daily practice reading

UNIT 1 GIẢI QUYẾT TỪNG DẠNG BÀI I
LESSON 1: MULTIPLE CHOICE

READING PASSAGE 1
How Humans Evolved Through Hunting
New research in the field of anthropology has suggested that the development
of hunting practices two million years ago may have had an impact on human
evolution. This is because the protein-rich meat that hunting provided could
have encouraged a different form of development in humans. Once humans
started eating meat, they no longer required a large digestive system to break
down fruit or vegetables and had a source of food that contained far more
energy. They therefore had more energy for internal developments, such as
brain expansion. This is the argument put forward in the “hunting hypothesis”
by psychology professor David Buss of the University of Texas in Austin.
According to Buss, the adoption of hunting was a turning point in human
evolution that allowed humans to develop capacities far exceeding those of
apes.
The use of tools in hunting is another example of how the practice may have
allowed humans to evolve in more complex ways. One important development
was the adoption of hand axes, which happened around the time of the
emergence of Homo erectus, the first human species suited to living on the
ground rather than in trees. The most important part of this development was
what paleoanthropologist Thomas Wynn of the University of Colorado
describes as tools becoming ‘a more or less permanent day-to-day thing’. Unlike
apes, these primitive humans would keep their tools and work to improve them
rather than simply dropping them after one use. Furthermore, the need to share
and preserve meat, and its role in social hierarchies, would have also greatly
impacted the development of early human societies. Therefore, the adoption of
hunting practices could be considered the root cause of the evolution of human
society and intelligence.
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Question 1 – 4
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D
1. How did eating meat affect the physical evolution of humans?

A. Humans developed externally.
B. Humans became physically stronger.
C. Protein was provided for brain development.
D. A big digestive system became unnecessary.
2. What happened around the same time as the development of hand axes?
A. Humans evolved to walk on two legs.
B. Humans evolved to live on the ground.
C. Humans developed agriculture.
D. Humans started to cook their food.
3. Humans and apes differed in their use tools because

A. Humans became more creative through the use of tools.
B. Humans did not throw away their tools.
C. Humans used tools to hunt larger prey.
D. Humans used tools to share meat within a community.
4. The writer mentions social hierarchies to illustrate

A. How eating meat influenced humans’ ability to communicate.
B. How meat was preserved in a society.
C. How hunting practices led to less civilized societies.
D. How meat affected the development of early social groups.
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READING PASSAGE 2
Global Warming’s Impact on Animals
Discovering the destructive effect of climate change on animal species around
the world
Much of the debate about global habitats to look for food. The species
warming has focused on its impact that will be most threatened by
on humans, but there is evidence these changes are those that have a
that it will be even more devastating very specialized diet, such as koalas,
for animals. In fact, a recent study of who survive almost entirely on
1.500 animal species in the journal eucalyptus as their source of
Nature found that 80 per cent of nourishment. Meanwhile, changes
those species had already suffered to the seasons, such as warmer
some negative consequences springs, are disrupting the seasonal
because of climate change. awareness of birds and causing
Furthermore, the International them to migrate earlier. This means
Union for the Conservation of that they arrive at breeding grounds
Nature estimates that 47 per cent of too soon and are unable to find
the mammals on the “red list” of enough food to survive and
highly endangered species will face reproduce. These examples reveal
further threats if global warming the extent to which animals are
continues. already threatened by global
warming, something that is set to
One way in which global warming is
increase considerably in the coming
already becoming apparent in some
decades. Unless more people
parts of the world is the loss of
become aware of this environmental
vegetation due to rising
crisis and pressure is put on
temperatures. If this continues it
governments to act, animal species
will force many animal species to
around the world will be at risk of
move away from their nature
extinction.
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Question 5 and 6
Choose TWO letters, A – E
Which TWO reasons are mentioned for why global warming threatens
animals?
A. The disappearance of mates

B. Rising sea levels
C. Shifts in the seasonal cycle
D. Longer winters
E. Loss of natural habitats
Question 7 and 8
7. Koalas are in danger from global warming because

A. Their habitat will become too dry.
B. They will be hunted by larger predators.
C. They only eat one type of food.
D. They are used to cold climates.
8. What is the writer’s overall purpose in writing this article?

A. To increase awareness of the challenges facing humans
B. To compare the threat of climate change for animals and humans
C. To educate readers about global warming’s impact on animals
D. To promote ways of dealing with climate change
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LESSON 2: TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN
READING PASSAGE 1
Understanding Owls
Owls are far more complex and varied than most people realise
Owls are one of the most easily Northen Hemisphere, and can reach
recognisable of all bird species, as 84 centimetres in length.
well as one of the most widely
Female owls are larger than males in
distributed around the world. There
most owl species. This is thought to
are actually 216 species of owl, the
be because females have to stay with
majority of which are nocturnal
their eggs to incubate them, which
creatures who sleep in the day and
requires more body mass, while
hunt at night. They mainly prey on
males go out and get food. Owls are
small rodents, but some owls hunt
generally faithful to one mate for the
other birds, rabbits, and even foxes.
duration of the mating season, and
They are highly suited to this task,
some owl species have been
with talons that are similar in
observed partnering up for life.
strength to those of eagles despite
being much smaller. Although most owls live and nest in
trees, this is by no means universal.
There are two main families of owls,
The snowy owl, for example, often
true owls and barn owls. True owls
has no choice, since it lives on the
are the most typical, comprising 189
barren and largely treeless Arctic
of the 216 owl species in existence.
tundra; it nests in holes in the
Barn owls are generally longer than
ground. The burrowing owl, on the
true owls, and skinner than their
other hand, uses the abandoned
characteristically fluffy and round
burrows of prairie dogs. Barn owls,
counterparts. The largest owl
as their name suggests, will often
species is the great grey owl, a type
nest in barns or other man-made
of true owl that lives mainly in the
structures.
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Question 1 – 5
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading
Passage 1?
Write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1. All owls hunt in the daytime.
2. Barn owls are fatter than true owls.
3. Male owls do not live as long as female owls.
4. Some owls stay with one mate for their whole life.
5. The snowy owl nests in hotels in the earth.
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READING PASSAGE 2
The Invention of Paper
Although it now seems commonplace, paper is one of the most significant
inventions in human history. It was first developed in China, with most accounts
attributing it to the imperial eunuch Cai Lun, who is thought to have made a
form of paper in AD 105. At first, it was used as wrapping for presents, but it
was soon discovered to be an effective material to write on. In China, it played a
significant role in the extension of literacy throughout the country and the
development of a sophisticated literary culture.
It spread to the Middle East in the 9th century, during a period when the Islamic
world was experiencing a cultural golden age. Paper allowed the artistic,
scientific, and literary writings produced during this cultural boom to spread
throughout the region, thereby facilitating the spread of Islamic culture. Europe
was slow to adopt paper because literacy rates were so low there. Paper
manufacturing did finally start to appear in Europe from around the 12th
century, producing a similar effect on literacy and the spread of religious
culture.
Prior to the 19th century, paper manufacturing relied on fibre from used textiles.
This gave rise to people who would search through rubbish for discarded
clothes and other rags. In the 1840s two men, Friedrich Gottlob Keller in
Germany and Charles Fenerty in Canada, simultaneously invented a means of
paper production using wood pulp. By the end of the 19th century, wood was the
primary material used in the manufacture of paper. This significantly reduced
the cost of paper and, along with the invention of mass-produced fountain pens
and pencils at the same time, allowed to be used for letters, journals, and mass-
market books.
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Question 6 – 9
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading
Passage 2?
Write
6. Initially, paper was widely used for writing Chinese manuscripts.

7. Islam was not widespread before the invention of paper.
8. Paper was once made out of clothes people had thrown away.
9. The two inventors of wood-based paper production worked together.
Question 10
10. Why did Europe take a long time to start using paper?
A. It was considered an Islamic invention.
B. Other materials were already available.
C. Many people could not read.
D. Europeans were not aware of its existence.
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LESSON 3: YES/NO/NOT GIVEN
READING PASSAGE 1
Studying the Benefits of Cacao
Used to make chocolate and a range of other cacao products, cacao beans are
actually the seeds of the cacao tree, which grows throughout the tropical
regions of Central and South America. Eating these seeds has long been thought
to have positive effects on people’s health. Cacao is generally considered to be a
good source of antioxidants including flavonoids, which can stop or prevent cell
damage. One study conducted by Cornell University has discovered that a cup
of hot cocoa, a warm chocolate drink made from cacao, has far more
antioxidants than a similar serving of red wine or tea. Indeed, eating or drinking
some chocolate is a good way to get a regular dose of cacao, the positive effects
of which offset the calories if consumed in moderation.
Scientists have also studied the effects of consuming cacao on rates of heart
disease, cancer, and diabetes, with some surprising results. Norman Hollenberg,
a professor of radiology at Havard Medical School, conducted a study on the
Kuna people in Panama, who drink more than five cups of cacao every day.
Hollenberg discovered that four of the five most common fatal disease-strokes,
heart failure, cancer and diabetes – were much less common among the Kuna
than among other Panamanian people. While Hollenberg’s study is fascinating,
the observational nature of his research means his findings do not indicate
scientific proof that cacao would have the same benefits for everyone. The
isolation of the Kuna people from the outside world also makes Hollenberg’s
research results questionable. Nevertheless, it is apparent that cacao intake
does have some link with reduced rates of disease. Therefore, although further
studies need to be carried out on how exactly cacao affects the body, more
people should consider eating it regularly.
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Question 1 – 5
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading
Passage 1?
Write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN it is impossible to say what the write thinks about this
1. There is a higher amount of antioxidants in cocoa than wine.
2. Regularly eating large amounts of chocolate is beneficial.
3. The Kuna people rely on cacao for many essential nutrients.
4. Cancer is the only disease that is less common among the Kuna.
5. The Kuna’s isolation raises questions about the claim that eating cacao is
beneficial to everyone.
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READING PASSAGE 2
Families with Different ‘Tongues’
In many families, parents speak two different native languages, and they must
decide which one their child learns
Learning multiple languages is often said to be a positive activity. And in many
cases, learning a second language is a choice. But what about bilingual families
that have a mother and father whose native languages are different? Should the
children of the household be forced to learn both the ‘mother’ and ‘father’
tongue? The truth is that it should be determined by the significance of the two
languages globally. If both languages are of practical use to the children
throughout their life, then the pros outweigh the cons. Imagine a family in
Germany with a German-speaking father and a Chinese-speaking mother. It
might seem impractical for a child in the household to learn Chinese. The
languages are very different, so the effort and time involved in learning the
mother’s language would be significant. In addition, the opportunities to utilise
it outside the household might be limited for a child.
Despite these drawbacks, learning Chinese for this child would be useful for
several reasons. First, the child would be able to communicate with the
mother’s side of the family, such as during a visit to grandparents in China.
Perhaps more importantly, though, learning both languages would give the
child a competitive advantage in the job market. According to the Chinese
embassy in Berlin, there are now several thousand Chinese companies with
offices in Germany. There are also an increasing number of Chinese investors
buying Germen firms. These companies often conduct their business in both
languages, and therefore are in need of people who can use both. Thus, because
demand for people who are bilingual in German and Chinese is on the rise, the
child would have unique career opportunities that are not available to
monolingual language users.
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Question 6 – 9
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading
Passage 2?
Write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN it is impossible to say what the write thinks about this
6. Parents should always teach their native language to their children.

