THE DISCIPLINE DESCRIPTION

Branch of knowledge, training Characteristic of discipline

Name of indicators direction, education and
qualification level full-time education

Training course
Credits – 4 Legislation
22 “HEALTH CARE”

Year of study
1-st
Specialty
Total amount of hours – 120 Semester
222 “MEDICINE”
1-st
Lectures
22 hours
Practical classes
42 hours
Laboratory
Educational qualification level: hours
MASTER Students’ individual work
56 hours
Individual tasks:
hours
Type of evaluation:
Exam

Note:
Ratio between auditorium hour’s and students’ individual work is (%):
For full-time education 53,33 : 46,67.
2. COMPETENCES AND PROGRAM LEARNING OUTCOMES

Integral competence
The ability to solve typical and complex specialized tasks and practical problems in professional medical
activities using regulations, theories and methods of fundamental, chemical, technological, biomedical,
social and economic sciences; integrate knowledge, formulate the judgments with incomplete or limited
information; clearly and unambiguously communicate their conclusions and knowledge, rationale
underpinning these to professional and non-professional audience.
General competence (GC)
GC 1. Ability to abstract thinking, analysis and synthesis, the ability to learn and master modern
knowledge.
GC 2. Ability to apply knowledge in practical Professional Competences (FC) situations.
GC 3. Knowledge and understanding of the subject area and understanding of professional activity.
GC 4. Ability to adapt and act in a new situation.
GC 5. Ability to make informed decisions; work in a team; interpersonal skills.
GC 6. Ability to communicate in the state language both orally and in writing; ability to communicate in a
foreign language
GC 7. Skills in the use of information and communication technologies.
GC 8. Definiteness and persistence in terms of tasks and responsibilities.
GC 9. Ability to act socially responsibly and consciously.
Special (professional, subject-matter) competences (PC)
FC 2. Ability to determine the required list of laboratory and instrumental studies and evaluate their
results.
FC 5. Ability to determine the nature of nutrition in the treatment of diseases.
FC 14. Ability to carry out sanitary and hygienic and preventive measures.
FC 18. Ability to conduct epidemiological and medical-statistical studies of public health; processing of
state, social, economic and medical information;
FC 19. Ability to assess the impact of the environment, socio-economic and biological determinants on
the health of the individual, ily, population.
Program learning outcomes (PLO)
PLO. 1. Collect data on patient complaints, medical history, history.
PLO. 4. To determine the necessary mode of work and rest in the treatment of the disease
PLO. 5. To determine the necessary medical nutrition in the treatment of the disease
PLO. 7. To establish the diagnosis
PLO. 13. Plan measures to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Carry out detection and early
diagnosis of infectious diseases; primary anti-epidemic measures in the center of an infectious disease.
Identify risk groups, risk areas, time of risk, risk factors and carry out epidemiological analysis of
infectious diseases in the population.
PLO. 17. Conduct screening for the detection of major non-communicable diseases; evaluate morbidity
indicators, integrated health indicators; And identify risk factors for the occurrence and course of disease;
to form risk groups of the population. Determine the source and / or location of the required information
depending on its type; receive the necessary information from a specific source; process and analyze the
received information.
PLO. 23. Adhere to a healthy lifestyle, use the techniques of self-regulation and self-control
PLO. 24. To be aware of and guided in its activities by civil rights, freedoms and responsibilities, to raise
the general educational and cultural level.
PLO. 25. Adhere to the requirements of joints, bioethics and deontology in their professional activities.
 3. EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM AND STRUCTURE OF DISCIPLINE

