld of management, Indo-Canadian faculty members of the Rotman School of Management and of Schulich School
320 321
http://www.iccc.org http://www.iitalumnicanada.org/
of Business are active in exchange programs; these programs could be expanded to the benet of both Canada and India. The Canada-India Foundation (CIF) 322 Membership in the Canada-India Foundation (CIF), unlike that of other Diaspora organizations is by invitation only. The Canada India Foundation was established in 2007. Its founding members include industrialists, senior Canadian business executives and top tier professionals. In pursuit of its objective of deepening relations between India and Canada, the CIF has identied a number of issues to be addressed; the CIF believes that a Strategic Partnership Agreement between Canada and India, similar to one concluded between the US and India, is a priority goal, as is a Free Trade Agreement between the two countries, the latter of which the CIF intends to lobby with governments in Ottawa and New Delhi. To facilitate better consular access to people traveling between India and Canada, the CIF will work toward the opening of additional visa processing ofces in India. The Indus Entrepreneurs (TIE)323 Toronto Chapter The Indus Entrepreneurs (TIE) is the worlds largest not-for-prot organization, and networks entrepreneurs and professionals promoting entrepreneurship. TIE was founded in 1992 in Silicon Valley and today has over 15,000 members across 47 chapters in 11 countries. TIE has 11 chapters in major Indian cities, and an active one in Toronto, where its membership has tremendous experience in collaboration with overseas companies. The Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute (SICI) 324 Canada has bypassed the US and the UK in having evolved a unique institution the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute (SICI)-which is of immense help in building bridges between India and Canada. Professor Michael Brecher of McGill University conceived of the SICI in the early 1960s to overcome the near-total information gap and lack of economic and cultural contact between India and Canada. 325 The Governments of India and Canada signed a Memorandum of Understanding on November 28, 1968, and the SICI was established as a registered nonprot charitable organization with the basic aim originally of promoting Indian studies in the elds of Humanities and Social Sciences in Canada.
322 323 324 325
http://www.canadaindiafoundation.com/ http://www.tiemumbai.org/ http://www.sici.org/
Lynette Lefsrud The SICI celebrates its 35 year history. Indian High Commission Special Edition for Republic Day, 2004.
In forty years, the SICI has come a long way from these modest beginnings. Since the late 1980s, SICI has promoted Canadian Studies in India. 326 From the late 1990s, SICI began encouraging collaborative development studies under the Shastri Applied Policy Research Project (SHARP.) 327 All this meant that while the SICI was originally set up to promote studies in art, literature, culture and social sciences, its mandate now incorporates a rich diversity of topical disciplines like law, information management, and science and technology. There was also considerable expansion in its membership, which rose from 4 Canadian institutions in 1968 to 23 in 2004. Addendum IX of the MOU signed on the 3rd of August 2006 brought another major qualitative change by enabling Indian institutions to become members of SICI. As a result by 2007, while SICI had 32 Canadian institutions, including 4 from Francophone Canada, as members, there were 42 Indian institutions. The SICI has emerged as a truly bilateral organization, tailor-made to build bridges between India and Canada. There is increasing involvement by Canadians of Indian origin in the SICI, 328 but greater involvement and support of the Indian Diaspora in Canada both individually and collectively are called for.329
326
According to a recent SICI report, over 800 fellowships have been awarded to Canadian faculty and students to further study of India and Indian languages. 94 distinguished Indians have lectured in Canada and there are 47 international internships for young Canadians to work with Indian research institutions, businesses and NGOs. To promote Canadian studies in India, the SICI has awarded 89 scholarships to support Indian researchers in Canada, and has funded lecture tours of 19 Canadian academics to India.
327
Under SHARP, which works to reduce poverty and to establish sustainable development in India through support for bi-national collaborative policy research projects, 40 projects have been sponsored so far, with 19 projects in economic reform, the impact of globalization, liberalization and private sector development on poverty, environmental management balancing growth and environmental sustainability, social development health sector reforms and capacity building at the local level.
328 329
Stephen Inglis has made a statement to this effect in Lefsrud, 2004. See in this regard the views of Flora McDonald as expressed in Lefsrud 2004

Building Bridges Indo Canada

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Building Bridges Indo Canada

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Building Bridges Indo Canada

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Building Bridges: A Case Study on The Role of the Indian Diaspora in Canada

Kant Bhargava and J.C. Sharma

CRRID CEAB CEQB CIDA CIF CII CIPA CSD

MOIA NRI OIC

SWOT TiE TRB

Introduction to the Indo-Canadian Diaspora: A Brief History

See Appendix V. Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/89-621-XIE/89-621-XIE2007004.htm. See Appendix V. Ibid.

Canada/US Diaspora Demographics

Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/ETO/Table1.cfm? Lang=E&T=501&GV=1&GID=0.

on 08/26/08 from http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFIteratedFacts?_

Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://www.indianembassy.org/newsite/News/US%20Media/2006/45.asp.

Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3177054.stm.

The Indian Diaspora as a Phenomenon of Globalization

Challenges & Possibilities

Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://www.statcan.ca/bsolc/english/bsolc?catno=89-593-X.

Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://www.oifc.in/organization.asp.

Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/immigrate/index.asp.

Views of the Private Sector

See Appendix V. Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/facts2006/permanent/12.asp.

Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=eb4dd97f-aa30-4b0bb12a-933fb6442ab8&k=9155.

Investment in India & the Diaspora

Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://www.indianembassy.org/newsite/News/US%20Media/2006/1.asp.

Retrieved on 08/26/08 from www.oifc.in.

Current Engagement & Potential Opportunities

Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport? &CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N.

Ensuring Sustained & Tangible Progress

Pushing for greater bilateral relationships at federal level;

Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://finance.indiainfo.com/2007/10/12/0710122228_bajaj.html

Visa and Immigration Policies

Retrieved on 08/26/08 from http://www.cic.gc.ca/English/resources/publications/anrep01.asp.

Foster Links between Canada and India in Higher Education

Invest in Youth and Second-generation Indo-Canadians

Increase Diasporic Civic Engagement

Relationship-Building with Media

Forge Working Relationship with Key Private Sector Organizations in India

Establish a Canada-India Group to Catalyze Comprehensive Partnerships

Promote Engagement in Political and Social Matters

Establish a National Federation of Indo-Canadian Institutes

Monitoring of the Implementation of Recommendations

Walton-Roberts 2003 p 236. p 4. Hannerz, 1996 p 90.

Diaspora: Denitions & Approaches

Vertovec, 1997, p 228. Shuval, 2000, p 41. 1997. p 180.

p 235. Ibid. 1991. Cited in Shuval, 2000. 1986.

Safran 83 refers to Diaspora as an:

p 3. 2003. p 52. 1991. p 83. Alessandrini, 2001, p 16.

Indias Policies & Practices Toward its Diaspora

2004 pp iv-v. 1998.

107 108 109

1984. 1988. Johnston, 1984. Nayar, 2004.

120 121 122 123 124

1986. Nayar, 2004. Sibia, 2007. Mangalam, 1986, p 48. Ibid.

125 126 127 128 129 130 131

132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139

140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148

149 150 151 152

172 173 174 175 176

Maharaj, p 60. Leonard, 2000, p 23. 2004, p 4. 2002, p 838. p 838.

2003, p 2. Rubinoff, 2002, p 852. Tremblay, 2003, p 3. 2004, pp 10-11.

2006. Israel, 1994, p 154. 1992. p 336.

187 188 189 190 191 192