7. Chinese the most useful language to learn in the current global economy.
8. More and more German companies are being taken over by Chinese
investors.
9. Many monolingual people are losing jobs to people who are bilingual.
Question 10
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
10. According to the write, learning languages of both parents is beneficial if

A. The child is not forced to learn them by the mother and father.
B. The child has an interest in learning both of them.
C. Both of them are equally easy for the child to learn.
D. Both of them offer a useful advantage to the child.
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LESSON 4: NOTE/TABLE/FLOW-CHART/DIAGRAM COMPLETION
READING PASSAGE 1
The Shift from Natural to Cultured Pearls

Due to the rare occurrence of their pearl fishing areas are in the Indian
organic growth, pearls were once Ocean and the Red Sea. The
among the most sought-after items discovery of the New World, where
in the world. Nature pearls are pearls were widespread in the
produced within the shells of basins of the Ohio, Mississippi, and
molluscs such as oysters, where they Tennessee rivers, led to a dramatic
are formed as a means of defence expansion of the international pearl
against the invasion of irritants. If an market. This trade was then
irritant enters the shell, mollusce disrupted by a manmade invention:
produce nacre. The irritant will the cultured pearl.
eventually develop a shiny radiance
Cultured pearls, which were first
as a result of the layers of nacre that
developed in Australia by biologist
form around it, transforming it into
William Saville-Kent in the late 19th
a pearl. The brightness of the pearl
century, are made by implanting a
can vary depending on the levels of a
small piece of mantle tissue into a
mineral called aragonite in the shell,
molluscs shell. This causes the
and some pearls can be red or black,
molluscs to create a pearl around the
while many are not actually round.
tissue. The introduction of cultured
For instance, freshwater pearls are
pearls was initially resisted within
usually oval shaped.
the global pearl industry.
Pearl hunting is a very ancient Nevertheless, the contemporary
profession, but for much of human industry is now almost entirely
history it was an extremely difficult dominated by cultured pearls, which
job. Free divers would risk their lives account for 99 per cent of all pearls
by descending to depths of over 100 sold internationally.
feet to collect molluscs. The oldest
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Question 1 – 5
Compete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Natural and Cultured Pearls
Natural Pearls
- Once some of the most prized items in the world
- Produced in the shells of molluscs
- Formed as a 1. ……………………. against irritants
- Layers of 2. …………………… make them shiny
- 3. …………………… pearls are shaped like an oval
Cultured Pearls
- Pearl trade was changed by an artificial invention
- First developed in Australia in the 19th century
- Produced by putting mantle 4. …………………… into a shell
- Cultured pearls were opposed in the 5. …………………… at first
- Most pearls sold now are cultured ones
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READING PASSAGE 2
How Hormones Relate to Behaviour
Personality and behaviour depend on many factors, but there is evidence that
hormones play a significant role in both
Many doctors and scientists believe that hormones, which are known to
regulate physiology, also influence behaviour and personality. Hormones are
signalling molecules released by glands as a means of making changes in
organs. In men, the most significant hormone is testosterone, the primary male
sex hormone, which increases in production by around 10 times during
adolescence. It facilitates the development of male reproductive tissues, but has
also been linked to personality traits such as remoteness and hostility. In
general, the male body produces 10 times more testosterone than the female
body. Studies have shown that testosterone can make men act more
competitively, particularly when their social status is at threat. Thus, if two men
are competing for a professional achievement or for the attention of a potential
partner, their testosterone levels will increase and make them display an
assertive or even aggressive personality.
Testosterone is the dominant hormone for men, but for females, it is oestrogen,
which women have in far larger quantities than men. This hormone can be
found in particularly high amounts when a woman is pregnant, which is a time
when hormones play a major role. This is when oestrogen and progesterone
regulate female tissue development and increase maternal behaviour.
According to some researchers, oestrogen can also be linked to several
character traits, including a stable mood and a sense of contentment. This is
particularly evident when oestrogen levels fall, during which time women can
suffer from emotional problems such as depression. The hormone oxytocin,
which is responsible for inducing labour and initiating contractions during
childbirth, may also influence behaviour. Oxytocin is known as a social
lubricant, and is sometimes called the ‘love hormone’, since, when people
become physically intimate with their partners, it promotes bonding and
affection.
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Questions 6 and 7

Passage 2?
Write

6. If men want to achieve the same goal, testosterone will help them work
together.
7. Oestrogen is responsible for generating milk after pregnancy.
Questions 8-10
Complete the table below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Hormones in action
Event Hormonal Activity

Women become pregnant. Oestrogen and progesterone control tissue
growth and boost 8. ……………………
Women deliver their Oxytocin staits labour and causes
babies. 9. ……………………
People become intimate Oxytocin, also known as the 10. ……………………,
with their partners. increases feelings of affection.
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PART 5 SENTENCE COMPLETION
READING PASSAGE 1
Can Lack of Sleep Lead to Alzheimer's?

The importance of sleeping well has been emphasised by a study showing that a
lack of sleep could cause Alzheimer's disease
As well as causing exhaustion and stress, sleep deprivation is known to increase

the risk of developing obesity, depression, and even cancer. Recent studies have
also identified a link between regular sleepless nights and Alzheimer's disease.
Sufferers of Alzheimer's carry larger amounts of tau proteins, as well as
displaying signs of brain inflammation and damaged brain cells. They also carry
more beta- amyloid proteins. These biomarkers, which are found to a greater or
lesser extent in all Alzheimer's patients, have now been revealed to be present
in people who suffer from insomnia as well.
This link between Alzheimer's and lack of sleep was made clear by a study in
the journal Neurology. It found that patients who had trouble sleeping had far
more of the biomarkers associated with Alzheimer's in their systems. This was
the conclusion of the study’s co-author Barbara Bendlin of the Wisconsin
Alzheimer's Disease Research Centre. According to Bendlin, the team's findings
revealed that poor sleep may contribute to the accumulation of Alzheimer's-
associated proteins in the brain. Sleep is known to be a cleaning agent in the
brain, which removes neurotoxins like the beta-amyloid proteins. If a person is
not getting enough sleep, these can build up, eventually leading to Alzheimer's.
However, some scientists disagree and state that the cause and effect in this
scenario should be reversed. They suggest that the increase in these
neurotoxins in the brain is the cause of people's inability to sleep, rather than
the result. The research is therefore not as conclusive as it may appear, although
there is no doubt about the benefits of a good night's sleep for our general
health and well-being.
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Questions 1 – 4
Complete the sentences below.
1. Some symptoms of Alzheimer's include inflammation in the brain and
weakened brain ……………………
2. Similar biomarkers occur in people who suffer from Alzheimer’s and those
who have ……………………
3. In the brain, sleep acts as a washing …………………… to flush out harmful
neurotoxins.
4. Not all …………………………. believe that sleeplessness causes Alzheimer’s.
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READING PASSAGE 2
Pelicans: Nature’s Flying Giants
As one of the largest birds on the All pelican habitats are in coastal
planet, pelicans are renowned for areas, and they are generally
their huge wings, lengthy beak, and sociable birds that move in flocks
round throat pouch. The pelican and work together when hunting.
actually has the longest beak of all Their diet is mainly made up of fish,
birds, with the biggest growing up to but they are also known to eat
18.5 inches long. Their famous amphibians, turtles, and
pouches dangle beneath the lower occasionally other birds. As well as
beak and are made up of what is hunting together, pelicans breed and
known as gular skin. raise their chicks in huge colonies.
There are currently eight pelican Most pelican species have come
species in existence, which under threat from human activity,
collectively make up the family and several are considered to be at
Pelecanidae. The Dalmatian pelican risk of extinction. They are mainly
is the largest of them and is also one declining because human
of the weightiest of all the flying bird overfishing has led to fewer fish for
species, with large males weighing them to eat, but they are also
up to 33 pounds. Apart from size, the threatened by chemical pollutants
main differences among pelican and the destruction of their habitats.
species are colouring and location. However, environmental efforts to
For example, the great white pelican preserve pelican populations are
is largely white with black tips on its ongoing, and there has been
wings, while the Peruvian pelican considerable success in pulling back
has more black feathers than white. certain species from the brink of
extinction.
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Questions 5 – 8
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A – F, below.
5. Pelican pouches are

6. The Dalmatian pelican is
7. The Peruvian pelican is
8. Pelican chicks are
A. much darker in colour.

B. one of the heaviest flying birds.
C. categorised as a flightless bird.
D. underneath their beaks.
E. an exception in terms of its hunting techniques.
F. brought up in large communities.
Questions 9 and 10
Complete the notes below
Features of the Pelican
- its beak can be up to 18.5 inches long

- live in 9. …………………… regions
- they mostly live on a diet of 10. ……………………
- threatened by human overfishing, pollutants, and habitat loss
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UNIT 2 GIẢI QUYẾT TỪNG DẠNG BÀI II
LESSON 1: SUMMARY COMPLETION (HOÀN THÀNH TÓM TẮT)
READING PASSAGE 1
From the Traditional to the Modern