The program of discipline “Medical Chemistry” for students of Ukrainian higher education
institutions is made for branch of knowledge 22 “Health Care”, specialty 222 “Medicine” (second Master’s
degree of higher education) with qualification “Physician”.
Program has been formulated in accordance with the curriculum of specialists training of
educational qualification level “master”, corresponding qualifications and specializations in higher
education establishments of ministry of health of Ukraine based standard of higher education of the second
(master's) level of training candidates of higher education, academic plans and working curriculum,
discussed and approved at a meeting of the academic council of I Ya. Horbachevsky Ternopil National
Medical University of ministry of health of Ukraine from June 25, 2020, Minutes No 7 and enacted by
rector's order No 244 dated June 25, 2020.
“Medical chemistry” as an academic discipline is one of the important subjects in the higher
medical education system. The base of subject is students learning of the Bioorganic Chemistry, the
Biophysics, Medical Biology and disciplines integrated with it. “Medical Chemistry” is complex discipline
that examines the basic concepts, regulations and laws of inorganic, analytical, physical and colloid
chemistry and their applications in theoretical and practical medicine.
The student’s knowledge with the “Medical Chemistry” are the basis for learning student
disciplines such as, physiology, medical biochemistry, microbiology, general and molecular pharmacology
and toxicology, general hygiene and ecology. Students use theoretical knowledge from medical chemistry
for disclosure of physical and chemical processes in living body.
Medical Chemistry studies the chemical phenomena and processes based on general principles of
physics using the experimental methods. The course covers the basic statement of chemical
thermodynamics, kinetics and catalysis, electrochemistry, studies the properties of non-electrolytes and
electrolytes solutions. Based on knowledge of physical chemistry the main chapter of colloid chemistry
such as surface phenomena, disperse systems and macromolecular substances.
Learning the discipline “Medical Chemistry” performed by students of 1 course (I semester).
Interdisciplinary links: biological chemistry, medical and biological physics, biology, normal
physiology, pathological physiology and hygienic disciplines.
 4. AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE DISCIPLINE
THE AIM of discipline “Medical Chemistry” follows form the goals of education and professional
training programs for graduate of medical establishment and determined the content of the system of
knowledge and skills, which should the specialist-doctor possess. The knowledge that students receive
from discipline is the basis for block of disciplines that provide natural scientific (block NS) and
professional-practical (block PP) training.
Medical Chemistry is sometimes called “the central science” because it is bridges for other natural
sciences like biological chemistry, physiology, geology, biology, pharmacology, toxicology, immunology,
cytology, etc.
The knowledge of chemical equilibrium is basic for interpret physical and chemical processes in
living organism. To apply the chemical methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis are used for
research of biochemical processes. The knowledge of chemical properties of inorganic compounds is used
for interpretation general physical and chemical phenomenon and some changes in living organism.
Study chemical reactions at the molecular level of substances in the body, it provides fundamental
biological training and practical skills for future professional activities.

After studying discipline, "Medical Chemistry" Students must:

The student should know:

