Linear algebra

MATH 351 21/22
Problem Set I - Vector Spaces, Subspaces and Spanning Sets

KD/RT

x
1. Define V = : x, y ≥ 0 . Decide if V is a vector space or not and prove
y
your claim. (Hint: V is the first quadrant in the xy-plane).

x
2. Define W = : xy ≥ 0 . Decide if V is a vector space or notand prove
y
your claim. (Hint: V is the union of the first and third quadrants in the xy-
plane).
3. Write down the zero vector for each of the following vector spaces:
(a) The space of polynomials of degree 3, with the natural operations of vector
addition and scalar multiplication.
(b) The space of 2 × 4 matrices with real entries
(c) The space {f : [0, 1] → R | f is continuous }.
(d) The space of real-valued functions of one variable.
4. Let S be the set of all sequences of real numbers: S = {(x) = (x1 , x2 , . . . )|xi ∈
R}
(a) Show that S is a vector space.
(b) Consider the subset T of S to be the set of real sequences that are “even-
tually zero”: T = {(x) ∈ S| ∃n ∈ N such that xi = 0 ∀i ≥ n}. Decide if T
is a subspace of S and prove your claim.
  

 x 

y
  
4
5. Consider the set V =    ∈ R | x + y − z + w = 0 . Show that V is a

 z  

w
 
vector space.
6. Consider the differential equation ẍ + ω 2 x = 0.
(a) Show that the functions x1 (t) = sin ωt and x2 (t) = cos ωt are solutions to
the differential equation.
1
(b) Show that every linear combination x(t) = c1 x1 (t) + c2 x2 (t), where c1 and
c2 are constants, is a solution to the differential equation.
(c) Conclude that the set of solutions to the differential equation is a vector
space.
7. Let V = {x ∈ R | x > 0}. Define “addition” ⊕ and “scalar multiplication” ⊗
on V as follows: for x, y ∈ V and r ∈ R, x ⊕ y = xy and r ⊗ x = xr . Determine
if V is a vector space with these two operations.
8. Let P3 (R) be the vector space of polynomials of degree at most 3.
(a) Determine if the polynomial f (x) = x − x3 is in the span of the set
S = {x2 , 2x + x2 , x + x3 }. Is span(S) = P3 (R)?
(b) Determine if the polynomial g(x) = 1 − 2x + x2 is in the span of the set
T = {1 + x2 , x2 − x, 3 − 2x}. Is span(T ) = P3 (R)?
9. Determine which of the following is a vector space. Justify your conclusion:
  
 x 
(a) V1 =  y  ∈ R3 | x + y + z = 1
z
 

a 1
(b) V2 = | a, b, c ∈ R .
b c
10. Consider the set {sin2 x, cos2 x} in the vector space of differentiable real-valued
functions. Determine which of the following functions are in the span of the
above set: f (x) = 1, g(x) = 3 + x2 , h(x) = sin x and k(x) = cos 2x.
     
1  2 1 
11. Determine if the vector  0  is in the span of the set  1  , −1
  .
3 −1 1
 
12. Let V be the vector space of 2 × 2 matrices with real entries. Determine which
of the following subsets of V are subspaces:

[a 0
(a) S1 = |a, b ∈ R
0 b

[a 0
(b) S2 = |a + b = 3
0 b
2

[a b
(c) S3 = |a + b = c
0 c
13. Consider the vector space V of real-valued functions of a single variable. De-
termine if the following sets are subspaces of V :
(a) He , the set of even functions in V
(b) Ho , the set of odd functions in V . (You’ll have to look up the definitions
of odd and even functions from a Calculus textbook.)
14. Decide which of the following sets are linearly independent. If the set is linearly
dependent, write down a linearly independent subset of the set:
   
 0 1 
(a)  0  ,  0 
−1 4
 
      
 1 2 3 
(b)  7  ,  7  ,  7 
7 7 7
 
       
 9 2 3 12 
(c)  9  ,  0  ,  5  ,  12 
0 1 −4 −1
 
15. Let V be the vector space P3 (R). Determine if the following subsets are linearly
independent. If the set is linearly dependent, write down a linearly independent
subset.
(a) {3 − x + 9x2 , 5 − 6x + 3x2 , 1 + x − 5x2 }
(b) {8 + 3x + 3x2 , x + 2x2 , 2 + 2x + 2x2 , 8 − 2x + 5x2 }
16. Show that if the set {u, v, w} of a vector space V is linearly independent, so is
the set {u, u + v, u + v + w}.

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MATH 351 21/22

Problem Set I - Vector Spaces, Subspaces and Spanning Sets

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