The Development of Modern Dance
Dance was once a very traditional and conventional art form, but that changed with
the introduction of modern dance, which expanded the limits of what was possible in
dance. Around the beginning of the 20th century, modern dance arose out of the avant-
garde movement. Avant-garde dance was a form of innovative expression. It did not
require dancers to perform in a conventional ballet costume. Rather, it allowed them
to wear casual clothes, such as T-shirts and jeans, in order to express the feeling of
everyday life. Most importantly, avant-garde dance was often performed in parks,
churches and on the street. This contrasted with traditional dance, which was
performed in official places like concert halls.
Indeed, the basic formats of traditional and modern dance were remarkably different.
The traditional approach followed a systematic form and had a story to the dance,
which was almost always produced by choreographers. Modern dance, on the other
hand, needed only music and relied on improvisation. Occasionally, it did not even
require this and sometimes took on the form of an interpretive dance. Avant-garde
dance appealed to various audiences, including those who were not knowledgeable
or refined patrons of the arts. Thus, whoever was interested and had an open mind
could enjoy avant-garde dance.
An important stylistic difference in avant-garde dance was the way dancers chose to
express themselves. For instance, they sometimes talked during the dance
performance. Dance companies found new ways to incorporate their dancers' art in a
broader performing context. One way in which this was reflected was in their choice
of company names. Before the avant-garde movement, troupes were largely named
after their resident choreographer, resulting in names such as ‘Zeferelli's Dance
Company’ or ‘The Radoyanov Ballet Troupe'. However, after the development of the
movement, they took on unrelated, or more meaningful, titles like “Acme”, which
means “pinnacle”.
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Questions 1 – 5
Complete the summary below.
A New Form of Dance
Modern dance was born from the 1. …………………… of the 20th century. It was a
type of creative expression. This new form of dance did not require a
traditional 2. ……………………, but allowed casual clothes. Also, dances did not
have to take place at official locations such as 3. …………………… . Traditional
dance was usually produced by 4. ……………………. . In contrast, modern dance
just needed music and depended on 5. …………………… .
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READING PASSAGE 2
Bees: The Substance of a Queen
There is always one queen in a hive, cells of their own and laying eggs. In
and she is significantly larger than a this way, the pheromone ensures
worker bee and longer than a drone, that the queen is the only
the non-working male bee. However, reproductive female in the hive, and
her wings are much shorter than her it also serves to attract drones for
body and cannot cover her long and mating with her. The queen
tapered abdomen. She has sparkling substance also keeps the bees
gold hairs on her shiny body. The together when the queen leaves the
queen also has a sting, but, unlike hive with the swarm. Swarming
the aggressive workers, she does not occurs when the old queen leaves to
fight hive intruders. Her sting is only colonise a new area. Approximately
used to fight rival queens. 60 per cent of the bees follow her,
Furthermore, she does not go out to while the others stay to maintain the
get pollen, nectar, or water, and old hive and nurture a new queen.
therefore has no anatomical Additional pheromones produced
structures for gathering these by the queen are influential in
things. Finally, as a queen, she stimulating comb building and the
usually does not feed herself. rearing of offspring. In the case of
Queens emit several pheromones comb building, a study led by M. N.
that regulate the activity of the hive. Ledoux at Simon Fraser University
Arguably, the most important of discovered that the specific
these is the 'queen substance', which chemicals that stimulate comb
suppresses the reproductive building are only produced in high
systems of other female bees, quantities by queens that have
inhibiting them from building queen mated.
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Questions 6 – 9
Complete the summary using the list of words, A – F below.
Life as a Queen
There is only one queen in each hive. The queen is bigger than the other bees,
but her 6. …………………… are much shorter than her body. Although the queen
has a sting, she does not fight 7. …………………… . The queen substance is an
important pheromone and it guarantees that there is no 8. …………………… by
other females. Also, it keeps the swarm together if the queen leaves the hive.
Bees swarm when the old queen leaves to establish a new 9. ……………………
A. invaders B. reproduction C. location
D. legs E. wings F. colony
Questions 10 and 11
10. A queen does not have………………….. on her body for collecting pollen or
nectar.
11. Queens that have mated make large amounts of certain kinds of
…………………….. for comb building.
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LESSON 2: MATCHING FEATURES (NỐI ĐẶC ĐIỂM)
READING PASSAGE 1
Does Exercise Improve Cognitive Health?
New research suggests that as well Doctoral student Laura Chaddock
as improving our physical health, said that physically fit children also
exercise has a positive effect on our performed better on a 'relational
cognitive health. One such positive memory task’. Professor Art Kramer,
mental impact of exercise was who led the study, said, 'If you get
discovered in a brain imaging study some inferior genes from your
at the University of California. This parents, you can't really fix that.'
study found that during exercise, the However, Kramer suggests that,
brain increases its intake of through exercise, people can do
carbohydrates. According to something about their development.
Professor Richard Maddock, the Exercise may also have a similarly
brain uses carbohydrates as fuel to positive impact on our brain's
increase its production of capacity for creativity. A study by
neurotransmitters. Maddock Stanford University researchers
believes that the brain is 'filling up tested the hypothesis that walking
its stores of essential ingredients' as boosts creativity. The researchers
a natural reaction while exercising, found that the majority of subjects
and that this can improve the were around 60 per cent more
performance of the brain as a whole. creative when walking than when
Research has also shown that they were sitting. The study's author
children's brain development could Marily Oppezoo said this showed
be affected by their level of physical that walking could 'help you at the
exercise. This was revealed in a beginning stages of creativity'. This
study at the University of Illinois, study reveals how important
which found that 10-year-olds who exercise could be to inspiration, and
exercised often were found to have a emphasises just how much the brain
large hippocampus, the part of the benefits from being part of a healthy,
brain responsible for memory. active body.
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Questions 1 – 5
Look at the following statements (Questions 1 – 5) and the list of researchers
below.
Match each statement with the correct research, A – D.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
1. The brain increases its intake of vital elements during exercise.
2. Children who were in good shape did better in a memory task.
3. Taking a walk can help someone who is in the early phases of inspiration.
4. Although bad genes can’t be changed, exercise can help.
5. Carbohydrates are used as fuel in the brain during exercise.
List of Researchers
A. Manly Oppezzoo
B. Richard Maddock
C. Art Kramer
D. Laura Chaddock
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READING PASSAGE 2
Gender and Linguistics
Ever since the 1960s, a range of feminist theorists have questioned whether
language could be inherently sexist
The idea that gender influences language is now generally accepted. However,
for much of the latter half of the 20th century this idea was highly controversial
and was the subject of intense academic debate. The linguistic analysis of
gender and language began soon after the feminist movement took off in the
1960s. During this period, theorists started to see sexism as something
embedded in the structure of language. This was accompanied by a new focus
on what the feminist writer Susan Speer described as the way in which 'gender
identity should be conceived', both linguistically and politically.
The feminist approach to language implied that sexism was a part of everyday
language. The political theorist Robin Morgan said that the structure of
language 'reflects women's condition’. Morgan explained that, ‘We do not even
have our own names, but bear that of the father until we exchange it for that of
a husband.' This was echoed by Robin Lakoff, who argued that there is a
'woman's register’ that maintains women's social position. Lakoff noted that
women tend to apologise more, avoid curse words, and only make requests in a
less direct way. Lakoff's work was extremely influential because it revealed how
women are forced to limit their own speech.
The theorist Jennifer Coates provided a method of categorisation to describe
the various theories of gender and language. Coates identified four approaches,
one of which was the 'deficit approach', which suggested that women's use of
language was inadequate. The ‘difference approach', on the other hand, saw
men and women as being linguistically distinct. This was illustrated by Deborah
Tannen, who contrasted the 'report style' of men with the ‘rapport style' of
women. Tannen believed that this was apparent in the way men often talk about
something they have knowledge about, such as sports, while women ask more
questions and thus build relationships.
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Questions 6 – 9
Look at the following statements (Questions 6 – 9) and the list of people below.
Match each statement with the correct person, A – E.
6. There are four ways to view gender and language.
7. Men use language to share their language.
8. Women’s situation is evident in the way names are used.
9. Women are more likely to ask for things indirectly.
List Of People
A. Deborah Tannen
B. Robin Lakoff
C. Jennifer Coates
D. Susan Speer
E. Robin Morgan
Questions 10 and 11
The Start of the Analysis of Gender and Language
People began to study language in relation to gender during the 1960s, after the
10. …………………………….. began. Their analysis showed that sexism was rooted
in the 11. ……………………………. of language. During the course of the next few
decades, different theories were introduced that showed the variety of
approaches one could take to understand discourse and gender.
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LESSON 3 MATCHING INFORMATION (NỐI THÔNG TIN)
READING PASSAGE 1
Failures of International Expansion: Why Some Companies Fail to
Become Multinationals
A. Once a company reaches a certain level of market dominance in a country,
the natural assumption on the part of shareholders is that it will expand
overseas. However, making this move successfully can be extremely
difficult. In fact, there are many examples of retail companies, which make
up a significant portion of companies that attempt to expand
internationally, making strategic errors. These can often cost them millions
or even billions of dollars.
B. The most common mistake companies make when moving overseas is to
assume that 'one size fits all’. This approach does not take into account the
cultural differences between countries and assumes that the strength of the
brand will make it successful. This was the case with a chain of British
hardware stores. After dominating the domestic market, they planned an
expansion in China, where a growing middle class and a booming housing
market were seen as ideal conditions for success. However, they did not
realise that Chinese people see doing renovations to their homes
themselves as a sign of poverty - they prefer to hire others to do it. The
chain soon abandoned its expansion.
C. A leading American supermarket chain had a similar experience when it
attempted to break into the German market. Their German stores adopted
the American practices of telling sales clerks to smile at customers and bag
their products. Unlike Americans, Germans found this style of customer
service off-putting, with some customers interpreting the smiles as
flirtation. The supermarket chain also failed to change their employment
policies and relocated their employees from store to store, as they did in
the US. a policy that led many Germans to quit. As with the hardware chain,
the supermarket found that one size does not fit all.
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Questions 1 – 4
Reading Passage 1 has three paragraphs, A – C.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
1. how attitudes to customer service differ in two countries
2. an example of a country where people prefer to pay someone for home
improvement
3. a mention of an unpopular practice of moving workers
4. a reference to an industry in which overseas expansion is common
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READING PASSAGE 2
The Drone Revolution in Farming

A. Most experts agree that over the course of the next decade, drones will make
a significant impact in the agriculture sector by cutting costs for farmers and
improving efficiency. Importantly, drones can provide farmers with real-
time data about the health of their crops, thereby removing the need for
costly and time-consuming human observation. This has led agriculture
experts like Scott Shearer, a professor at Ohio State University, to predict that
drones are 'going to change agriculture as we know it.’
B. The potential applications of drones in agriculture are numerous, ranging
from measuring soil moisture to mapping weeds and locating infestations of
pests, all of which can be done from the air. YangQuan Chen, an engineering
professor at UC Merced in California, says that the application of these
drones is 'only limited by our imagination'. Indeed, modified drones could
even land and pick up samples of soil so that its chemical composition can
be analysed. This sort of flexibility means that, according to Chen, drones will
be 'critical to farming’. Chen even goes so far as to suggest that the drone will
be equivalent to the tractor in its effect on farming.
C. This use of drones in farming is part of what Chris Anderson, the co-founder
and CEO of 3D Robotics, calls 'a trend toward increasingly data-driven
agriculture'. According to Andersor, farmers have to make sure their farms
are working at maximum efficiency to ensure high crop yields. This means
that farms are increasingly managed by computers, with assistance from
farmers. Drones will be part of a network of computers that coordinate all
farming activity. They will allow for a level of precision in farming that
human labour could not achieve.
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Questions 5 – 7
5. a reference to drones providing up-to-date information
6. a mention of how drones will integrate with other farm technologies
7. an example of drones being used to find weeds
Questions 8 and 9
Look at the following statements (Questions 8 and 9) and the list of people
below.
Match each statement with the correct person, A – C.
8. Drones are part of a movement towards an information-driven farm.
9. The impact of drones in agriculture will be similar to that of the tractor.
List of People
A. YangQuan Chen
B. Chris Anderson
C. Scott Shearer
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LESSON 4 MATCHING HEADINGS
READING PASSAGE 1
The Optimism Bias
Most people think they act rationally, but they are actually influenced by a
natural inclination towards optimism
A. Recent studies in both neuroscience and social science have revealed that
the majority of people have a tendency to be optimistic. Social scientists have
labelled this phenomenon the 'optimism bias'. Professor Chris Dawson of
the University of Bath has shown that, in the business world, entrepreneurs
are examples of people who have a particularly strong optimism bias since
very few new businesses are successful. Only around 20 per cent of
businesses last beyond their first year, and very few reach their fifth or tenth
anniversaries. Considering this, entrepreneurs must be optimistic to go into
business.
B. A similar trend can be seen in sports fandom. Researchers at University
College London (UCL) found that football fans had wildly optimistic
expectations of how their team would perform over the course of a season.
These expectations were often based on opinions rather than actual
evidence. The study's senior author, Professor Brad Love, stated that, ‘fans
can get focused on improvements or changes in the team that they follow,'
without realising that other teams are doing the same.
C. This tendency towards optimism has also been studied by Tali Sharot, a
neuroscientist at UCL. who suggests that the optimism bias is a 'cognitive
illusion' which has a positive effect on people. According to Sharot, this
illusion is very helpful in our daily lives and is necessary for the maintenance
of well-being across society. Sharot suggests that the optimism bias is an
antidote to mental problems like depression and anxiety and can improve a
person's prospects. This is because optimism leads people to expect more
from life, which makes them work harder to achieve their goals. Ultimately,
as Sharot states, this allows them to have more fulfilling, successful and
happy lives.
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Questions 1-3
Reading Passage 1 has three paragraphs, A – C
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
List of Headings
i. The optimism bias and personal relationships
ii. The effect of the optimism bias on business
iii. The genetic basis for optimism
iv. Personality relates to the optimism bias
v. Sports supporters rely on the optimism bias
vi. The benefits of the optimism bias
1. Paragraph A
2. Paragraph B
3. Paragraph C
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READING PASSAGE 2
The Mystery of Smell
A. The sense of smell is often considered to be of less importance than
seemingly more practical senses, such as vision and hearing. However, smell
encodes sensations in ways that give information to other senses, so it is a
vital tool for perception. Its influential role in taste is well documented, and
it is thought to play a significant part in the recording of sense information
more generally. Despite this, the exact relationship between the sense of
smell and our brains is still largely unknown.
B. The cognitive process behind smell can be altered by expectations, as was

revealed in a study by cognitive psychologist Pamela Dalton at the Monell
Centre. Dalton presented a harmless aroma to some asthma patients, telling
half of them that it was a harmful compound. Those that thought it was
harmful experienced lung inflammation over the course of the next 24 hours.
According to Dalton, this proves that our perception of odour can even
influence our physical reactions.
C. Science has also demonstrated that the brain remembers odours differently
in the presence or absence of pain. This was revealed in a study at
Northwestern University in which subjects received mild electric shocks
when they smelled a particular chemical. When the subjects were asked to
identify the chemical via its smell, they managed to do so almost 70 per cent
of the time when the electric shocks were administered. In contrast, the
subjects correctly identified the chemical scent only a third of the time in the
absence of shocks.
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Questions 4 – 6
List of Headings
i. Smell negatively affects attention
ii. The influence of expectations about smells
iii. The relation between smell and hearing
iv. The importance of smell for perception
v. Remembering smells with and without pain
vi. Chemical influence on smell
4. Paragraph A
5. Paragraph B
6. Paragraph C
Questions 7 and 8
7. Dalton’s experiment involved making …………………………. sufferers
smell a harmless substance.
8. In one experiment, participants identified a chemical most of the time
when they were given ………………………….. .
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LESSON 5 SHORT ANSWER
READING PASSAGE 1
The History of the Circus, from Ancient Rome to Cirque du Soleil
Circuses were first popularised in made of canvas. Soon, this became

ancient Rome, where the Latin word the standard American circus and
‘circus’ meant ‘circle’ and referred to remained so for the next century.
a building that was used for events The biggest circus company of that
like chariot races. The circus in a era was Ringling Bros, and Barnum
permanent location disappeared & Bailey’s Circus, which popularised
after the fall of the Roman Empire, the use of clowns as performers and
but during much of the medieval even founded its own clown college
period, travelling entertainers to train them.
moved around Europe performing at In recent decades, demand for
local fairs. A new form of circus traditional circuses has waned,
emerged in the 18th century with while more theatrical productions
Philip Astley’s outdoor horse-riding such as Cirque du Soleil have
school, where visitors could watch gathered large followings globally.
horse-riding tricks. Astley added Having been inspired by the
acts by strongmen, jugglers, and Moscow Circus, the Cirque du Soleil
acrobats to these tricks. In 1773, he founders designed a show in which
opened the first theatre for circus various circus styles from around
performances in London, Astley’s the world were integrated into a
Royal Amphitheatre, and it was here single story. They avoided using a
that the modern circus was born. ring or animals, feeling that this
model was outdated. The formula
In America, the circus reached its
worked as Cirque du Soleil has
most famous form in the 19th
established itself across the globe,
century with the ‘big top’, a circus
generating more than $800 million
performed inside a massive tent
in annual revenue.
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Questions 1 – 5
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
1. Which events in Europe did travelling entertainers perform at during
medieval times?
2. What was the name of the first circus theatre in London?
3. What were “big top” tents made out of?
4. What did Ringling Bros, and Barnum & Bailey’s Circus establish to train
performers?
5. From where did the founders of Cirque du Soleil get their inspirations?
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READING PASSAGE 2
MOSE: Venice's Tide Barrier Project