1. basic provisions on the quantum-mechanical model of the atom, on the chemical bond, structure
of matter and its biogenic properties
2. structure of atoms, basic chemical properties of biogenic s-, p-, d-elements, forms of their finding
in an organism, biological role
3. classes and nomenclature of inorganic substances and their use in laboratory diagnostic studies
4. updates of thermodynamics, kinetics and catalysis, including enzymatic
5. basics of modern theory of solutions, electrolytic dissociation, hydrolysis, which are necessary
for a proper understanding of biochemical processes
6. basic provisions of electrochemistry, physical chemistry of surface phenomena and dispersed
systems
7. basics of the theory of complex compounds, their role in the body and laboratory diagnosis
8. properties of chemical elements, their biogenic role and possible ways of transformation in the
human body
9. methods of analysis and research of inorganic substances in laboratory diagnostics.
The student should be able to:
1. write electronic and electronic-graphic formulas of atoms and ions
2. predict the physicochemical and biogenic properties of substances depending on the position of
the elements in the periodic table DI Mendeleev, the type of chemical bond and the structure of
molecules
3. to classify chemical properties and transformation of bioinorganic substances in the course of
vital activity of an organism
4. judge the probability and direction of reactions
5. characterize solutions of non-electrolytes and electrolytes, calculate their concentration and
colligative properties
6. apply chemical methods of qualitative analysis of ions
7. to interpret the general physico-chemical laws that underlie the processes of life of the human
body
8. interpret the main types of chemical equilibrium for the formation of a holistic physico-chemical
approach to the study of life processes of the organism
9. apply chemical methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis
10. characterize the quantitative composition of solutions
11. be able to prepare solutions with a given quantitative composition
12. analyze the principles of titrimetric research methods
13. analyze the quantitative content in the solution of acids and bases using acid-base titration
methods
14. draw conclusions about the acidity of biological fluids on the basis of hydrogen
15. explain the mechanism of action of buffer systems and their role in maintaining acid-base
balance in biosystems
16. analyze the relationship between the colligative properties and the concentration of solutions
17. interpret chemical and biochemical processes from the standpoint of their thermal effects
18. be able to use thermodynamic functions to assess the direction of processes, to explain the
energy interaction in living systems
19. analyze the dependence of the reaction rate on concentration and temperature
20. analyze the features of the action of catalysts and explain the mechanism of homogeneous and
heterogeneous catalysis
21. explain the mechanism of action of enzymes and analyze the dependence of the rate of
enzymatic processes on the concentration of enzyme and substrate
22. analyze chemical equilibrium and explain its condition from the standpoint of thermodynamics
and kinetics
23. explain the influence of external factors on chemical equilibrium
24. analyze the conditions of precipitation and dissolution of sediments, explain the role of
heterogeneous equilibria with the participation of salts in the overall homeostasis of the organism
25. explain the mechanism of formation of electrode potentials
26. analyze the principles of the method of potentiometry and draw conclusions about its use in
medical and biological research
27. be able to measure redox potentials and predict the direction of redox reactions
28. draw conclusions about the surface activity of substances on the basis of their structure
29. analyze the structure of the surface layer of adsorbed molecules of surfactants, explain the
principles of structure of biological membranes
30. analyze the equations of adsorption and the limits of their use, distinguish between
monomolecular and polymolecular adsorption
31. interpret the laws of adsorption of substances from solutions on a solid surface
32. explain the physicochemical basis of methods of adsorption therapy
33. distinguish between selective and ion exchange adsorption of electrolytes
34. interpret the methods of chromatographic analysis and their role in biomedical research
35. analyze the principles of methods for obtaining and purifying colloidal dispersed solutions
36. explain the physicochemical basis of hemodialysis
37. interpret the physicochemical properties of proteins that are structural components of all tissues
of the body to draw conclusions about the charge of dissolved biopolymers on the basis of their
isoelectric point.
The student should master the skills:
1. Skills to calculate a quantity of components and prepare a solution with some mass fraction.
2. Skills to calculate a quantity of components and prepare a solution with some molar
concentration.
3. Skills to determine a charge of a colloidal particle.
 5. PROGRAM OF THE DISCIPLINE
The types of studies according to the curriculum are:
1. lectures;
2. practical lessons (seminars);
3. independent students work;
4. consultations.

Lectures cover the basic theoretical material of separate or few topics of discipline, revealing the
main problematic questions of relevant chapters of discipline.
Practical sessions (seminars) provide a detailed study of some theoretical statements of the
discipline with the teacher and the formation of ability and skills to practical use by an individual student
performance of various tasks and solving of situational problems.
Independent students work involves mastering of training material, such as an independent
learning of some topics of discipline at the time free from mandatory training lessons, and provides training
to all types of controls. Training material of discipline, provided by working curriculum for students
learning during independent work, submitted for final control together with training material that worked
during the lessons.
Consultations (individual or group) conducted to help students understand and explain complex
issues for self-understanding, solve the difficult problems, arising in self-processing training material in
preparation for practical lessons, final lessons or before an exam.
In the study of subjects appropriate methods use.
According to the sources of knowledge, uses the following teaching methods: verbal – narrative,
explanation, lecture, instruction; demonstrating – demonstration, illustration; practical – practical lessons,
tasks.
According to the nature of the logic of knowledge, uses the following teaching methods: analytical,
synthetic, analytical and synthetic, inductive, deductive.
According to the level of individual mental activity uses the following teaching methods:
problematic, partially-search, research.
Methodical support of discipline:
1. Preparation materials for lectures.
2. Lecture presentations.
3. Materials of preparation for practical classes.
4. Methodical instructions for practical classes.
5. Task options for independent and individual work of students.
6. Test tasks for the final test module control.
7. Test tasks for daily control.
8. Variants of theoretical questions for independent study.

