Safety at Work

First rule of safety in the workplace

• Don’t panic!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gO8N3L_aERg
 FIRST AID

First Aid is temporary treatment that is administered to an injured or

ill person. This assistance can be vital to a person’s life and can be the
difference between life and death until the person is able to receive
help from professional medically qualified personnel.
 THE THREE PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID

1. PRESERVE LIFE
As a qualified first aider, you will be taught life-saving skills and techniques. You will
be able to administer help to a person in need. For example, you will be able to
perform CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) on a person whose heart has
stopped.

2. PREVENT THE CONDITION FROM WORSENING

As a first aider, you will be able to assist in stabilising the patient until paramedics
arrive. You will also be able to assist in preventing the condition of the patient
from worsening.

3. PROMOTE RECOVERY
A person with a serious injury who receives first aid on the scene will have a
greater chance of recovery.
 LEGALITIES OF FIRST AID

First Aiders and the entire South African population are covered by the
“Reasonable Man Test” in South Africa (internationally known as “the good
Samaritan law”), whereby as long as you have acted reasonably towards an
injured or ill person you cannot be sued for causing harm when administering
first aid.

This is providing that:

1. You have permission to help them.
2. You have not intentionally tried to harm them or make their injury worse.

When administering first aid, you must only use the techniques from your
most recent first aid course as skills and techniques can change.
 ETHICS OF FIRST AID

Administering First Aid to an injured or ill person can be the difference

between life and death; therefore any emergency situation must be handled
with the upmost care and responsibility.

ABANDONMENT:
Once you have started administering first aid, you may not leave until a
trained professional has arrived and can take over administering help. You
cannot leave a injured or ill person alone.

CONTACTING FAMILY:
Avoid looking for personal contact numbers. A paramedic or the hospital
will contact next of kin if medical information is needed or if the situation
calls for it.
PATIENT CARE:
Treat the person with the upmost care and responsibility.
Remember that this person is injured or ill and could be scared, confused and
in pain. Always reassure them and inform them of everything that you are
doing and why. Inform them that emergency services are on their way to
assist.

PRIVACY:
All information given to you by the person is to be kept private. It is
only necessary to share with the medical professional in order to assist them.

PHOTOS:
Sometimes photos may need to be taken in order to help assess the scene or
accident and handed in to the correct authorities.
 PATIENT CONSENT

Before administering First Aid to any person, you must receive consent from
them in order to help. However, there are three situations in which you can
receive implied consent in order to help a person.

1. UNCONSCIOUS PERSON

2. CHILDREN

3.NOT OF SOUND MIND

 IMPORTANT!!!!!!!!!!!!

You may not administer first aid to a person if they refuse

help and do not give consent. However, you must not leave
them alone and you must call for an ambulance.
Stay with the person until the ambulance arrives. In this
time, they may change their mind or lose consciousness.
 ETHICS AROUND FIRST AID KITS

When administering first aid, you can use the contents of a first aid kit. In
general, many people add medications to their first aid kits and in a home
environment this is acceptable, however it is not acceptable in the
workplace.
 CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)

CPR is the reviving of the heart and lungs when they have
stopped working. There has been a lot of research in recent years on the
application and techniques of CPR in order to increase the survival rate of
a person.

Therefore, the order in which CPR is administered has changed. CPR is

now administered according to current guidelines as of October 2010 as
well as the amount of compressions administered, has been adjusted.
 HOW TO ADMINISTER CPR

C-Compressions
A-Airway
B-Breathing

SCAN FOR LIFE

Check for signs of the following:
• Breathing
• Movement

COMPRESSIONS
Begin by administering thirty compressions at a time at the centre of
the chest, It is important that the chest return to normal position after
each compression so that the heart can sufficiently fill up with blood
and allow the blood to be correctly oxygenated.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tD2qTmDsiHk
 HOW TO ADMINISTER CPR

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vmb1tqYqyII&list=RDnACUAZOh19s&index=2
 Airway Breathing

RULE:
THIRTY COMPRESSIONS AND TWO BREATHS
 WHEN TO STOP CPR
BREATHING: If the person starts to breathe on their own
or move their arms and legs.

ENERGY: If an Automatic External Defibrillator (AED) is used as no one

should be touching the patient while this is being done.

TIRED: If the person administering CPR becomes tired, they can take a short
rest of about thirty seconds and then resume or they can allow someone else
to administer CPR.

AMBULANCE: Only stop performing CPR once a medical

professional such as a paramedic, has informed you to stop.
 TREATMENT OF EMERGENCY INJURIES
RULE: A FIRST AIDER, NO MATTER WHAT IS TREATMENT IS BEING
ADMINISTERED TO A PERSON, MUST ALWAYS WEAR DISPOSABLE
GLOVES.

• External bleeding
• Internal bleeding
• Impaled objects
• Amputations
• Head injuries
• Spinal injuries
• Soft tissue or joint injuries
• Fractures
• Burns
 RECOVERY POSITION

If a person is unconscious but is breathing and has no

other life-threatening conditions, they should be placed
in the recovery position. Putting someone in the
recovery
position will ensure their airway remains clear and open.
It also ensures that any vomit or fluid will not cause
them to choke.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmqXqwSV3bo
RECOVERY POSITION
Burns and Scalds
Fractures
Applying a splint
Bleeding wound
How to apply pressure
 SHOCK

Shock is where not enough blood, oxygen and nutrients are

reaching the vital organs in the body. The treatment of shock is
vitally important and should never be left out when
assessing a person. Shock can be a silent killer in its own right.

Signs and symptoms of shock:

• Cold, clammy and pale skin
• Dizzy/confused
• Nausea/Vomiting
• Fast/Weak pulse
• Rapid/Shallow Breathing
• Decreased level of consciousness
• Restlessness/Thirst
 TREATMENT FOR SHOCK

• Place the person into the recovery position.

• Cover with an emergency blanket and then another blanket on top. If

neither is available to you, then you can cover them with clothes,
towels, newspapers etc. This is to ensure that they retain body heat.

• If the person has a suspected spinal injury and you are alone and the
person begins to vomit, then you can move the person into recovery
position. This is “Life over Limb”, whereby their ability to breathe
trumps the importance of their being able to walk.

• DO NOT give the person anything to eat or drink. This may cause
them to choke or vomit more but it is also for the safety of the patient if
they are taken to hospital and require surgery.
Shock
Fire Fighting
 BASIC FIREFIGHTING

FIRES AND FIRE HAZARDS

Fires occur occasionally on premises where staff are working and guests
or visitors are present. Fortunately, many are quite small and can be
dealt with quickly. Others lead to tragic loss of life, personal injury and
major destruction of property.

Most of these fires can be prevented with forethought, care and

organisation. The most common causes are misuse of electrical or
heating equipment, carelessly discarded cigarette-ends, lack of staff
awareness and negligence.
People are often the link needed to start a fire by :

• Acting carelessly

• Leaving rubbish in a dark corner

• Being lazy and taking shortcuts in work methods

• Allowing rubbish to build up in areas not set aside for rubbish

• Not adhering to basic fire regulations

• Ignoring basic procedures

THE FIRE TRIANGLE
Fire
• Smothering
• Starving
• Cooling
 FIRE LEGISLATION

The Fire Precautions Act requires companies to comply with

certain legal conditions.
 EVACUATION PROCEDURES

If you discover a fire, do the following:

• Sound the alarm

• Evacuate
 EVACUATION PROCEDURES

Before fighting a fire:

• Evacuate everyone and follow the emergency procedure to alert the fire brigade.
• Tell someone that you are attempting to fight the fire.
• Always put your own and other people’s safety first; never risk injury to fight
fires.
• Always make sure you can escape if you need to and remember that smoke can
kill.
• Remember the rule: IF IN DOUBT, GET OUT.
• Never let a fire get between you and the way out.
• If you have any doubt about whether the fire extinguisher is suitable for the fire,
do not use it and leave the building immediately.
• Never attempt to fight the fire if it is beginning to spread or if the room is filling
with smoke.
• If you cannot put out the fire or your extinguisher runs out, leave immediately,
closing doors and windows as you go.
 Classes of Fires
• Most Common Type , Wood paper , Refuse
Class A • Water extinguisher

• Fires involving flammable liquids such as petrol, fat, diesel or Paint

Class B • Sand, Co2 Foam , Smother blanket

• Electrical equipment or wires , Gas spills

Class C • Foam or dry chemical ,

• Fires flammable material such as sodium or magnesium

Class D • Dry sand or special chemical neutralizer

• Fires involving Electricity

Class E • Foam or dry chemical powder

• Fires involving Flammable Fats such as cooking oil. Grease build up

Class K/F Co2 Foam, Fire Blanket
 FIREFIGHTING EQUIPMENT
WATER
• This type of extinguisher provides a powerful and efficient way of
putting out fires involving wood, paper and fabric.
• Remember, water is never to be used for fires involving electrical
equipment, or flammable liquids such as petrol and oils.

FOAM
• The pre-mix foam extinguishers use a combination of water and
aqueous foam.
• Effective for putting out paper, wood, fabric and flammable liquid
fires.

CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2 )

• These extinguishers are used in situations where there is electrical
equipment or fires involving flammable liquids or substances such as
oil, fat, paint, petrol, or grease.
DRY POWDER

• Dry Powder extinguishers are similar to dry chemical except

that they extinguish the fire by separating the fuel from the
oxygen element or by removing the heat element of the fire
triangle.

• However, dry powder extinguishers are for Class D or

combustible metal fires, only. They are ineffective on all other
classes of fires.
Colour Coding for Extinguishers

Black BLUE Yellow Red

• CO2 • Chemical /Cream • Water
powder / • Foam
dry
powder
FIRE BLANKETS

• Fire blankets are generally housed in a wall-mounted plastic pack

with a quick-pull front opening.

• The blankets are made from different materials: woven fiberglass,

or a fiberglass base with a coat of silicone rubber on both sides.

• Fire blankets are used to smother small

fires involving burning liquids, or can be
wrapped around a person with burning clothing.
Safety in the Workplace
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EdWbLUVnvQI
 Accidents must be reported!!!
2.6 Accidents must be reported on an accident report
Pg 271 Hygiene and Safety
WHY? (Blue Book) 17.15

• So an investigation to assess the risk that caused the

accident
• Analysis to determine the reasons
• Prevention to reduce the risk
2.7 Information on Accident report
Information needed on report
• Date
• Time
• Name
• Brief description of accident
• witnesses
• action taken by whom
• result
3.2 Incident reporting
incident
ˈɪnsɪd(ə)nt/ noun 1.an instance of something happening; an event or
occurrence

Reporting of:
• Verbal abuse
• Threats
• Assault
• Anything that could lead to a serious hazardous situation
3.3 Procedure to follow when a accident occurs

2. Investigated

1. The incident
should be
3. Risk-assessed
recorded

4. Control
5. reviewed measures
introduced
3.4 What would you call an emergency???

Accident/incident that could result in serious injury or even death e.g

fire, explosion
 3.Understand how to maintain
healthy and safe work place
3.1 Features in the work place that will affect safe
working practices
• Design
• Layout
• Space and workflow
• Structures (floors, stairs, doors and windows)
• Service (ventilation, heating, air-conditioning &
lighting
• Maintenance and housekeeping
Knife Safety

• Right knife for the right job!! http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:W6Xd2gDC4J1nIM:http://www.legaljuice.com/knife%2520stabbing%2520voo

• Blunt knife = injury

• Wash carefully
• Carry downward
• No running
• Sharpen carefully / ask for help the first time.
Always sharpen the blade away from you.
 Safety Precautions in the Workplace

http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:rPD85e7n6p1VbM:http://airfox.net/images/spillage.jpg
 Signage in the workplace

• Why signs??
• Control hazards before they happen.
• Don’t put a sign because it’s easier than fixing the problem!!!!
 MAINTAINING EQUIPMENT
Fire fighting equipment is needed in areas where there is a
potential risk from fires. It is essential that equipment be:

• MAINTAINED REGULARLY AND KEPT IN GOOD

CONDITION
• KEPT CLEAR FROM OBSTRUCTION
• AVAILABLE IN ALL WORK AREAS
• USED BY TRAINED OPERATORS

Fire extinguishers can be quite noisy and powerful and can

frighten you if you have not used one before. It is important that
you know the best way of utilising the extinguisher to tackle a fire
in the most effective way
OHS
Safety Signs is there to :

Warn .Inform .Protect

Permanent Occasional

Warning
• Caution hot ??????
surface

Prohibition ??????
• No Smoking

Mandatory
• Wear Gloves
General Precautions

• Always better safe than sorry!

• Good lighting
• Good health
• Be Prepared NB!
• Wrap broken glass in newspaper Use signs for
indicating
• Don’t work hard, work smart! hazards!
• Concentrate
• There is a time for everything!
• Common sense: If it doesn’t feel right, it probably isn’t!
PPE
 Protective Clothing
• PROFESSIONAL
• Take pride in your appearance
• Clean = Safe
• Uniform:
• Hat, Hair net , Necktie
• Jacket & Pants (natural fibers – low fire
hazard)
• Safety shoes
• Whole body covered, not too tight, not too
loose
• Name badge-except in the kitchen.
Your uniform
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nVeknFo_HVU
 Quiz

1. How should you wash a knife?

2. Explain the impact if the company does not maintain a high level of security for staff and customers
3. State the ways in which a person can reduce the risk of injury from lifting, carrying and handling heavy boxes
4. List different types of hazardous substances found in the workplace
5. State three ways in which elements of the fire triangle can be used to extinguish a fire
6. List the steps in the risk assessment process
7. Why do we wear PPE?
8. How would you prevent fires from starting in the workplace?
9. If a fire breaks out, what would be the procedure for evacuation?
10. What way could you improve staff knowledge with regards to food safety & hygiene?
11. What are the different classifications of fire and what would you use to put them out?
12. Name the different colour codes for fire extinguishers and their respective substances.
13. Name a few unsafe hazards which would be found in the workplace.
14. You should have your head down and a rounded back, feet unevenly placed when lifting heavy equipment. True or False.
15. What does HACCP stand for?
16. What does COSHH stand for?