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    Atoms and Molecules ,Notes 1

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    Atoms and Molecules ,Notes 1

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    Atoms and Molecules ,Notes 1

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    ARSHAD JAMIL
    Atoms and Molecules ,Notes 1

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    of 6

    Chapter-3 : ATOMS AND MOLECULES

    Notes-1

    Q(1) State the Laws of Chemical combination.


    Laws of chemical combination was proposed by Lavoisier and Joseph
    L.Proust
    (i)Law of conservation of mass – The law states that mass can neither be
    created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
    Ie, The total mass of the reactants= the total mass of the products.

    (ii) Law of constant proportion/Law of definite proportion – The law


    states that the elements are always present in definite proportions by mass in a
    chemical substance.
    Eg: (i) In water (H2O), hydrogen and oxygen are combined in the ratio 1:8 by
    mass.
    (ii) In carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon and oxygen are combined in the ratio 3: 8
    by mass.
    (iii) In ammonia (NH3), nitrogen and hydrogen are combined in the ratio 14: 3
    by mass.
    HWQ (2) Describe an activity with the help of a suitable diagram to verify law
    of conservation of mass.
    Page No. 31, Activity 3.1, Fig 3.1
    Q(3). State Dalton’s atomic theory.
    Ans: The postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory are:
    (i) The matter is made up of very tiny particles called atoms.
    (ii) Atoms are indivisible particles, which cannot be created or destroyed in a
    chemical reaction.
    (iii) Atoms of a given element are identical in mass and chemical properties.
    (iv) Atoms of different elements have different masses and chemical
    properties.
    (v) Atoms combine in the ratio of small whole numbers to form compounds.
    (vi) The relative number and kinds of atoms are constant in a given compound.
    Q (4) Give any two limitations of Dalton’s atomic theory.
    (i) According to Dalton, atoms are indivisible particles. But later it was found
    that under certain conditions atoms are divisible as they contain
    subatomic particles- protons, electrons and neutrons.
    (ii) According to Dalton, atoms of the same element have identical mass. But
    after the discovery of isotopes, it was found that atoms of the same
    element can have different masses.
    Note:(i) Isotopes- Atoms of the same element having same atomic number, but
    different mass numbers are called isotopes.
    Eg: The element carbon exists in two isotopic forms mainly- 6C12 , 6C14
    Q (5) What are atoms?
    Ans: Atoms are the smallest units of matter which show all the properties of that
    matter. Thus atoms are the building blocks of matter.
    But atoms cannot exist independently except atoms of inert gases like He, Ne, Ar,
    etc.
    Note: Atomic size: It is the size of an atom. Atomic size is measured as atomic
    radius which is the shortest distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost
    occupied shell.
    Since atoms are very tiny particles, Atomic radii are measured in small units of
    length like nanometre (nm), angstrom (A°) and picometre (pm).
    1 nm= 10-9m
    1 A° = 10-10m
    1pm = 10-12m
    Q (6) What are symbols of atoms?
    Ans: Symbol is the short hand representation of an atom of an element by using
    two letters of its name.
    The first letter of a symbol is always written as a capital letter (upper case) and the
    second letter as a small letter (lower case).
    Q (7) Explain the concept of atomic mass.
    Ans: The mass of an atom is known as atomic mass. Since atoms are very tiny
    particles mass of an atom cannot be determined by the conventional methods. It is
    calculated as relative atomic mass.
    Relative atomic mass is the mass of an atom as compared to 1/12th mass of a C-12
    isotope, ie, the relative atomic mass gives the number of times an atom is heavier
    as compared to 1/12th mass of C-12 atom.
    Eg: The atomic mass of oxygen is 16u which means that one atom of oxygen is 16
    times heavier as compared to 1/12th mass of C-12 atom.
    Atomic masses are expressed as unified mass (u) or atomic mass unit (amu).
    Q (8) Define the atomic mass unit (amu).
    Ans: The atomic mass unit is defined as a mass unit which is exactly equal to one-
    twelfth (1/12th) mass of one C-12 atom.
    1 amu = 1/12th mass of C-12 atom
    Q (9) What are molecules?
    Ans: Since atoms cannot exist independently, atoms combine in the ratio of small
    whole numbers to form molecules.
    When atoms of the same element are combined, molecules of elements are formed.
    Eg: H2, O2, P4, etc.
    When atoms of different elements are combined, molecules of compounds are
    formed.
    Eg: H2O, CO2, NH3, etc.
    Q (10) What is meant by atomicity?
    Ans: The number of atoms constituting a molecule of an element is known as
    atomicity.

    The following Questions to be solved in the note book.


    Q (10) Find the simplest formula of a compound formed by hydrogen and oxygen
    combined in the ratio 1: 8 by mass.
    Q (11) Find the ratio by number and hence simplest formula of a compound
    formed by carbon and oxygen combined in the ratio 3: 8 by mass.
    HW Q (12) Find the simplest formula of a compound formed by nitrogen and
    hydrogen combined in the ratio 14: 3 by mass.
    HW Q (13) Find the ratio by number and hence simplest formula of a compound
    formed by calcium and oxygen combined in the ratio 5: 2 by mass.

    Q (14) What are ions?


    Ans: Ions are charged species formed by the loss or gain of electrons.
    Ions are of two types- Cations and Anions
    Cations-
     Positively charged ions
     Formed by loss of electrons
     Generally, metals form cations.
    Eg: Na+, Ca2+, Al3+
    Anions-
     Negatively charged ions
     Formed by gain of electrons
     Generally, non metals form anions
    Eg: Cl-, O2-, N3-
    Q (15) What are radicals?
    Ans: Radicals are poly atomic ions, ie, a group of two or more atoms carrying a
    net charge is called a radical.
    Eg: Hydroxide ion (OH-), carbonate ion (CO3 2-), etc.
    Q (16) What are ionic compounds?
    Ans: Compounds formed by the transfer of electrons from the outer most shell of a
    metal to a non metal are called ionic compounds.
    Eg: Sodium chloride (NaCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), aluminium oxide
    (Al2O3), etc.
    Q (17) What are valence electrons?
    Ans: The number of electrons in the outermost shell of an atom is known as valence
    electrons.
    Q (18) What is meant by valency?
    Ans: The combining capacity of an atom is known as valency, ie, the number of electrons lost,
    gained or shared in order to attain the nearest stable configuration.

    If ve = 1,2,3, 4; Valency = ve
    If ve = 5,6,7,8; valency = 8 – ve

    Q (19) What is meant by chemical formula of a compound?


    Ans: The short hand representation of a compound by using symbols of elements and their
    valency is known as chemical formula.
    Writing Chemical formulae of ionic compounds to be done in the note book. Copy the
    valency table (Table 3.6), page No. 37 in to the note book.

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