A. Venice is well known for being one of the most popular tourist attractions in
Italy, but it is also famous for flooding. Constructed on land barely above sea
level, Venice is particularly susceptible to high tides. Acqua alta is the Italian
term for the seasonal tides that occur in the northern Adriatic Sea and
sometimes flood the city. Without protection, Venice occasionally must
contend with water that covers the surface of the city. Therefore, Venice has
implemented the MOSE project, which is intended to protect the city from
these floods.
B. The attempt to protect Venice from high tides also entails the protection of
the Venetian Lagoon, as well as the three entrances to the lagoon that
regularly allow tides into the city. As these tides raise the water level in the
lagoon, they also flood Venice. The city invested billions of dollars in the
MOSE project to construct a series of steel gates that modify how water flows
into the Venetian Lagoon. The gates are held in place on the lagoon floor by
allowing them to fill with water. However, when high tides are anticipated,
the gates are raised by introducing compressed air into them until they rise
above the water. The gates then prevent the seawater from entering the
lagoon.
C. By erecting these gates, the Venetians are able to control the influx of water.
However, the gates prevent vessels from entering the lagoon. To address this,
the MOSE project will involve the construction of locks at the three lagoon
entrances: Malamocco, Lido, and Chioggia. The lock at Malamocco will
function as the main lock, and it will mainly be used to accommodate large
ships. The other two will allow for the passage of smaller vessels.
39 | P a g e
Questions 6 – 8
List of Headings
i. The cost of modifying the flow of water
ii. Efforts to protect the lagoon from high tides
iii. Venice’s development as a popular tourist destination
iv. The continual problem of flooding in Venice
v. Plans to use locks to allow ships into the lagoon
6. Paragraph A
7. Paragraph B
8. Paragraph C
Questions 9 – 11
9. What term is used to describe the seasonal high tides that flood Venice?
10. What is put into the gates to make them rise when high tides are predicted?
11. What will use the lock at Malamocco to enter the Venetian Lagoon?
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UNIT 3: PRACTICE
PROGRESSIVE TEST 1
READING PASSAGE 1
The Doll: More Than a Children's Toy
Over the course of their long history, dolls have been used as religious offerings,
fertility symbols, and consumer items
A. Although dolls have been popular throughout human history, they have varied
widely in both construction and purpose. The earliest dolls known to
contemporary historians are Egyptian paddle dolls, which have been found in
tombs dating back to the 21st century BCE. These wooden boards had stylised
human features and were often adorned with abstract forms made up of squares
and triangles. There is speculation that they were representations of the dead,
fertility symbols to ensure rebirth of the deceased, or primitive toys intended for
children in the afterlife.
B. The use of dolls in the cultures of ancient Greece and Rome is well documented.
While dolls were used as toys in these societies, historians have also speculated
that they may also have been used as offerings to the gods or as charms to ward
off bad luck. The use of dolls for purposes other than play was also common in
Japan, in the form of the Dogu and Haniwa dolls. The highly stylised Dogu were in
use from around 8000 BC to 200 BCE and were notable for their round faces.
Their purpose is not clear, although their feminine features suggest that they may
be connected to fertility. The clay figures known as Haniwa, on the other hand,
were used as funerary figures and often dressed in military outfits.
C. As superstition and spirituality started to diminish in the 19th century, dolls

developed a more recognisable, child-focused form. This coincided with the
Industrial Revolution, after which dolls began to be mass-produced and became
consumer items. In this period, manufacturers started making dolls' faces out of
porcelain to give them a more lifelike skin tone. They were particularly popular
in Germany, where millions were mass-produced. Starting in the 1850s, these
dolls were more clearly defined as children's toys because they were made to
look more childlike. Dolls also became more firmly associated with girls during
this period, and more emphasis was placed on their clothing and accessories, a
trend that would expand in the mid-20th century with the launch of Barbie.
41 | P a g e
Questions 1 – 3
1. a reference to a country where dolls were produced in large quantities
2. an explanation for why certain dolls had female characteristics
3. a mention of a material that made dolls look more human
Questions 4 and 5
Complete the summary using the list of words, A – F below.
The First Dolls
The first dolls that historians are aware of were discovered in ancient
Egyptian 4. …………………. . They were wooden boards that had human features
and were decorated with 5. …………………. . They may have represented the
dead, symbolized fertility, or have been toys to play with in the next world.
A. graves B. pictures C. shapes
D. palaces E. letters F. homes
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READING PASSAGE 2
Global Warming's Threat to the Rocky Mountains
The Rocky Mountains are one of the animals, would be severely threatened
world’s greatest mountain ranges, by such a temperature rise. A report
stretching across 3,000 miles of the released by the Union of Concerned
North American continent. ‘The Scientists stated that the main tree
Rockies’, as they are known, contain species forming the Rocky Mountain
many vital natural resources, the most forests will have largely died out by
abundant of which is water. The 2060 due to higher temperatures. It
mountains supply around a quarter of suggests that the number of aspens will
all the water in North America, which is decline by around 61 per cent while the
used for both consumption and soil where conifers grow will decrease
agricultural irrigation. This mostly in size by around 50 per cent. The
untouched terrain is now under threat union's climate scientist Jason Funk
from climate change, which could emphasised just how disastrous this
disrupt the mountains' delicate could be: These aren't tiny, rare tree
ecosystem. species on the brink. They are massive,
widespread species, the characteristic
In America's Rocky Mountain National
species of Rocky Mountain forests.’
Park, there has already been a 3.4
degree Fahrenheit increase in average A further damaging effect of climate
annual temperatures over the last change within the Rocky Mountains
century. This is expected to continue, would be its impact on the area as a
with some models suggesting the water source. Five of the biggest rivers
temperature will go up by another 6.5 in America have their sources in the
degrees Fahrenheit by 2050, while Rocky Mountains, and they collectively
others project a 2.5 degree rise. It is feed nineteen western states with
thus not surprising that National Park water for drinking and crop irrigation.
Service Director Jonathan Jarvis called These are fed by the melting of the
climate change the biggest challenge Rocky Mountain snowpack, which
national parks face in the next century. could be significantly reduced in size by
'National parks are often located in any rise in temperatures. Jeff Lukas of
relatively extreme environments', the Colorado Water Conservation
Jarvis stated, making them 'some of the Board stated: ‘Already, snowmelt and
most impacted environments that we runoff are shifting earlier, our soils are
have in the country'. becoming drier, and the growing
season has lengthened.’
The Rockies' immense forests, which
are home to a range of plants and
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Questions 6 and 7
Look at the following statements (Questions 6 and 7) and the list of people
below.
Match each statement with the correct person, A – C.
6. The growing season in the Rocky Mountains is much longer than it once
was.
7. The location of national parks means they are more exposed to climate
change.
List of People
A. Jason Funk
B. Jonathan Jarvis
C. Jeff Lukas
Questions 8 and 9
Passage 2?
Write
8. All the water from the Rocky Mountains is used for farming.
9. Aspens will start to disappear from the mountains before conifers.
44 | P a g e
READING PASSAGE 3
Questions 10 – 14
Reading Passage 3 has five paragraphs, A – E.
List of Headings
i. The unconscious basis of communication
ii. Unconscious desires that are formed in childhood
iii. Consciousness alone cannot explain the human mind
iv. The role of the unconscious in personality
v. Evidence that the subconscious is easily influenced
vi. Unconscious aspects of human attraction
vii. Inherent biases in the subconscious mind
10. Paragraph A
11. Paragraph B
12. Paragraph C
13. Paragraph D
14. Paragraph E
45 | P a g e
Unlocking the Role of the Subconscious in Human Relationships
A. According to Sigmund Freud, consciousness was not enough to explain the
workings of the human mind. He contended that thoughts, desires, and
behaviours were not always created by conscious choices. For him, the bulk
of these were determined by the unconscious mind, which is characterised
by thoughts, memories, and experiences that have been removed from the
realm of the conscious. Thus, it served as a sort of mask, concealing some of
the deepest aspects of our personalities. These hidden attributes affect
human relationships in a variety of ways.
B. Many psychologists believe that some of the factors that make people seem
attractive arise from the unconscious. In many societies, mutual attraction
is a strong motivator for starling relationships. While a couple might be
aware of some of the reasons for their attraction, the two people may not
realise the underlying, subconscious, causes for it. For instance, a person
might recognise physical attraction as ‘He's handsome' or ‘She's pretty', but
this superficial awareness may be the result of an obscured yearning for
beautiful offspring. Similarly, a person who is attracted to someone who is
confident, strong, and successful may have a subconscious yearning for
stability, security, and someone to look after them.
C. When interacting in any relationship, people are likely to use unconscious

forms of communication. This occurs both in verbal and non-verbal forms
of communicating, but it is the role of the subconscious mind in non-verbal
communication that is often automatic or reflexive. An obvious example of
this is body language. If two friends have dramatically different tendencies
regarding personal space, it can create discomfort. For example, if one
friend likes to stand very close during conversation or feels the need to use
energetic gestures or touch the other person, it could result in the other
person backing away. This pulling away is not the result of conscious effort
but is merely an automatic and unconscious response, which
communicates that the friend has 'invaded' his or her personal space.
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D. Contained within the subconscious mind are prejudices that are ingrained.
These biases impact people's views of other people naturally, without any
conscious awareness. In fact, inherent biases may be in complete
opposition to a person's conscious opinion. To better visualise this,
consider views on cultural variety in the workplace. Business owners may
believe that workplaces should not discriminate based on religion, race, or
nationality. However, in practice these people might unconsciously avoid
hiring people from certain ethnic or cultural groups. Even though these
owners may consciously celebrate diversity, hidden fears or preferences
may guide their hiring decisions.
E. To show the ease with which people's subconscious is influenced, a

doctoral student at Yale University designed a simple experiment. He asked
a female volunteer to accompany students, one at a time, in an elevator. The
students did not know she was part of the study. During each ascent, she
asked the student to hold her coffee while she wrote down some notes. In
some cases, the student was handed hot coffee, in others, the coffee was
cold. Later, all the students were given a questionnaire about a fictional
person called ‘Person A’. Although the physical description was always the
same, the students who had held the hot coffee in the elevator rated Person
A's personality more favourably. Apparently, warm hands subconsciously
created warm feelings.
Questions 15 – 17
15. A hidden desire for beautiful ………………………… can be confused for

superficial physical attraction.
16. Using touch or active ………………………… during a conversation can cause
the other person to move back.
17. Although business owners may think that they support ……………………,
this might not direct who they actually hire.
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PROGRESSIVE TEST 2
READING PASSAGE 1
The Story of the Mammoth
The mammoth is the classic ice age where they lived until around 2500 BC,
creature, often depicted wandering the the time the pyramids were built in
steppe and towering over humans. Egypt. The reasons for the extinction of
Their closest contemporary relatives the mammoth are still debated, with
are elephants, but a mammoth typically some claiming climate change was the
had longer, curved tusks, and a most significant factor, while others
covering of shaggy brown hair. As their speculate that it was disease, or that
name suggests, they were extremely humans killed them off. Humans did
large, with the biggest species reaching migrate across areas where mammoths
heights of around 13 feet at the resided during this period, while also
shoulder. The mystery of the mammoth developing new weapons which could
is why exactly these giant creatures have allowed them to hunt large
died out. creatures like mammoths.
They were not the largest mammoth However, the most likely scenario is
species, but at between 9 and 11 feet that a variety of factors contributed to
tall they were around the same height the mammoth's disappearance. The
as an African elephant. The woolly warming climate in the early Holocene
mammoth's habitat was the vast did have an impact on the habitat of the
ecosystem known as the mammoth mammoth steppe, which gradually
steppe. They were perfectly suited to changed from grassy terrain to
the extreme conditions on the steppe, wetlands. This could have forced
which included freezing temperatures mammoths into much smaller habitats,
and a dry climate. where they could easily be targeted by
human hunters. Furthermore, these
small, isolated populations of
As with other mammoth species, most mammoths were prey to disease and
woolly mammoths died out in the early general weakness because of
Holocene (the geological era that inbreeding.
followed the last ice age), around
10.000 years ago. However, a small
number of woolly mammoths survived
on Wrangel Island in the Arctic Circle,
48 | P a g e
Questions 1 – 3
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A – E, below.
1. Woolly mammoth remains could be studied

2. Mammoths were alive in the Arctic Circle
3. The mammoth steppe began transforming into a wetland
A. after the end of the Holocene.