Teachers of the Department of General Chemistry have the right to make changes to the
curriculum in “Medical Chemistry” within 15% depending on organizational and technical
capabilities, areas of research, but must meet the overall requirements of the discipline in accordance
with the competencies and program learning outcomes. “Medicine”.

THE CURRICULUM STRUCTURE OF THE DISCIPLINE

Specific objectives:
 The main types of chemical bonds in compounds: ionic, covalent, donor-acceptor, coordination,
hydrogen.
 To interpret the relationship between the biological role of biogenic s-, p-, d-elements and form of their
body.
 Explain the principles of the structure of complex compounds.
 To prepare of solutions by knowing quantitative composition.
 To analyze the principles of titrimetric (volumetric) methods.
 To analyze quantitative composition of acids and bases solution by the acid-base titration.
 To study influence buffer solution on acid-base equilibrium in biological liquids.
 To interpret influence mechanism of chemical and biochemical processes on heat effects this processes.
 Consider the role of solutions in living organisms. Classification of solutions. Mechanism of solubility
compounds in water. Thermodynamics effect of solubility process. Solubility of compounds in water.
Colligative properties true solutions of non-electrolytes. Water-electrolyte balance as bases of
homoeostasis.
 Consider the compositor of Buffer solutions, their classification. Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.
Mechanism of buffer action. Buffer capacity. Buffer systems of blood. Bicarbonate buffer solutions.
Phosphate buffer solutions. Proteins buffer systems. Acid-base stat of blood.
 Consider the basic concepts of thermodynamics: thermodynamics system, state parameters
(extensive, intensive), thermodynamics process. Laws of thermodynamics
 Consider the basic of Chemical kinetics. Dependence of reaction speed from a concentration, a
temperature. Interpretation of role of the electrochemical phenomena in biological processes.
 To be able to use thermodynamics functions for estimation and explaining the thermodynamic
processes in the living systems
 To analyze dependence of speed of reactions on the concentration and temperature.
 To interpret dependence of speed of reactions on the activating energy.
 To analyze the activity of catalysts and to explain the mechanism of homogeneous and heterogenic
catalysis.
 To explain the mechanism activity of enzymes and to analyze dependence on concentration of
enzyme and substrate of enzymes processes speed.
 To explain influence of external factors on a chemical equilibrium.
 To analyze the salting-out and dissolving of solid compounds, explain the role of heterogenic
equilibrium of salts in the homoeostasis of organism.
 To explain the mechanism of formation of electrode potentials.
 To use potentiometric method in medical-biological researches.
 To be able to measure redox-potential.
 To explain relation between surface activity of compounds and their structure.
 To analyze the structure of surfactants and of biological membranes.
 To interpret regularity of adsorption of compounds with solutions on solid.
 To separate of electrolytes by selective and ion-exchange adsorption.
 To interpret methods of chromatography analysis and their role in medical-biological researches.
 To prepare and purification of colloid-disperse solutions.
 To explain influence a charge of biopolimers on solubility and their isoelectric point.
 To explain physical-chemical bases of hemodialysis.

