Actual Exam Reading 2017 - 4 (Bovids)
Actual Exam Reading 2017 - 4 (Bovids)
Actual Exam Reading 2017 - 4 (Bovids)
READING PASSAGE 1
Bovids
Bovids are well represented in most parts of Eurasia and Southeast Asian
islands, but they are by far the most numerous and diverse in the latter.
Some species of bovid are solitary, but others live in large groups with
complex social structures. Although bovids have adapted to a wide range of
habitats, from arctic tundra to deep tropical forest, the majority of species
favour open grassland, scrub or desert. This diversity of habitat is also
matched by great diversity in size and form: at one extreme is the royal
antelope of West Africa, which stands a mere 25 cm at the shoulder; at the
other, the massively built bisons of North America and Europe, growing to
a shoulder height of 2.2m.
The sub-family Caprinae includes the sheep and the goat, together with
various relatives such as the goral and the tahr. Most are woolly or have
long hair. Several species, such as wild goats, chamois and ibex, are agile
cliff 一 and mountain-dwellers. Tolerance of extreme conditions is most
marked in this group: Barbary and bighorn sheep have adapted to arid
deserts, while Rocky Mountain sheep survive high up in mountains and
musk oxen in arctic tundra.
Questions 1-3
A Africa
B Eurasia
C North America
D South-east Asia
A isolation
B small groups
C tropical forest
Questions 4-8
Look at the following characteristics (Question 4-8) and the list of sub-
families below. Match each characteristic with the correct sub-family, A, B,
C or D.
List of sub-families
A Antelope
B Bovinae
C Caprinae
D Cephalophinae
Question 9-13
READING PASSAGE 2
Twin study:
Two of a kind
A THE scientific study of twins goes back to the late 19th century, when
Francis Galton, an early geneticist, realized that they came in two varieties:
identical twins born from one egg and non-identical twins that had come
from two. That insight turned out to be key, although it was not until 1924
that it was used to formulate what is known as the twin rule of pathology,
and twin studies really got going.
B The twin rule of pathology states that any heritable disease will be more
concordant (that is, more likely to be jointly present or absent) in identical
twins than in non-identical twins—and, in turn, will be more concordant in
non-identical twins than in non-siblings. Early work, for example, showed
that the statistical correlation of skin-mole counts between identical twins
was 0.4, while non-identical twins had a correlation of only 0.2. (A score of
1.0 implies perfect correlation, while a score of zero implies no correlation.)
This result suggests that moles are heritable, but it also implies that there is
an environmental component to the development of moles, otherwise the
correlation in identical twins would be close to 1.0.
C Twin research has shown that whether or not someone takes up smoking
is determined mainly by environmental factors, but once he does so, how
much he smokes is largely down to his genes. And while a person’s religion
is clearly a cultural attribute, there is a strong genetic component to
religious fundamentalism. Twin studies are also unraveling the heritability
of various aspects of human personality. Traits from neuroticism and
anxiety to thrill- and novelty-seeking all have large genetic components.
Parenting matters, but it does not determine personality in the way that
some had thought.
E In the past, such research has been controversial. Josef Mengele, a Nazi
doctor working at the Auschwitz extermination camp during the Second
World War, was fascinated by twins. He sought them out among arrivals at
the camp and preserved them from the gas-chambers for a series of brutal
experiments. After the war, Cyril Burt, a British psychologist who worked
on the heredity of intelligence, tainted twin research with results that
appear, in retrospect, to have been rather too good. Some of his data on
identical twins who had been reared apart were probably faked. In any case,
the prevailing ideology in the social sciences after the war was Marxist, and
disliked suggestions that differences in human potential might have
underlying genetic causes. Twin studies were thus viewed with suspicion.
I On the other side of the tent Dennis Drayna, from the National Institute
on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, in Maryland, was
studying hearing. He wants to know what happens to sounds after they
reach the ear. It is not clear, he says, whether sound is processed into
sensation mostly in the ear or in the brain. Dr Drayna has already been
involved in a twin study which revealed that the perception of musical pitch
is highly heritable. At Twinsburg, he is playing different words, or parts of
words, into the left and right ears of his twinned volunteers. The composite
of the two sounds that an individual reports hearing depends on how he
processes this diverse information and that, Dr Drayna believes, may well
be influenced by genetics.
J Elsewhere in the marquee, Peter Miraldi, of Kent State University in
Ohio, was trying to find out whether genes affect an individual’s motivation
to communicate with others. A number of twin studies have shown that
personality and sociability are heritable, so he thinks this is fertile ground.
And next to Mr. Miraldi was a team of dermatologists from Case Western
Reserve University in Cleveland. They are looking at the development of
skin diseases and male-pattern baldness. The goal of the latter piece of
research is to find the genes responsible for making men’s hair fall out.
K The busiest part of the tent, however, was the queue for forensic-science
research into fingerprints. The origins of this study are shrouded in
mystery. For many months, the festival/’s organisers have been convinced
that the Secret Service – the American government agency responsible for,
among other things, the safety of the president – is behind it. When The
Economist contacted the Secret Service for more information, we were
referred to Steve Nash, who is chairman of the International Association for
Identification (IAI), and is also a detective in the scientific investigations
section of the Marin County Sheriff’s Office in California. The IAI, based in
Minnesota, is an organisation of forensic scientists from around the world.
Among other things, it publishes the Journal of Forensic Identification.
Questions 14-18
Summary
Questions 21-23
Please choose THREE research fields that had been carried out in Ohio,
Maryland and Twinsburgh?
A Sense
B Cancer
C Be allergic to Vitamin D
D Mole heredity
E Sound
F Boldness of men
Questions 24-26
Please choose THREE results that had been verified in this passage.
E If a pregnant woman eats too much sweet would lead to skin disease.
READING PASSAGE 3
In fact, the research is very clear. When children continue to develop their
abilities in two or more languages throughout their primary school, they
gain a deeper understanding of language and how to use it effectively. They
have more practice in processing language, especially when they develop
literacy in both. More than 150 research studies conducted during the past
35 years strongly support what Goethe, the famous eighteenth-century
German philosopher, once said : that the person who knows only one
language does not truly know that language. Research suggests that
bilingual children may also develop more flexibility in their thinking as a
result of processing information through two different languages.
Many people marvel at how quickly bilingual children seem to “pick up”
conversational skills in the majority language at school (although it takes
much longer for them to catch up to native speakers in academic language
skills). However, educators are often much less aware of how quickly
children can lose their ability to use their mother tongue, even in the home
context. The extent and rapidity of language loss will vary according to the
concentration of families from a particular linguistic group in the
neighborhood. Where the mother tongue is used extensively in the
community, then language loss among young children will be less.
However, where language communities are not concentrated in particular
neighborhoods, children can lose their ability to communicate in their
mother tongue within 2-3 years of starting school. They may retain
receptive skills in the language but they will use the majority language in
speaking with their peers and siblings and in responding to their parents.
By the time children become adolescents, the linguistic division between
parents and children has become an emotional chasm. Pupils frequently
become alienated from the cultures of both home and school with
predictable results.
Questions 27-30
28. Why does the writer refer to something that Goethe said?
29. The writer believes that when young children have a firm grasp of their
mother tongue
A they can teach older family members what they learn at school
D they develop stronger relationships with their family than with their
peers.
30. Why are some people suspicious about mother tongue-based teaching
programmes?
A They worry that children will be slow to learn to read in either language
B They think that children will confuse words in the two languages.
C They believe that the programmes will make children less interested in
their lessons
D They fear that the programmes will use up valuable time in the school
day.
Questions 31-35
Bilingual children
Questions 36-40
Do the following statement agree with the views of the writer in Reading
passage 3? In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, write
36. Less than half the children who attend kindergarten in Toronto have
English as their Mother tongue.
37. Research proves that learning the host country language at school can
have an adverse effect on a child’s mother tongue.
39. Bilingual children are taught to tell the time earlier than monolingual
children.
1 D 2 D 3 C
4 C 5 B 6 D
7 A 8 B 9 Royal antelope
Long, splayed
10 The auroch 11 12 Arid deserts
hooves
13 Pronghorn
14 J 15 D 16 E
17 B 18 E 19 Francis Galton
20 1924 21 A 22 E
23 F 24 A 25 B
26 D
27 C 28 A 29 B
30 D 31 I 32 D
33 J 34 F 35 C
36 YES 37 NOT GIVEN 38 NO
39 NOT GIVEN 40 YES