B. when the climate heated up.
C. because they were found in a good condition.
D. when the pyramids were being constructed.
E. when the mammoths had migrated away.
Questions 4 and 5

Passage 1?
Write
4. The debate over why the mammoths went extinct has been settled.
5. Humans' weapons were useless against mammoths.
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READING PASSAGE 2
Stone Circles Remain Shrouded in Mystery
Over 4.000 years ago, people in what is today the United Kingdom were
building circles of stone. At least 1.300 still exist, though probably twice that
many have been lost to time. Various explanations for their existence have
been put forward, including suggestions that they may have been built for
religious rituals, to honour the dead, or to commemorate the passing of the
seasons. Yet nobody has discovered the reason behind their construction.
Certainly, the most famous of them is Stonehenge, a huge collection of five-
tonne bluestones surrounded by much heavier standing stones called sarsen
stones (hard sandstones that can be found throughout the south of England).
Geological studies in the early 20th century showed that the bluestones
originated from mountains in Wales, approximately 140 miles from
Stonehenge. There is an ongoing controversy about whether they were moved
by glaciers or humans. If the latter is true, the tremendous effort involved
indicates that they were valued for some extraordinary, perhaps mystical,
reason. Archaeologist Geoffrey Wainwright has claimed that the particular
choice of stone was no accident. Wainwright made the bold contention that
the stones represented healing powers, and Stonehenge was a destination for
those seeking relief from their ailments.
As for who built the stone circles, there have been several 'theories'. The
first held that they were the result of supernatural forces, such as giants or
wizards. A second, and somewhat more plausible explanation, was that they
were constructed for religious purposes. Some scholars think that Celtic
priests who were known as Druids - built them. This position was held by
historian John Aubrey, who was the first to link the Druids with Stonehenge. It
was also accepted and popularised through the work of Dr William Stukeley.
However, his fascination with the Druid faith has been criticised as an
indicator of strong bias in his research. Modern dating methods have also cast
doubt on this theory. The third hypothesis, supported by most mainstream
archaeologists, is that construction of the stone circles was carried out in
stages by different cultures over the course of many centuries. For example,
some archaeologists think the Bell Beaker people transported the bluestones
to Stonehenge and the Wessex people completed Stonehenge sometime later.
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Questions 6 – 8

Passage 2?
Write
6. The stone circles may have celebrated seasonal changes.

7. Wales contains more bluestones than any other place in the UK.
8. Wainwright believes the stones were randomly chosen.
Questions 9 and 10
Choose TWO letters, A – E.
Which TWO challenges to the theory that Druids built the stone circles does
the writer mention?
A. a researcher's attraction to the Druid faith

B. the Druids' inability to transport the stones
C. the distance between the Druids' community and the stones
D. the evidence of dating technology
E. the lack of historical evidence for Druid society
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READING PASSAGE 3
Questions 11 – 15
List of Headings
i. Language complicates the official view of geographical names
ii. A lack of consistency in applications of the rules
iii. The appeal of a standard system of country names
iv. Authorities say which names include the definite article
v. Geographical features associated with the name of countries
vi. How geographical names result from political and ethnic causes
vii. Contemporary media's refusal to follow PCGN standards
11. Paragraph A
12. Paragraph B
13. Paragraph C
14. Paragraph D
15. Paragraph E
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When You Travel, Do You Go to Ukraine or Do You Go to The Ukraine?
The complex history of using the definite article with certain country names
A. Geographical names are not chosen arbitrarily, and there are often specific
political reasons for their use. For example, names frequently reflect the
interests of the ruling class and change over time as regimes change. This is
the reason many areas in Eurasia had different names before and after the
breakup of the Soviet Union. Ethnic considerations also play a key role; the
same town in Iraq is called 'Arbil' by Arabs but is known as 'Hewler' to Kurds.
B. Such variability in geographical names can impede communication, so a

system of standardisation is desirable. The need for a standardised system
of geographic names in English was recognised by the commanders of the
Royal Navy during World War I. To serve this purpose, they created the
Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (PCGN) in 1919. The PCGN
sets and applies the rules for all geographical names in the UK. The
committee also publishes a list of all recognised conventions for foreign
place names and promotes the international standardisation of geographical
names in cooperation with the United Nations.
C. One of the most challenging decisions in practice for many people is whether
to use the definite article in the name of a country. For example, should we
write 'United Kingdom' or 'The United Kingdom'? According to the PCGN and
other authorities, only two official names should carry a definite article: The
Bahamas and The Gambia. In the case of The Gambia, the decision seems to
have been in part due to political will. The PCGN still has a 1964 letter from
the prime minister of Gambia specifically instructing the committee to use
'The Gambia', reportedly to help distinguish itself from another African
country with a similar name: Zambia.
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D. Yet this official position on geographical names is sometimes complicated by
linguistic issues. When inserted into sentences, some geographical names
seem to require the definite article to meet grammatical expectations or
simply to sound natural. This is particularly true with country names that
are associated with geographical features, such as rivers, islands, or deserts.
It is also common when the English user knows the literal meaning of
the country name. In such cases, people may include the definite article as
part of the name. For instance, 'Netherlands' means 'low countries' in
English, so it makes perfect sense to use 'I'm going to the Netherlands'
because 'I'm going to the low countries' requires 'the'. But in this case, 'the'
is not part of the official name, so it is not capitalised.
E. In fact, there is a lack of widespread uniformity in the way people implement

the prescribed standards. This can be seen in the use of 'Ukraine'. One may
find that one media source writes 'Ukraine' while another uses 'The Ukraine'.
Which is correct? According to the Ukrainian Embassy, the name of the
country should not be accompanied by the definite article in text written
after 1991, the year of Ukrainian independence. The definite article stems
from the period of Soviet rule, when the region was known as The Ukrainian
Soviet Socialist Republic. This means that the many writers who routinely
retain the definite article to refer to this period are technically incorrect. But
expecting the general population to keep track of changes like this is a tall
order.
Questions 16 – 18
16. What country has a town that is known by different names by two
ethnic groups?
17. Who sent a letter to the PCGN on the correct name for Gambia?
18. Which event was mentioned in relation to removing an article from a
country's name?
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PROGRESSIVE TEST 3
READING PASSAGE 1
Tree Tapping
A method of resin and sap extraction that has been used for centuries
Tree tapping is an ancient means of extracting substances from trees or other
plants. It takes different forms around the world depending on the type of tree
and the substance being extracted. Most commonly, it is a means of getting
either the sap or resin from a tree, both of which are important for making a
range of products and foodstuffs. Sap from the sugar maple tree, for example, is
used to make maple syrup, and the sap of the aloe vera plant is now a common
element in many cosmetics. Resin, on the other hand, is used in the production
of varnishes and adhesives for woodwork. It is not common in edible products
although it is found in food glazing substances as well as many perfumes.
Although tree tapping varies considerably, most practitioners use a variation on
a common method. In the case of resin extraction, a pine tree - usually of the
slash pine or longleaf variety – is used. Firstly, some of the bark of the pine tree
will be hacked away with an axe to expose a six-inch tall area of wood. A v-
shaped metal trough will be nailed to the bottom of this. Beneath this trough, a
metal bucket is hung onto another nail. Finally, lines should be cut into the
sapwood to create a series of v-shapes. These help the resin drip downwards.
The tree will repair the damage done to it through producing this resin, which
will also drip into the bucket where it can be collected over a series of days.
Tree tapping is also used to extract latex from rubber trees, which is a
complicated procedure that requires some skill to do correctly. However, when
it is done by experts, it is one of the most sustainable forms of land use as it
causes very little damage to the environment. This is because only one half of
the tree is used at a time to allow the other half of the tree to heal. This is a
common practice in many parts of South East Asia. Mucilage is another
substance that is extracted from trees in a similar way. At one time, this was
used as a cough medicine, but it is most famous as the basis for marshmallows.
55 | P a g e
Questions 1 – 3
Label the diagram below.
Questions 4 and 5

Passage 1?
Write
4. Resin is commonly used as an ingredient for food.
5. The extraction of latex is an eco-friendly form of tree tapping.
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READING PASSAGE 2
Doing Something about an Increasingly Plastic World

Plastic waste has become a huge combined with water and a moisture-
problem in the modern world. It is preserving substance, collagen can be
estimated that a mere 10 per cent of transformed into a plastic-like
plastic garbage is recycled, and once it material that is nearly transparent and
is in the ecosystem or in landfill sites, easily adheres to slightly damp foods
plastic takes many years to decompose. like meats. In addition, it is edible and
Therefore, researchers are trying to can be cooked with the food. One
come up with ways to significantly downside to most of the collagen film
reduce plastic waste. currently available is that it is not as
water resistant as plastic. Still,
One viable option is to convert the
scientists such as Peter Kunz are
plastic into light crude oil. In 2005,
seeking ways to increase the water
geochemist Bill Ullom discovered a
resistance of this natural,
process of converting plastic waste into
biodegradable film.
this precious commodity. He later
worked with a businessman to put the Recent experiments have found that a
process into practice. The process very common organism could be the
starts by putting various plastic items key to reducing the world's plastic
in a shredder. The shredded plastic is garbage. Professor Jun Yang discovered
then heated repeatedly to produce that mealworms, the larvae of a species
vapour, which is collected and distilled. of beetle, devour polyethylene, a form
The distilled vapour creates consumer of plastic commonly known as
products such as gasoline for fuel. The Styrofoam. Bacteria in the gut of
remaining solid by-products can be mealworms break down the plastic into
used in the production of rubber. a biodegradable form so that it can be
safely used as a horticultural potting
Another potential solution is to replace
mix or incorporated into the soil for
plastic with similar materials that are
agriculture. Federical Bertocchini of
more ecologically sustainable. Plastic
the Spanish National Research Council
film used in the food industry is rarely
has since made a similar discovery with
recyclable due to food contamination,
a species of caterpillar that is even
which means most recycling centres do
more effective at consuming plastics,
not accept it. An environmentally
suggesting that insects may be the
friendly substitute is collagen film.
answer to humanity's plastic problem.
Collagen is a fibrous material found in
the connective tissue of animals. If it is
57 | P a g e
Questions 6 – 8
Look at the following statements (Questions 6 – 8) and the list of researchers
below.
Match each statement with the correct researcher, A – C.
6. He is looking for ways to add water resistance to a film.
7. He learned that a type of beetle larva eats a common form of plastic.
8. He found a process for turning plastic into a valuable product.
List of Researchers
A. Bill Ullom
B. Peter Kunz
C. Jun Yang
Questions 9 and 10
A Natural Substitute for Plastic
Plastic film often cannot be recycled. This is because most recycling centres do
not take it due to its 9. ………………………… by food. A more sustainable choice is
collagen film. Collagen is a material found in animal 10. ………………………… It
can be made into a film that is almost clear and very similar to plastic.
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READING PASSAGE 3
Questions 11 – 14
Reading Passage 3 has four paragraphs, A–D.
List of Headings
i. Altruism in different ape species
ii. Evidence against chimp altruism
iii. Chimp behaviour alone and in groups
iv. Research investigating why male chimps undertake risky patrols
v. Testing chimp generosity through a game
vi. Campaigns against using chimpanzees in experimental studies
vii. Possibility of altruism in the natural world
11. Paragraph A
12. Paragraph B
13. Paragraph C
14. Paragraph D
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Generosity in Chimpanzees
A. The idea that animals can be altruistic, that they may choose generosity over
self-interest, appears to contradict the basic tenets of the natural world.
Nevertheless, new research reveals that animals can exhibit altruism by
choosing to sacrifice their own gain so that another can benefit. This
research has focused on chimpanzees, to whom humans are closely related,
which means that it could also offer insights into how self-sacrifice and
altruism influenced the development of cooperative human social groups. It
may also reveal whether chimpanzees and animals in general are capable of
experiencing empathy. While this is a basic human emotion, it is not usually
apparent in the animal world.
B. The first study of animal altruism was conducted by psychologists Martin
Schmelz and Sebastian Gruneisen at the Max Planck Institute for
Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany. They trained six chimps to play a
game in which a pair of them would take turns pulling four ropes. The first
rope would give the chimp a banana pellet, the second would give the
chimp's partner a pellet, the third would give both of them pellets, and the
last would mean the chimp gave up its turn and wanted its partner to choose.
However, one of the chimps, a female named Tai, was trained to only pull the
last rope. This gave the other chimps the chance to choose to reward her,
which they did 75 per cent of the time by choosing the rope that gave treats
to both partners. Gruneisen claims that this activity was a 'kind of
reciprocity', which is 'a landmark of human cooperation'.
C. The second study, which was carried out at Arizona State University in
Tempe, aimed to discover why male chimps embark on risky patrol missions.
These involve circling their group's territory to sniff out any intruders. While
this activity would make sense if the chimps were protecting their children,
researchers studying these primates in Uganda found that almost a quarter
of the male chimps who went on patrol did not have any relations in the
group. The study's lead author, anthropologist Kevin Langergraber, believes
that the chimps were motivated by something called 'group augmentation'.
This means that because an increased amount of patrolling would allow the
chimps to hold on to their territory and attract more females, it would
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eventually increase every male's chances of reproducing. Thus, the chimps
suppressed their self-interest because they were motivated by long-term
benefits. According to Langergraber, these mechanisms could have 'served
as building blocks for the subsequent evolution of even more sophisticated
cooperation later in human evolution'.
D. Although these two experiments appear to present compelling evidence for
chimp generosity, critics have claimed that, actually, there is no basis for
thinking that their behaviour is altruistic, and that chimps are in fact
indifferent to altruism. This was evident in an experiment led by the
University of Manchester. In this experiment, chimps were given the chance
to feed a fellow chimp that they could observe through a glass panel. Unlike
other experiments involving chimp altruism, the chimp subject was not
rewarded in any way for his or her actions. The study found that the chimp
was not more likely to release the food when it could see the other chimp
through the glass, suggesting that chimpanzees are not altruistic when there
is no immediate or long-term gain for themselves. Dr Keith Jensen of the
University of Manchester suggested that this could mean that 'pro-social
behaviour' actually developed later in evolution, 'after our split with the
other apes'.
Questions 15-17
Passage 3?
Write
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
15. Empathy can often be observed among animals.
16. The chimps who were partnered with Tai were all males.
17. Dr Jensen believes humans developed as social creatures after evolving
from apes.
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PROGRESSIVE TEST 4
READING PASSAGE 1
The Life and Work of Virginia Woolf
Widely considered to be one of the greatest writers of her generation, Virginia
Woolf was a defining figure in 20th century literature. Woolf’s work is notable
for its experimentation - she is credited with perfecting the 'stream-of-
consciousness' style pioneered by Dorothy Richardson - and its ability to
encapsulate emotional suffering and social strife. She was born Adeline
Virginia Stephen in 1882 into a wealthy and well-connected London family.
Along with her older sister Vanessa, she was home schooled, but she did
benefit from the broad selection of acquaintances who would visit her family
home. When she was thirteen, her mother passed away, a loss that led to
Woolf's first nervous breakdown and began her life-long battle with mental
health. After the death of her father, she moved with her siblings to 46 Gordon
Square in Bloomsbury.
During this period of her life, a group of artists and writers began to form
around Woolf and her sister Vanessa. They eventually became known as the
Bloomsbury Group and were renowned for their artistic and political
radicalism. Woolf embarked on her literary career in the years following her
marriage to Leonard Woolf, another member of the group, publishing her first
novel The Voyage Out in 1915. In 1925, Woolf published her most famous
work, Mrs Dalloway, which is renowned for its use of the stream-of-
consciousness technique. The novel focuses on a day in the life of Clarissa
Dalloway, a society lady preparing to host a party in her London home.
Woolf would follow up this work with several other well-regarded novels, as
well as the essay 'A Room of One's Own', which foreshadowed feminism with
its argument that 'a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is
to write'. Woolf illustrates her point through a depiction of 'Shakespeare's
sister,' a fictional character who, despite having been endowed with all the
talent of her brother, is trapped in her home. Despite her success as a writer,
Woolf's struggles with mental health continued, and in 1941 she took her own
life. Since her death, her reputation has soared, and her works are now
cherished around the world.
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Questions 1 – 3

Passage 1?
Write
1. Virginia Woolf invented the stream-of-consciousness style of writing.
2. Woolf was educated but did not attend a school.
3. Woolf was the most famous member of the Bloomsbury Group.
Questions 4 and 5
Complete the notes below.
Virginia Woolf: Novelist and Feminist
• Woolf's first novel, entitled The Voyage Out, was released after her 4.………..
• Mrs Dalloway depicts a hostess setting up a party in her house in London.
- Woolf suggested that a 5. ………………………… of Shakespeare could not have
been as successful as he had been.
• Woolf's reputation has grown significantly since her death.
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READING PASSAGE 2
Food Miles: Assessing the Environmental Impact of Food
Transportation
A. The transportation of food has grown tremendously in recent decades. In the UK,
the amount of food being flown in doubled during the 1990s. And the distance food
travels by road has doubled since the 1970s. These trends have raised concerns
about the environmental impact of shipping food. In 1994, the Sustainable
Agriculture Food and Environment (SAFE) Alliance coined the term 'food miles' to
highlight the ecological danger of long-distance food transport. In its simplest
form, this term pertains to the distance food travels from the producer to the retail
consumer. The potential environmental impact of food miles has caused many
environmentalists to instead recommend the 'farm-to-table' concept, which
involves buying only fresh, local food.
B. To estimate the environmental impact of food miles, the 'miles' must be calculated
using additional information, such as the quantity of energy used and the amount
of carbon emitted. The goal is to determine the level of pollution a given shipment
creates overall. A common calculation used by corporations for their emissions
multiplies the distance (D), the weight (W), and an emission factor (EF).
Multiplying the distance and weight provides the number of tonne-kilometres.
Thus, a truck travelling 1.000 kilometres with 10 tonnes of cargo results in 10.000
tonne-kilometres. The emission factor is a known rate for a given truck, such as
160 grams of CO2 per tonne-kilometre. Such a shipment would release 1.600.000
grams, or 1.6 tonnes, of CO2 into the atmosphere.
C. Yet some researchers feel that focusing on post-production food miles obscures
the big picture. Christopher Weber and Scott Matthews of Carnegie Mellon
University have compared the greenhouse gas emissions of long-distance food
transport with those of the food production process itself. According to them,
transportation from producer to consumer represents only four per cent of the
total 'carbon footprint'. In contrast, the actual production of food represents an
astonishing 83 per cent. Consequently, the researchers believe that eating food
that can be produced with less energy has a much bigger impact than simply
buying foods produced closer to home. For instance, beef production generates
1.5 times more greenhouse gas emissions than producing chicken. Therefore,
substituting chicken for beef at meals would significantly cut these food-related
emissions.
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Questions 6 and 7
Calculating the Impact of Food Trade
The import and export of food around the world is a massive business that has
a significant impact on the environment. To emphasise the 6. ………………… of
food transport over long distances, SAFE Alliance came up with the term 'food
miles'. The term refers to how far food travels from the producer to the
7.………………… This idea of calculating the environmental effect of food
transportation has been influential in encouraging people to buy local
produce.
Questions 8 and 9
8. a reference to the different levels of pollution caused by two types of food
9. a description of the formula used to calculate corporate emissions
65 | P a g e
READING PASSAGE 3
The Spread of Agriculture in the Neolithic Era
The most significant revolution in human history happened in the Neolithic era
The Neolithic era marks humanity's produce a surplus of food, which
shift from hunting its food to would subsequently facilitate the
farming it, a change that would have growth of the population.
immense consequences. This era is Eventually, the shift to agriculture
also known as the 'New Stone Age’, also led to the growth of political
to distinguish it from the 'Old systems, trade, and tools of
Stone Age' or palaeolithic period. communication such as writing.
The name 'Neolithic' is in fact
The Neolithic Revolution began in
derived from the Greek for stone,
what is now the Middle East,
'lithic, and 'neo', meaning new. In
starting in the Levant in around
Europe, the Neolithic period began
10,000 BCE, before spreading to
around 7000 BCE, which is when the
Europe via Anatolia. The evidence
first farming communities appeared
for this spread is mainly confined to
in Greece. According to
the types of plants that were being
archaeologists, the Neolithic
grown in Neolithic sites in Europe,
expansion then gradually moved
which included lentils, barley and
from the southeast to the northwest
einkorn. Genetic research has
of Europe, spreading at a pace of one
even shown that all domesticated
kilometre every year and thereby
animals in Neolithic Europe were
overlapping with both the
probably from the Levant. Although
Mesolithic era and the Bronze Age.
the evidence for the spread of
Europe's Neolithic development settled agriculture from the Levant
was part of the wider 'Neolithic into Europe is compelling,
Revolution’, which saw a large-scale archaeologists are divided on
change in human existence. The how exactly this influence occurred.
fundamental difference was the Some claim that it was caused by
shift away from the hunter-gatherer migration from the Middle East into
lifestyle towards settled agriculture. Europe, while others believe that it
Agricultural techniques such as was a result of trading between
irrigation were essential to this shift Europeans and communities from
since they allowed humans to the Levant.
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Three competing models have been domesticated animals. This diet has
proposed to explain how Europeans been cited as one reason that the
adopted agriculture. These are the Neolithic revolution was a negative
replacement model, which development, since it meant that the
suggests that migrating famers nutrition levels of settled
managed to oust the European populations were substandard
populations; the cultural diffusion compared to those of hunter-
model, which states that trade was gatherers, who would eat an array of
responsible for this shift; and wild produce. Archaeologists have
the pioneer model, which also argued that living in
synthesises the two other models. If agricultural settlements actually led
the replacement model is correct, to lower life expectancy and a
then Europeans would be weaker, smaller body. There is
descended from Levantine farmers indeed evidence that the average
since the latter's advanced height of people living in the
food production methods would Neolithic period fell by around five
have allowed them to forcibly push inches and did not recover until the
the European hunter-gatherers out twentieth century. Furthermore, the
of their territory. The most likely settled existence of Neolithic
scenario, however, given the farmers led to the spread of disease
irregular spread of agriculture and infection, either from human
throughout Europe, is the pioneer waste or from animals. These long-
model, which combines migration term consequences were, of course,
and trade. not visible to the Neolithic people
themselves and are only evident
Almost all Neolithic people across
when events are viewed through the
Europe eventually survived on a diet
long lens of history.
of locally grown crops and
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Questions 10 and 11
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
10. Agricultural techniques were important because they

A. produced enough food for a growing population.
B. made growing crops much faster.
C. led to the development of religious practices.
D. provided clean drinking water.
11. The spread of the Neolithic Revolution in Europe was evident in

A. the new political systems that emerged.
B. the type of settlement that was being built.
C. the development of a writing system.
D. the type of crops that were harvested.
Questions 12 and 13
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Which TWO reasons are mentioned for why settled agriculture was a negative
phenomenon?
A. It led to conflict between communities.