Theme 1. Introduction. Safety precaution. The structure of atoms, ions, molecules and substances.
Entrance control to determine entry-level students' knowledge.
Electronic energy levels of the atom. Principal quantum number. Shape of s-, pand d-orbitals of
atom. Orbital, spin and magnetic quantum numbers. Their physical meaning.
Principles and rules the sequence of electrons filling of atomic orbitals, principle of least energy,
Pauli’s principle, Hund’s rules, Klechkovsky’s rule and rule of symmetry. Electronic and graphic formulas
of element atoms and their ions.
Periodic law of D.I. Mendeleyev and his explanation on the basis of the modern theory of atomic
structure. Periodic law as an example of the laws of dialectics. Types of chemical bonds. Physico-chemical
properties of compounds with covalent, ionic and metallic bond. Experimental characteristics of bonds:
energy, length, direction. Saturation, orientation and polarity of a covalent bond. Formation - and -
bonds. The method of valence bonds (MVB). Determining the multiplicity and covalence by MVB. Donor-
acceptor mechanism of formation of a covalent bond. Hybridization of atomic orbitals. The spatial
structure of molecules. Polar and nonpolar molecules. Ionic bond and it properties. Structure and properties
of compounds with ionic type bond. Metallic bond. The main basics of the method of molecular orbital
(MO), their energy and shape, energy diagram. Multiplicity of bond in method of MO. Intermolecular
interactions (orientation, induction, dispersion). Hydrogen bond and its biological role.
Electronic structure and electronegativity of s-, p- and d-elements. Dipole moment of the molecule.
Polar and non-polar molecules.
 Theme 2. The bases of biogenic elements and their classification. Biogenic and toxic s-, p- and
d-elements, chemical properties of their compounds, biological role, the using they in medicine.
Biogenic elements chemistry. Qualitative and quantitative biogenic elements content in human
body. Macronutrients, trace elements and ultramicroelements. Organogenic elements. The V.I. Vernadsky’
concept of the biosphere and the role of living matter (living organisms). To explain relation between
properties of biogenic s-, p-, d-elements and they function in living organism. To study structure of
complex compounds.
Consider the basic concepts of medical chemistry, qualitative and quantitative composition of
biogenic elements in the human body. Consider the electronic structure and electronegativity of s-, p- and
d-elements.
Typical chemical properties s-, p- and d-elements but their. Relation between the location s-, p- and
d-elements in the periodic system and their amount in an organism. Using in medicine. Toxic action of
compounds.
Qualitative reactions to ions: CO32-, SO42-, NO2-, S2O32-, MnO4-, Fe3+, Cu2+, Ag+.

Theme 3. Equilibrium and processes with complex compounds. Preparation and

characteristic of complex and intracomplex compounds. Complex-formation in biological systems.
The concept of the Chelatometry.
Reactions of complex-formation. Coordinating theory of A. Vagnara and modern pictures of
complex compound structure. Concept about complex-formatters ion (central ion). Complexons and their
using in medicine as toxicides at poisoning by heavy metals (chelatotherapy) and as antioxidants.

Theme 4. Solutions. Concentration units of solutions. Preparation of solutions with knowing

concentration.
Role solutions in the living organisms. Classification of solutions. The mechanism of dissolving
processes. Mechanism of solubility compounds in water. Thermodynamics effect of solubility process.
Solubility of compounds in water. Colligative properties true solutions of non-electrolytes. Water-
electrolyte balance as bases of homoeostasis.

Theme 5. Equilibrium in solutions of non-electrolytes. Collagative properties of non-

electrolyte solutions. Solving task.
The concept about colligative properties of solutions. Dependence “property of solution-
concentration”. Raoult's Law and van't Hoff Law. Osmosis and osmotic pressure. Osmolarity of solutions.
Effects of concentration on the osmotic pressure of electrolyte solutions. Isotonic coefficient. Hypo-,
hyper- and isotonic solutions. The role of osmosis and osmotic pressure in biological systems. Plasmolysis,
hemolysis, turgor. Cryometry, ebulliometry, osmometry and their application.

Theme 6. Equilibrium in electrolyte solutions. Collagative properties of electrolyte solutions.

Activity and the coefficient activity. Acid-base balance in the body. Hydrogen index of biological
fluids, its definition and calculation.
Theories of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, Lewis). Amphoteric electrolytes
(amfolity). Quantitative characteristics the force of acids and bases. Dissociation of water. Ionic product of
water. The characteristic of acidity. Hydrogen and hydroxyl parameters (pH and pOH) solutions of weak
and strong acids and bases.

Theme 7. Protolytic processes in the body. Hydrolysis of compounds. Equilibrium in

heterogeneous systems. Solubility product.
Protolytic processes and their directivity. Hydrolysis of cations, anions and compatible hydrolysis.
Constant degree of hydrolysis. Shifting the balance of protolytic reactions. Role of protolytic reactions in
the metabolism of drugs and medicines in the analysis. Chemical incompatibility of drugs.

Theme 8. Basics of titrimetrical analysis. Acid-base titration: alkalimetry and acidomety.

 The neutralization method. To prepare and to determine concentration of hydrochloric acid solution.
Basics of titrimetric analysis. Titrimetric methods of analysis. The method of acid-base titration. Acid-base
indicators.

Theme 9. Methods of titrimetrical analysis: oxidometry, chelatometry, gravimetry. Oxidation-

reaction reactions and their role in biochemical processes.
Chemical equilibrium. Constant of chemical equilibrium. Solubility of salts. Solubility product.
Influence of ions on solubility salts. Essence of precipitation method. The Mohr’s method.
Indication for determine and point of Mohr’s method. Essence of argentometry its using in medical and
biological researches.
Concept about an oxidation titration. Oxidation-reduction reactions. Influence of environment for
oxidation-reduction reactions (for example of КМnО4). Essence of permanganatometry and its using in
medicine. Indication of end point in the permanganatometry. Preparation of secondary standard solution of
potassium permanganate and determination of its normality.

Theme 10. Buffer systems: classification and mechanism of their action. Preparation of buffer
solutions. Buffer capacity, determination of buffer capacity. The biological role of buffer solutions in
systems.
Buffer solutions, their classification. Buffer solutions, natural buffer system. The Henderson-
Hasselbaha equation. The mechanism of action of the buffer.
Buffer capacity. Buffer systems of blood. Bicarbonate buffer, a phosphate buffer. Protein buffer
system. The concept of acid-base status blood.

Theme 11. Types of tasks from the chapter 1. “Solutions. Acid-basic equilibrium”.
Types of situational and settlement tasks:
Calculation of the quantitative content of the dissolved substance in the solution.
Calculation of pH of electrolyte solutions.
Calculation of pH of buffer solutions.

Theme 12. Heat effects of chemical reactions. The passing way of processes.
Absorption and evolution of different types of energy in chemical reactions. Heat and work as
characteristics of process. Internal energy and enthalpy substances. The first law of thermodynamics.
Standard conditions and standard enthalpy of formation and combustion substance. Heats of
chemical reactions at constant temperature and pressure. Thermochemical equations, their characteristics
and calculations based on thermochemical equations transformations (processes of substance dissolution,
hydration, dissociationof acids and bases) by Hess’s law.
Bioenergetics studies of energy transformations in the organism. The chemical energy of food
products is the main source of energy for the body. It is used in the internal processes: breathing, blood
circulation, metabolism, secretion, temperature control. Chemical thermodynamics is the theoreticalbase
for bioenergetics despite lots of specific characteristics of energy metabolism in the organism.
Thermochemistry renders it possible to measure energy values of food products, which is important in
nutritiology.

Theme 13 Kinetics of biochemical reactions.

Chemical kinetics as a basis for studying the rate and mechanism of biochemical reactions. The rate
of reaction. Dependence of reaction rate on concentration. The law of mass action to speed the reaction.
The rate constant. The order of reaction. Kinetic equations reactions of the first, second and zero order.
Period half-quantitative characterization of changes in the concentration of radionuclides in the
environment, pesticides and so on. The concept of reaction mechanism. Molecularity. The activation
energy. The theory of active collisions. Arrhenius equation. The concept of transition state theory.

Theme 14. Catalysis and catalysts. Chemical equilibrium. Solubility product.

The catalyst activity. Homogeneous Catalysis, heterogeneous Catalysis and microheterogeneous
Catalysis. The acid-base catalysis. Autocatalysis. The activity mechanism of catalysts.
 Enzymes as biological catalysts. Specify of enzymes, selectivity, efficacy. Temperature and pH
influence on the enzymatic action. Influence the Enzyme and substrate concentration on an enzymatic
process. Activation and inhibition of enzymes.

Theme 15. Electrode processes. Determination of Oxidation-reaction (Redox) potential and

pH of solutions. The role of Oxidation-reaction (Redox) reactions in the living body processes.
Potentiometry.
Role of the electrochemical phenomena in biological processes.
Electrode potentials and mechanism of their formation. Nernst equilibrium. Normal (standard)
electrode potential. Hydrogen half-cell. Measuring of electrode potentials. Reference and indicator
electrode. Silver-silver chlorate electrode. Ion-selective electrodes. Glass electrode.
Galvanic elements. Diffusive potential. Membranes potential. Biological role of diffusive and
membranes potentials. Potential of damage. Rest potential. Action potential.
Role of redox-reactions in the processes of vital functions. Redox-potential as the measure of
oxidizing and redaction activity of systems. Normal redox potential.
Equivalent of oxidant and redactors. Value of redox-potential for mechanism of processes in
biological oxidation.
Potentiometer. Potentiometrical determination of рН, activity of ions. Potentiometrical titration.

Theme 16. Sorption of biological active substances at the liquid-gas surface and liquid-liquid
surface. Determination of surfactants effect on the surface tension.
Surface phenomena and their values in biology and medicine. Surface tension of liquids and
solutions. Isotherm of surface tension. Surface-active and surface-inactive compounds. Surface activity.
Adsorption on verge of division gas of liquid and liquid of liquid. Gibbs Equilibrium. Composition of
structure of biological membranes.

Theme 17. Sorption of biological active substances at the solid-solution surface. Ion-exchange.
Chromatography. Applications of the chromatography in biology and medicine.
Adsorption in surface of two phases: solid-gas. Solution adsorption on solid. Physical and chemical
adsorption.
Physical-chemical bases of adsorption therapy (hemosorption, plasmosorption, lymphosorption,
enterosorption, applique therapy). Immunoadsorbents.
Adsorption of electrolytes: specific (electoral) and ion-exchange. Ion-exchangers natural and
synthetic. Role of adsorption and ionic exchange for processes in plants, animals and human organisms.

Theme 18. Preparation, purification and properties of colloidal solutions. Electrophoresis.

Electroosmosis.
Organism as disperse systems. Classification of dispersible systems by the degree of dispersion.
Colloid state. Lyophilic and lyophobic colloid systems. Structure of colloid particles. Double electric layer.
Electrokinetic potential of colloid particle.
Methods of preparation and purification of colloid solutions. Dialysis, electrodialysis, ultrafiltration,
compensative dialysis vividialysis. Hemodialysis and “artificial kidney”.
Molecular-kinetic properties of colloid systems. Brownian motion, diffusion, osmolality. Optical
properties of colloid systems.

Theme 19. Coagulation of colloidal solutions. Colloidal protection.

Electrokinetic phenomena. Electrophoresis. Using electrophoresis in research and clinical-
laboratory investigation. Electrophorogrammes.
Kinetics (sediments) and aggregative stability of disperse systems. Factors of stability. Coagulation.
Mechanism of coagulation by electrolytes. Threshold of coagulation. So-coagulation of colloidal solutions.
Processes of coagulation at drinkable water and flows waters treatment. Colloid protections.

Theme 20. Properties of polymer solutions. Isoelectric point of proteins.

 High molecular compounds (HMC) are basis of living organisms. Globules and fibrils structure of
proteins. Compare characteristics of high molecular compounds solutions with true and colloid solutions.
Protective action of solutions of HMC.
Mechanism of swelling. Influence of рН, temperature and electrolytes on swelling. Swelling effect
and is role for organism physiology. Mechanism of gelatination. Influence of рН, temperature and
electrolytes on gelatination speed. Thixotropy. Diffusion in gelatin. Salting-out of biopolimers in solutions.
Coacervation and its role in biological systems.

Theme 21. Final test lesson: using object of discipline.

Types of tasks:
Calculation of the quantitative content of the dissolved substance in the solution.
Calculation of pH of electrolyte solutions.
Calculation of pH of buffer solutions.
Calculation of Gibbs energy.
Thermochemical calculations.
Calculation of the rate of chemical reaction.
Calculation of the equilibrium constant.
Calculation solubility products.
Calculation of electrode and redox potentials.
The structure of the micelle. The coagulation threshold.
 STRUCTURE OF DISCIPLINE

Lection Practical Indepen ISW

classes dent
Names of topics
/seminars students
work
Theme 1. Introduction. Safety precaution. The structure of 1 2 2 –
atoms, ions, molecules and substances. Entrance control to
determine entry-level students' knowledge.
Theme 2. The bases of biogenic elements and their 1 2 2 –
classification. Biogenic and toxic s-, p- and d-elements, chemical
properties of their compounds, biological role, the using they in
medicine.
Theme 3. Equilibrium and processes with complex compounds. 1 2 2 –
Preparation and characteristic of complex and intracomplex
compounds. Complex-formation in biological systems. The
concept of the Chelatometry.
Theme 4. Solutions. Concentration units of solutions. 2 2 2 –
Preparation of solutions with knowing concentration.
Theme 5. Equilibrium in solutions of non-electrolytes. 1 2 2 –
Collagative properties of non-electrolyte solutions. Solving task.
Theme 6. Equilibrium in electrolyte solutions. Collagative 1 2 2 –
properties of electrolyte solutions. Activity and the coefficient
activity. Acid-base balance in a body. Hydrogen index of
biological fluids, its definition and calculation.
Theme 7. Protolytic processes in the body. Hydrolysis of 1 2 2 –
compounds. Equilibrium in heterogeneous systems. Solubility
product.
Theme 8. Basics of titrimetrical analysis. Acid-base titration: 1 2 3 –
alkalimetry and acidomety.
Theme 9. Methods of titrimetrical analysis: oxidometry, 1 2 3 –
chelatometry, gravimetry. Oxidation-reaction reactions and their
role in biochemical processes.
Theme 10. Buffer systems: classification and mechanism of their 1 2 2 –
action. Preparation of buffer solutions. Buffer capacity,
determination of buffer capacity. The biological role of buffer
solutions in systems.
Theme 11. Types of tasks from the chapter “Solutions. Acid- 1 2 4 –
base equilibrium. Buffer systems. Basics of titrimetric analysis”.
Theme 12. Heat effects of chemical reactions. The passing way 1 2 4 –
of processes.
Theme 13. Kinetics of biochemical reactions. 1 2 2 –
Theme 14. Catalysis and catalysts. Chemical equilibrium. 1 2 2 –
Solubility product.
Theme 15. Electrode processes. Determination of Oxidation- 1 2 2 –
reaction (Redox) potential and pH of solutions. The role of
Oxidation-reaction (Redox) reactions in the living body
processes. Potentiometry.
Theme 16. Sorption of biological active substances at the liquid- 1 2 4 –
gas surface and liquid-liquid surface. Determination of
surfactants effect on the surface tension.
Theme 17. Sorption of biological active substances at the solid- 1 2 3 –
solution surface. Ion exchange. Chromatography. Applications
of the chromatography in biology and medicine.
 Theme 18. Preparation, purification and properties of colloidal 1 2 4 –
solutions. Electrophoresis. Electroosmosis.
Theme 19. Coagulation of colloidal solutions. Colloidal 1 2 3 –
protection.
Theme 20. Properties of polymer solutions. Isoelectric point of 1 2 3 –
proteins.
Theme 21. Final test lesson: using object of discipline. 1 2 3 –
Total hours 22 42 56 –

THEMATIC PLAN OF THE LECTURES

№ Theme of the lectures Amount

of hours
1. Structure of mater. Chemistry biogenic elements: characteristic, compounds, properties 2
and their using.
2. Complex compound in biological systems. The bases of chelatotherapy 2
3. Solution. Coligative properties of biological liquids. 2
4. Bases of titrimetric (volumetric) analysis. 2
5. Acid-base equilibrium in biological systems. Buffer solutions. 2
6. Theoretic bases of Bioenergetics. Chemical equilibrium. Solubility products. 2
7. Chemical kinetics in biological processes. 2
8. Electrode processes, their biological role and they application in medicine. 2
9. Physical-chemical essence of surface phenomenon. Bases of adsorption therapy. 2
10. Disperse systems. Preparation, purification and properties of colloidal solutions. 2
11. Physical-chemical properties of biopolymer solutions. 2
Total 22

THEMATIC PLAN OF PRACTICAL CLASSES

№ Theme of the practical class Amount

of hours
1. Introduction. Safety precaution. The structure of atoms, ions, molecules and 2
substances. