EXPRESSIONISM / HIGH-TECH ARCHITECTURE

A. BACKGROUND

As a distinctive architectural genre, High-Tech Architecture, also known as ‘late modernism’ or

‘structural expressionism’, emerges from modernist roots, embracing innovation and technology
as core principles while manifesting itself through exposed structures, cutting-edge materials, and
industrial aesthetics.

High-Tech architecture is a style where the building's construction is key. It shows off how it is
built and uses new technology in its design. People also call it 'late modernism' or 'structural
expressionism'. This kind of building design blends ideas from both modern and post-modern
styles. It came from the Modernist movement but also helped start Post-Modernism. High-Tech
buildings are not just about looking high-tech, they actually use real engineering solutions in their
designs. They were the last big style of the 20th century and changed how people think about
architecture (Cvetković, 2024).

According to the Royal Institute of British Architects, High Tech is a style that accentuates a
building’s construction, Influenced by engineering and new technology. High Tech was a
development in British Modernist architecture from the late 1960s. It was a concept of design,
based on engineering, construction and other aspects, such as the manipulation of space. High
Tech was marked by a preference for lightweight materials and sheer surfaces, a readiness to
adopt new techniques from engineering and other technologies, and the celebratory display of a
building’s construction and services.

Norman Foster and Richard Rogers were the

key architects who brought about these
changes and implemented them from the
1970s. High Tech buildings are characterized
by exposed structures (usually of steel and or
other metals), with services (pipes, air ducts,
lifts etc.) often picked out in bright colors, a
smooth, impervious skin (often of glass) and a
flexibility to create internal service zones,
rather than rooms or sequences of rooms.

This architectural style is the one that Norman Foster and Richard Rogers (from left to right)
incorporates elements from new high-tech industries and advanced construction techniques into
building design. This style evolved as a response to the monotonous standard structure that was
designed under the umbrella of modern architecture of that time. The architecture of brick walls
and wooden floors seemed immutable and old-fashioned. The designers and architects were
charmed by the raw aesthetics of grain silos and factories in which form was dictated by function.

However, the movement has roots in earlier styles and draws inspiration from earlier periods. Its
principles have been heavily influenced by prominent figures like Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius,
and Meis Van de Rohe (Rethinking the Future, n.d.).

Key Figures in High-Tech Architecture (Cvetković, 2024)

High-tech architecture was shaped by creative minds. These architects pushed the style forward
from modern to post-modern design.

 Norman Foster stands out as a vital figure in high-tech architecture. He created new ways of
building that mixed high tech with comfort. His work includes the famous Willis Faber and Dumas
Building, which has a glassy look and smart energy use.
 Nicholas Grimshaw added his own touch to high-tech designs. He focused on how parts fit
together, like in the Eden Project, which features giant domes made of light materials.
 Sir Richard Rogers is known for bold structures with visible pipes and frames, like in the Centre
Pompidou. This building turned inside-out became a big deal in high-tech style.

B. CHARACTERISTICS
High-Tech Architecture is all about futuristic buildings that seamlessly blend with technology.
There are a lot of elements that make High-Tech Architecture so special and impressive. From
innovative materials and construction methods to the seamless integration of technology, this
style pushes the boundaries of what is possible in the world of design. The following are main
factors that set High-Tech Architecture apart and make it unique (Right Flooring, 2023).

1. Sleek and Modern

These buildings differ from traditional ones because they boast a stylish and modern design.
Imagine a building that seems like it could be in a futuristic movie — that is what High-Tech
Architecture looks like.

High-Tech architects use shiny materials like glass, steel, and aluminum to create a smooth and
polished look. This gives the buildings a modern and advanced look that easily captures
everyone’s attention.

Having a sleek and modern design not only makes these buildings visually stunning but also
reflects their high-tech and cutting-edge features inside. It is like showing the world that the future
has arrived in the form of architecture.

2. Innovative Materials
Rather than using ordinary materials like brick and wood, High-Tech architects choose exciting
materials that are super cool and have never been used before.