B. It promoted an unhealthier diet.
C. It meant that people had to work longer in the fields.
D. It led to the loss of hunter-gatherer traditions.
E. It contributed to an increase in illnesses.
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Questions 14-18
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading
Passage 3?
Write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
14. Levantine animals were used in Neolithic Europe.
15. The replacement theory suggests that the Levantines forced the hunter-
gatherers out.
16. It is most likely that Neolithic agriculture practices were spread solely
through migration.
17. The smaller bodies of the Neolithic people made them more vulnerable to
attack.
18. The Neolithic people were aware of the long-lasting impact of agriculture
on them.
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PROGRESSIVE TEST 5
READING PASSAGE 1
Urban Farming, the Kenyan Way
Currently, around one-third of Africans live in urban areas. Within 30 years, half
of the continent's population is expected to be urban. New problems come with
urbanisation, such as providing enough food for the millions of impoverished
people in Africa's many crowded city slums. In Nairobi, Kenya, around half of all
residents live with food insecurity, and food diversity is low, resulting in
undernourishment. Around 85 per cent of people living in Nairobi's slums face
food insecurity, due to both an inability to afford fresh produce, and a lack of
any retailers providing fruit or vegetables within the slums themselves. This has
led some of the inhabitants to turn to urban farming as a solution.
One project, led by the Italian charity Cooperazione Internationale (COOPI), is
creating urban mini-farms using sacks full of soil. This 'farm-in-a-sack' project
provides participating families in Nairobi's Mathare slum with everything they
need to grow their own food. Each family receives a sack and 43 seedlings. More
than half of these are spinach seedlings, and approximately a third of them are
kale. The participants also receive two pepper plants and one spring onion
seedling. People in the COOPI programme also receive expert instruction on the
proper soil mix to use and the appropriate watering schedule to implement. The
growers are able to provide fresh produce for their families while also selling
any surplus items at a profit.
A similar project has begun in Kibera, Nairobi's largest slum. As a way of
alleviating the problems with food supply in Kibera, organic farmer Su
Kahumbu worked with the Youth Reform Group to create an urban farm. The
first step was to clear away three feet of rubbish from half an acre of land. Next,
soil samples were sent for analysis to determine if it was contaminated. Then,
for irrigation, Kahumbu and the group installed pipes that were linked to a
water tank. When the soil analysis arrived, it revealed a high level of zinc. The
team removed it by planting sunflowers, which naturally take zinc out of soil.
Vegetable scraps and earthworms were then used to create compost to enrich
the soil since most of the soil in Kibera is infertile. Finally, the group planted
vegetables, which they began to harvest within months.
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Questions 1 – 3
Passage 1?
Write
1. There is a wide variety of food available in Nairobi slums.
2. Kale and spinach are the most commonly eaten vegetables in Kenya.
3. Kibera's soil had to be treated with vegetable material and worms to
make it fertile.
Questions 4–6
Complete the flow-chart below.
Birth of a Sustainable Urban Farm
Step 1
Removed a deep layer of 4. ……………….. from the land
Step 2
Sent soil for analysis to find out if it was polluted
Step 3
Pipes for 5. ……………….. were connected to a water tank
Step 4
Prepared soil by planting 6. ……………….. to remove zinc
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READING PASSAGE 2
The Medical Applications of 'Sharkskin'
While seeking ways to preserve sunken available supply. 'Sharkskin' film, in
ships in Pearl Harbor, Professor Tony contrast, could reduce infection rates
Brennan was inspired by the idea of without the risk of superbugs or the
sharks. Brennan noticed that the skin constant cost of restocking antibiotics.
of sharks seemed to avoid the
According to Brennan, this technology
accumulation of microorganisms that
could be used in hospitals as a means of
normally build up on underwater
stopping infections from spreading by
surfaces. Observing that sharkskin is
touch. For example, frequently touched
composed of millions of tiny scales in a
items could be covered with sharkskin-
distinctive geometric pattern, Brennan
inspired material to create surface
thought that this sharkskin pattern
areas that are unfavourable for
might have antibacterial properties.
bacterial growth. This would result in a
When he tested this hypothesis,
significant reduction in the need for
he discovered that a sharkskin-like
continual hand sanitisation after
pattern resulted in an 85 per cent
touching these objects.
reduction in microorganism
colonisation compared to a smooth However, medical specialists want to
surface. make clear that even though 'sharkskin'
technology inhibits the spread of
Brennan's findings led him to develop a
microbes, it does not eliminate their
type of medical film based on the
presence entirely. Moreover, it does not
diamond pattern of sharkskin. As a
kill them. Thus, some precautions, such
result, he is now marketing his product
as the use of antiseptics, must be used
to hospitals and other medical
in conjunction with these new
facilities, where antibiotics are
protective films. Even though the
essential for preventing the spread of
technology considerably limits the
disease. Brennan promotes the product
presence of microbes, some bacteria
by comparing it to the use of
may still be present. In the case of
antibiotics. As he points out, antibiotics
dangerous microbes that can cause
produce resistant bacteria, or
disease or death, the presence of even a
'superbugs', which are hard to destroy.
small number creates significant risk in
Antibiotics must also be replenished
a medical environment.
regularly so that hospitals have an
72 | P a g e
Questions 7 – 9
Complete the table below.
Idea Result
The potential antibacterial qualities A test revealing an 85 per cent

of the sharkskin pattern reduction in 7. ……………. by
microorganisms
Create a type of medical 8. ……………. Try to sell the product to hospitals

and other medical facilities
based on the diamond shapes in
sharkskin
Cover items that are often touched Greatly reduce the need for hand
with sharkskin material
9. …………….
Question 10
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
10. What point does the writer emphasise in the fourth paragraph?
A. The technology is less effective than other methods.
B. Some microbes are immune to the technology.
C. Relying solely on the technology is potentially dangerous.
D. The way the technology kills microbes is unique.
73 | P a g e
READING PASSAGE 3
The Ainu People of Japan
The secret history of the Ainu, Japan's marginalised indigenous community
Japan has a reputation as an 1669 and the Menashi-Kunashir
ethnically homogenous nation, rebellion of 1789.
populated almost entirely by
The Ainu people were notable for
Japanese people with a limited
having several physical Caucasian
number of foreign immigrants.
characteristics, particularly in terms
However, this idea of Japanese
of their amount of body hair, with
homogeneity obscures the history of
some Western observers even
the Ainu people, an indigenous
suggesting they had hair all over
ethnic group which has resided in
their bodies. The Ainu did have a
northern Japan for centuries. The
tradition of growing full, thick
Ainu have their own distinctive
beards from a very young age, which
culture and traditions, both of which
may have given rise to this idea.
were largely destroyed by the
Another unique characteristic of the
Japanese government's efforts to
Ainu was that women tattooed their
enforce homogeneity. They are now
mouths, encircling their lips in a
experiencing a renaissance, and are
black tattoo. Both men and
gradually resurrecting their cultural
women wore earrings, and women
identity.
also wore beaded necklaces.
The Ainu are indigenous to both
With the dawn of the Meiji
Japan and Russia, but historically
Restoration in 1868, the Japanese
have lived mainly on the Japanese
government formally annexed
island of Hokkaido. During the Edo
Hokkaido and began to impose
period, they controlled most of
Japanese identity on the Ainu. To do
Hokkaido and traded with Japanese
so they made the Ainu use the
merchants from Honshu. The
Japanese language and relocated
Japanese gradually dominated the
their communities to unfamiliar
Ainu, which led to several violent
areas. The Ainu were also forced to
uprisings in the pre-Meiji period,
take on Japanese names and give up
including Shakushain's revolt of
74 | P a g e
cultural practices such as animal Today there are officially estimated
sacrifice and tattooing. to be 25.000 Ainu living in Japan,
although that number would be
The Japanese government
closer to 200.000, if those who have
encouraged the migration of its
assimilated are taken into account.
people to Hokkaido during this
The Japanese government officially
period, as a means of developing the
recognised them as a distinct
island and marginalising the Ainu. A
indigenous people in 2008, and Ainu
policy of forced marriage between
culture is now celebrated. However,
Ainu women and Japanese men
the marginalisation of the Ainu will
exacerbated this marginalisation,
take longer to rectify, and is still
and meant that many descendents of
evident in the fact that Ainu are half
the Ainu were unaware of their
as likely to go to university as ethnic
origins. These policies made the
Japanese.
Ainu second-class citizens in
Hokkaido. The historical Though the efforts to revive the Ainu
marginalisation of the Ainu was language and culture have
perhaps most evident in the banning experienced some success, there are
of their language, which severed the only a few more speakers of Ainu as
connection between the Ainu and a second language than there were a
their culture. Currently there are small number of decades ago. Ainu is
only around ten native speakers of unlikely to ever recover as a native
the language left. Efforts are being language, and most of Ainu culture
made to revive the language, has already been permanently lost
including publishing Ainu-Japanese due to assimilation. The Japanese
dictionaries, as well as teaching Ainu government now must ensure it
in schools. makes amends for this historic
marginalisation.
75 | P a g e
Questions 11 – 15
Passage 3?
Write
11. The Ainu have been hidden due to ideas of Japanese homogeneity.
12. There was no conflict between the Ainu and the Japanese before the
Meiji era.
13. Ainu is one of the most difficult languages to learn.
14. The government figure for the number of Ainu people in Japan is
incorrect.
15. The Ainu have regained most of their culture.
Questions 16 – 19
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-F, below.
Ainu Characteristics and the Dawn of their Marginalisation
Notably, the Ainu people possessed some physical traits that were considered
Caucasian. From youth, men were known to have 16. ………… . And women had
a black, circular 17. ………… . However, some things changed after the Meiji
Restoration. The Ainu were required to give up their traditions and adopt
Japanese 18. ………… . Ainu women were forced to marry Japanese men,
so Ainu descendants did not know about their 19. ………… . The Japanese
policies promoted discrimination against the Ainu.
A. children B. beards C. roots

D. tattoo E. names F. necklaces
76 | P a g e
ACTUAL TEST
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1 – 13, which are based on
Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.
Questions 1-5
Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i. Ticklishness as a defence method
ii. Two types of tickling
iii. Bonding through tickling
iv. People who are not ticklish
v. The centuries-old mystery of why we are ticklish
vi. When infants begin to feel ticklish
vii. Not everyone enjoys being tickled
1. Paragraph A
2. Paragraph B
3. Paragraph C
4. Paragraph D
5. Paragraph E
77 | P a g e
Why are we ticklish?
Being ticklish is something most people take for granted, but why it happens is
actually a scientific mystery
A. Being ticklish is a basic human attribute. shared by almost everybody to
varying degrees, but it is also a biological and psychological mystery that has
intrigued scientists and philosophers for centuries. From Aristotle to Francis
Bacon, a range of thinkers have considered the question of why we are
ticklish, particularly as it appears to be an entirely useless trait. One
persistent mystery that has baffled many is why we cannot tickle ourselves:
if being tickled is a biological phenomenon then why does it only work when
someone else does it? The evolutionary basis for being ticklish has also been
the subject of study for many scientists, from Darwin onwards, who have
been confused by the strange fact that a sensitivity to touch should prompt
laughter. As many have pointed out, this reaction appears to be completely
counter-intuitive. The element of laughter may therefore be evidence that
being ticklish is more of a psychological or social phenomenon than a
biological one, and that there are complex social forces behind this unique
trait.
B. Laughter is not the only reaction that tickling prompts; other common
responses include involuntary twitching, goose bumps, and a rapid
withdrawal from the tickler. These are all evident lo varying degrees in the
two categories of tickling: knismesis and gargalesis. The first category,
knismesis, refers to a mild but irritating sensation and is more like a 'moving
itch’. This can be prompted by very light pressure on the skin, rather like
when someone very gently strokes a feather across your arm, and it
generally only sets off a bout of scratching. On the other hand, gargalesis is
tickling action which induces laughter. This involves pressure from another
individual on certain parts of the body, particularly the feet, armpits,
underarm area and ribs, and causes a wriggling laughter which is a mixture
of pleasure and pain. Surprisingly, these areas that are the most vulnerable
to tickling are not the parts of the human body with the most nerves - the
hand has many more nerves relating to touch than the foot for example -
which suggests that tickling is not simply a side effect of human beings'
sensitivity to touch.
78 | P a g e
C. Tickling can also depend on the relationship between the tickler and the
person being tickled, since a tickle from a stranger could very easily prompt
anger rather than laughter and can be a form of harassment. This supports a
social view of tickling as a ritual which strengthens interpersonal
relationships. Many child psychologists have thus characterised tickling as
an integral bonding activity between peers and family members. When it
happens among parents and their children it is considered an essential trust
building exercise which teaches children about touch and sensation.
Psychologists have thus categorised tickling within the highest grade of
social intimacy which can exist between individuals, whether they are family
members or friends. Many theorists have also speculated that, in the case of
close family interactions, the reaction to being tickled actually depends on
anticipation of the tickle as much as actual contact.
D. It is important to note, however, that tickling can be unpleasant for many

people, and that even though they are laughing this may be masking a feeling
of anxiety. In fact, a survey conducted among American college students
found that only 32 per cent of them enjoyed being tickled, whereas 36 per
cent said that they do not enjoy the experience. This lack of consensus about
the pleasure of tickling suggests that, as a bonding experience, it may be
more ambiguous. It also explains the use of tickling as a torture mechanism;
a practice that was common in both Europe and Japan in medieval times. In
Europe a victim's feet were covered in salty water and a goat was encouraged
to continually lick them, while in Japan a form of tickle punishment called
kusuguri-zeme, or 'merciless tickling' was inflicted on reluctant victims.
E. Some researchers have cited the unpleasantness of being tickled as evidence

that tickling could be part of our natural defence mechanisms, and that the
response to tickling is a protective reflex. Scientists have even suggested that
the laughter prompted by tickling could be defensive, since it could act as a
warning to kin. Another theory is that the laughter is a sign of surrender, and
that it signals a person's submission to the tickler. Whatever the answer, it
seems that tickling will continue to be a subject of research by psychologists,
neuroscientists and philosophers for the foreseeable future.
79 | P a g e
Questions 6 – 9
Choose the correct tetter A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet.
6. Tickling has interested many scientists and philosophers because

A. it is a trait we do not share with animals.
B. it varies from person to person.
C. it is something that we cannot control.
D. it does not seem to have a practical use.
7. The fact that tickling causes laughter implies that

A. it may be a social explanation rather than a biological one.
B. it is a purely physical reaction.
C. it developed as a defence against predators.
D. it is an enjoyable experience.
8. What defines the type of tickling known as knismesis?

A. It is done using an object.
B. It is gentle and similar to feeling itchy.
C. It compels people to move away.
D. It can be so light the person can't detect it.
9. The areas of the body that are usually the most ticklish
A. can change depending on how ticklish the person is.
B. are the parts of the body which are vulnerable.
C. are not the parts with the most nerves.
D. are the ones with the most nerves related to pain.
80 | P a g e
Questions 10 – 13
Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.
10. Scientists have questioned why the sensitivity to touch encourages ………….
11. Tickling can provoke someone to back away, or it can cause ………….………….
twitching.
12. Tickling between a parent and child is thought to be an important way of
creating …………….……….
13. Tickling was used as a form of torture in the ……………..……. period.
81 | P a g e
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14 – 26, which are based on
Reading Passage 2 below.
The History of Steel
Due to its high tensile strength and strengthening weapons. In China
relatively low cost, steel is one of the meanwhile, steel was common
most commonly used materials in throughout the country from the 3rd
modern construction. As an alloy of century BCE onwards. Some of this
iron and carbon - among other steel was probably produced through
materials - steel is produced through a combining wrought iron and high-
process known as smelting. This quality cast iron, as was the case with
involves heating iron ore in blast the sword of Liu Bang, the first Han
furnaces to remove its impurities emperor. Sophisticated methods of
before adding carbon. Smelting is a steel production were in use in China
technique that has been used by from at least the 11th century AD,
humans since around the 13th century including an early version of the
BCE, when early blacksmiths Bessemer process which would
discovered that iron ore was stronger revolutionise European steel
when heated by charcoal. However, the manufacturing around eight centuries
first large-scale steel production later.
occurred in southern India and Sri
The start of the Industrial Revolution in
Lanka in the 6th century BCE. The steel
Europe in the 18th century saw a
produced there was known as wootz
massive increase in the use of steel.
steel and was renowned for its
This steel boom was facilitated by
strength. It was exported throughout
several innovations. The first was
the world, but became particularly
Benjamin Huntsman's invention of a
prevalent in the Middle East, where it
technique for producing high-quality
was used to make weapons.
steel in a crucible in 1740. Huntsman
While wootz steel was produced in a was a clockmaker who wanted to make
crucible, a metal container in which a better quality of steel for his clock
pure iron and carbon were heated and springs. He came up with the idea of
then cooled, other methods of steel heating carbon steel in a crucible until
production were used in both China it melted, a method that gave the
and Europe. These included the resulting steel a more uniform
tempering of steel, a method to reduce composition. The invention of the
steel's brittleness which was steam engine during this period also
discovered by the Romans for use in boosted demand for steel, while Henry
82 | P a g e
Cort's invention of the steel rolling American industrialist Andrew
system in 1783 - a new way of Carnegie, who built a massive steel
producing steel rapidly – led to a much empire which stretched across the
higher output. United States. Much of the steel
produced by Carnegie's steelworks was
The next significant milestone in the
used in building the railroads which
history of steel was the invention of the
were being laid throughout the
Bessemer process, a means of steel
continent in the latter decades of the
production in which impurities were
19th century.
removed through the introduction of
air to molten iron. This resulted in In the early 20th century steel's role as
much stronger steel that could also be the material of modern industry was
produced relatively cheaply. It was further established by the invention of
developed by Henry Bessemer in 1856, stainless steel in 1912. This rust-
although it had been used in various resistant material increased the range
forms for centuries, and subsequently of applications in which steel could be
allowed for the inexpensive mass used. It led to the use of steel tools in
production of steel. Following the housewares, surgical instruments and
adoption of this process, steel became storage tanks, which were now able to
the most important material in transport liquids. In the next few
industrialisation. It could now be decades of the 20th century, the two
produced at prices low enough to make world wars both resulted in a spike in
it a cost-effective material for large- the production of steel, which was used
scale buildings, bridges and railroads, for weapons and vehicles. Despite this
where it would soon replace less high demand, steel was still relatively
durable wrought iron rails. abundant and even replaced copper,
which was much rarer, as the material
The use of steel in large constructions
of the American one cent coin for the
was most evident in two huge projects
duration of the Second World War. In
in America: the Brooklyn Bridge - the
recent decades, the steel industry has
first steel suspension bridge - and the
continued to grow, although China has
Home Insurance Building in Chicago -
replaced America as the main producer
the first steel skyscraper. Both were
and consumer of steel. Indeed, it is
completed in the 1880s and
estimated that China is now
symbolised America's new position as
responsible for over 50 per cent of the
global leader in steel production. This
world's steel production.
was driven, in part, by the Scottish-
83 | P a g e
Questions 14 – 18
Look at the following statements (Questions 14-18) and the list of people below.
Match each statement with the correct person, A-E.
Write the correct tetter, A-E, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
14. He created a way to cheaply produce large quantities of steel.
15. He wanted to make better steel for clocks.
16. He had a weapon made of two types of iron.
17. He invented a steel rolling production system.
18. He constructed a huge steel business in America.
List of People
A. Benjamin Huntsman
B. Andrew Carnegie
C. Henry Bessemer
D. Liu Bang
E. Henry Cort
84 | P a g e
Questions 19 – 22
The Steel Industry in the 20th Century
The steel industry grew significantly in the early decades of the 20th century
due to the creation of 19.…………………. . Steel could now be used in a much
wider range of applications, including for surgery, storage, and as
20.……………………. . The steel industry expanded further due to the two
21.…………………., which required a massive amount of steel for weapons.
Although steel was in demand during these conflicts, there was still enough
steel for it to replace 22.……………….. as the material of one of the American
coins.
Questions 23-26.
Passage 2?
In boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet, write
23. Wootz steel was only exported to the Middle East.
24. A form of the Bessemer process was used in China before its use in Europe.
25. Wrought iron rails lasted longer than steel ones.
26. The Brooklyn Bridge remains the largest steel suspension bridge in the
world.
85 | P a g e
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on
Reading Passage 3 below.
Social Smiling
A. Psychologists hoping to unlock the secrets of human emotion have focused
on infants, as young babies can provide indicators of early emotional growth
and development. Among these changes are modifications of facial
expressions that provide cues for determining how an infant’s reaction to a
given experience or situation conveys meaning. Infants' facial expressions
are particularly useful for understanding the nature of human emotion
because they have not yet been significantly conditioned by social norms and
conventions. This lack of social conditioning is perhaps best expressed when
infants smile, which makes this facial expression an especially interesting
object of study.
B. The most fundamental type of smile in infants is the endogenous smile,
which can occur in the first week following birth and is usually associated
with sleeping. Endogenous smiles happen automatically due to unconscious
changes in the nervous system and are not caused by external stimuli. A
smile reflex produced by an external stimulus - such as tickling or a pleasing
sound - is known as an exogenous smile. Exogenous smiles occur when the
infant is awake, and they begin to appear by the second or third week of life.
C. An important type of exogenous smile is the 'social smile', which, as its name
suggests, arises through social interaction. The social smile is particularly
associated with grinning in response to seeing the faces of mothers and
other caregivers as well as hearing their voices. Yet social smiles also occur
in interactions with strangers, and the term may even be extended to
describe how an infant smile at inanimate, though familiar, objects like teddy
bears. According to psychologist Daniel G. Freedman, generalised social
smiles develop by the end of the first month, and at around five weeks old,
selective social smiling begins. It is in this selective stage that the child learns
to smile in response to familiar faces.
D. Experts view the social smile as a strong indicator of infants' growing
curiosity and a higher level of engagement with their surroundings. It
logically follows that the social smile, as one of explicit interaction, also
indicates a child's growing awareness of himself or herself as a distinct
86 | P a g e
individual and active agent in a social environment. Of crucial importance is
what is known as social referencing, in which an infant looks to his or her
caregiver before reacting to a situation. Many studies have revealed that
around seven months of age, infants begin to become scared of strangers and
often show fear or distress when encountering unfamiliar faces. However, a
study by the psychologists Feiring, Lewis, and Starr revealed that by fifteen
months, babies were cautiously attentive to their mother's response to
strangers. In an experiment, the researchers found that if the mother smiled
at a stranger, the baby was far more likely to smile.
E. Technically, some experts solely use the term social smile for smiles that
involve only the zygomaticus major muscles, which are responsible for
raising the corners of the lips. If smiles are accompanied by open mouths and
contraction of the orbicularis oris muscles - movements that make the outer
corners of the eyes wrinkle - they are said to be 'emotional' smiles. This view
is partly a result of unscientific attempts to directly connect human emotions
with anatomical movements, which have been proved to be incorrect. One
example of this was Paul Eckman's Facial Action Coding System (FACS)
which attempted to give emotions an objective basis and allow investigators
to identify emotional expressions without cultural bias.
F. According to this method of analysis, the social smile is primarily a false
smile. This argument has some merit because the social smile can happen
even in the absence of emotion. Infants sometimes merely imitate what they
see, and the social smile at times may be nothing more than an attempt to
get some form of support from the mother. And it is well known that the
social smile continues into adulthood. It is common to use a social smile in
numerous social contexts in a way that may be fake. For instance, imagine a
grown person receiving a birthday present that is a huge disappointment.
Rather than expressing a true emotion via a frown, the person receiving the
gift is far more likely to smile.
G. The difficulty with distinguishing 'social' from 'emotional' smiles, however,
is that there is a broad spectrum of facial expressions and emotional states
between the two extremes. Certainly, a smile can be both social and
emotional at the same time. Viewed this way, social smiles can vary
tremendously in the extent of emotion they convey, from simple grins that
may show a less intense emotion to fuller smiles involving the whole face
that are displays of pure joy.
87 | P a g e
Questions 27-31
Complete the notes below.
Analysing an Infant’s Smile
• Infants' facial expressions reveal the essence of 27 …………………

• No social conditioning makes studying infants more revealing
Endogenous Smile:
• Occurs in the week after birth
• Most often related to 28 ………………………
• Result of 29 ……………… that are not conscious in the nervous system
Exogenous Smile:
• Set off by an outside 30 …………………………
• Happens when an infant is awake
• Starts in the second or third week of life
Social Smile:
• A type of exogenous smile
• Comes about through social 31…………………………
• Common when infants see their mothers
88 | P a g e
Questions 32-36
Passage 3?
In boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet, write
32. The social smile is evidence of an increasing self-awareness in infants.
33. Smiles should be categorised according to anatomical movements.
34. The Facial Action Coding System is widely used by researchers.
35. The social smile only occurs when there is emotion involved.
36. Telling the difference between social smiles and emotional smiles is easy
to do.
Questions 37-40
Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs. A-G.
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.
37. mention of an infant reacting to its mother's interaction with a stranger
38. a reference to an infant smiling at nearby objects
39. mention of the particular muscles involved in certain smiles
40. an example of a person reacting to getting a gift
89 | P a g e

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UNIT 1 GIẢI QUYẾT TỪNG DẠNG BÀI I

LESSON 1: MULTIPLE CHOICE

Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D

1. How did eating meat affect the physical evolution of humans?

3. Humans and apes differed in their use tools because

4. The writer mentions social hierarchies to illustrate

Choose TWO letters, A – E

A. The disappearance of mates

Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D

7. Koalas are in danger from global warming because

8. What is the writer’s overall purpose in writing this article?

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. All owls hunt in the daytime.

2. Barn owls are fatter than true owls.

3. Male owls do not live as long as female owls.

5. The snowy owl nests in hotels in the earth.

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

6. Initially, paper was widely used for writing Chinese manuscripts.

Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

1. There is a higher amount of antioxidants in cocoa than wine.

2. Regularly eating large amounts of chocolate is beneficial.

3. The Kuna people rely on cacao for many essential nutrients.

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer

6. Parents should always teach their native language to their children.

Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.

10. According to the write, learning languages of both parents is beneficial if

The Shift from Natural to Cultured Pearls

Compete the notes below.

Natural and Cultured Pearls

- Once some of the most prized items in the world

- Produced in the shells of molluscs

- Formed as a 1. ……………………. against irritants

- Layers of 2. …………………… make them shiny

- 3. …………………… pearls are shaped like an oval

- Pearl trade was changed by an artificial invention

- First developed in Australia in the 19th century

- Produced by putting mantle 4. …………………… into a shell

- Cultured pearls were opposed in the 5. …………………… at first

- Most pearls sold now are cultured ones

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

7. Oestrogen is responsible for generating milk after pregnancy.

Event Hormonal Activity

Can Lack of Sleep Lead to Alzheimer's?

As well as causing exhaustion and stress, sleep deprivation is known to increase

Complete the sentences below.

1. Some symptoms of Alzheimer's include inflammation in the brain and

weakened brain ……………………

who have ……………………

3. In the brain, sleep acts as a washing …………………… to flush out harmful

4. Not all …………………………. believe that sleeplessness causes Alzheimer’s.

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A – F, below.