These innovative materials could include things like high-tech composites, reinforced concrete, or
other advanced substances. They possess special properties that make the buildings stronger,
lighter, or more energy-efficient.

Not only do these materials make the buildings look impressive, but they also enhance their
functionality and sustainability. They help the structures withstand challenges like extreme
weather conditions and reduce energy consumption.

3. Lots of Glass
By using glass, architects let natural light fill the interior spaces of the building. This creates bright
and open environments inside, making people feel more comfortable and happy.

Additionally, the glass allows people inside to enjoy stunning views of the surrounding landscape.
It’s like bringing nature directly into the building, making you feel like you’re part of the outside
world even when you’re indoors.

4. High-Tech Gadgets
These gadgets include things like smart systems that control lighting, temperature, and security,
all with just the touch of a button. High-Tech architects incorporate energy-efficient technologies,
like solar panels and smart thermostats, to make the buildings eco-friendly and conserve energy.

Moreover, you might come across advanced elevators that move smoothly and at high speed or
touch-screen displays that give information about the building and its surroundings.

The goal of these high-tech gadgets is to make buildings more convenient, safe, and sustainable.
They also demonstrate how modern technology can seamlessly blend into architecture, improving
people’s lives.

5. Exposed Structures
By showcasing these elements, architects reveal how the building was constructed and functions.
It’s like showing off the impressive engineering and design that went into creating the structure.

This design decision also adds a sense of raw and industrial beauty to the building. Instead of
concealing everything behind walls, High-Tech Architecture values the aesthetics of the functional
elements themselves.
Also, exposing the structure allows for more open and flexible spaces inside. It gives a sense of
openness and honesty about the building’s construction and design, creating a unique and
modern look.

6. Flexibility and Open Spaces

Having a flexible space allows the building to serve various purposes. For instance, it can function
as an office one day and transform into a community center the next. This layout can be modified
to fit the needs of different activities and events.

Open spaces create a sense of freedom and connection inside the building. It’s like having big
rooms with fewer walls, which creates an inviting and friendly environment.

Flexibility and openness enable the building to adapt to future needs. As times change, the
structure can be updated and remodeled without major difficulties. It’s like having a building that
can grow and change alongside the community it serves.

7. Integration with Nature

High-Tech architects include eco-friendly features such as rooftop gardens, solar panels, and
rainwater harvesting systems. These elements help the building make the most of natural
resources and reduce its impact on the environment.

When the building connects with nature, it becomes more sustainable. It can use sunlight for
energy, recycle rainwater for different needs, and even offer green spaces for people to enjoy
nature within the urban surroundings.

This integration creates a healthier and more pleasant atmosphere for the people inside the
building. Bringing the advantages of nature indoors, which can enhance well-being and
productivity.

8. Iconic Shapes
Architects use their creativity to come up with unconventional shapes. It could be a building that
resembles a spaceship or a structure with a twisted form — something that truly stands out and
catches everyone’s attention.

These iconic shapes make the buildings easily recognizable, just like famous celebrities in the
world of architecture. They become symbols of the cities they’re in, attracting tourists and
becoming points of pride for the local community.

Furthermore, these unique designs are not just for show; they often have functional benefits too.
The shape might help with energy efficiency, bring in more natural light, or even provide better
views for the people inside.

9. Inspired by Function
Instead of just focusing on how the building looks, High-Tech takes care of how it works. For
example, if it’s an office building, the design will consider how to create a productive and
comfortable workspace for the people inside.

This element ensures that the building is not just a pretty face; it’s a smart and useful space too.
The design choices are driven by practical needs, making it more convenient for people to live,
work, or have fun inside.

Drawing inspiration from function means using innovative materials and technology to improve
the building’s performance. Example, integrating energy-efficient systems or smart features to
make it eco-friendly and user-friendly.

10. Urban Landscaping

High-Tech Architecture considers the city’s landscape, nearby buildings, and the needs of the
community. The design aims to create a balanced and appealing connection between the new
building and its environment.
This element involves adding green spaces, public areas, or even pedestrian-friendly features that
benefit the community. It’s like making the building a part of the city’s social fabric and
contributing positively to the urban environment.

By taking the urban landscape into account, architects strive to improve the quality of life for
people in the area. It creates buildings that not only have an impressive appearance but also
contribute value to the city as a whole.

C. EXAMPLES

1. Center Pompidou

This building was designed by the architect Richard Rogers

and Renzo Piano in the year 1977. It is designed as a highly
flexible container for art. The Pompidou embodies the ideals
of high-tech architecture. The style of architecture is
sometimes also referred to as ‘Bowellism’. Bowellism is a
modern and high-tech architecture style, which is heavily
associated with Richard Rogers.

Sometimes known as the inside-out architecture, this

transient architectural and flippant style was heavily
influenced by Le Corbusier and Antoni Gaudi.

The Centre Pompidou is adorned on the outside by lifts, escalators, and ventilation ducts, around
a vast steel frame, leaving the interior spaces completely open and adaptable.

2. HSBC Building

The HSBC building built in 1979 is also an example of high-tech

architecture. The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation
Headquarters was designed by Foster Associates. It is a forty-four-
storeyed high-tech skyscraper established by Norman Foster as a global
brand. The building was designed to meet the brief of creating the best
bank headquarters in the world.

The aesthetics of architecture are delegated to its engineering, avoiding

the question of style and appearance, history and context. The services
which are generally concealed within the central core were exhibited on
the exterior of the building.

3. Lloyd’s Building

The Lloyd’s building in London designed by Richard

Rogers is the second major building following the Centre
Pompidou, which is one of the 1980s most recognizable
pieces of architecture.

Like the earlier project, Lloyd’s building is innovative in

having its services on the outside. This leaves a
decluttered space inside. There are 3 main towers and
three service towers around a central rectangular space.
The higher floors can be accessed by exterior lifts.

4. Willis Faber and Dumas Building

Another project of high-tech architecture is the Willis Faber and Dumas building, by Foster
Associates. It was built in 1975. It is a three-storeyed office block that is wrapped by a curved
glass curtain wall hanging from the building structure. The building stands at the end of Ipswich.

The medieval street layout of the historic

town shapes the irregular site. The design
aimed at encouraging a greater sense of
community for the employees. This was
achieved by providing an uninterrupted and
flexible internal area, used as an open-plan
office.

5. Renault Distribution Center

Renault Distribution Center in Swindon is one of

the most extraordinary and articulate examples
of the high-tech architectural style. The Renault
Distribution Center was the leading distribution
facility in the UK for the French car manufacturer
Renault. It was completed in 1982 by Foster
Associates.

The distinctive roof of the building was created

for industrial racking and storage as Renault
required a flexible space with large, open areas.
Collectively the structure is made from forty-two
square modules that are each 24 meters by 24 meters. A PVC membrane stretches across each
module for the roof.

6. Marina Bay Sands

Marina Bay Sands in Singapore is a remarkable example

of high-tech architecture, characterized by its innovative
design and advanced engineering. Designed by
architect Moshe Safdie, the complex features three
towering structures, each standing at 193.9 meters with
57 floors above ground, establishing a significant
presence on the Singapore skyline.

The Sands SkyPark is an iconic skyway that connects

the three towers and spans 340 meters, offering
panoramic views of the city. It has a capacity to
accommodate nearly 3,902 people and includes an
infinity pool, gardens, and observation decks.

The 929,000 square meter integrated resort complex integrates mixed-use design, combining a
hotel with 2,560 rooms, a casino, an exhibition center, and retail spaces, showcasing a blend of
luxury and functionality. Moreover, advanced building technologies were employed to ensure safe
construction in the area's challenging marine clay soils.

The design reflects a modern approach to urban architecture, emphasizing sustainability and
integration with the surrounding environment. Marina Bay Sands not only serves as a hotel but
also as a cultural and architectural landmark, hosting events and activities that highlight both
modern design and technological innovation (Architecture of Marina Bay Sands, 2022).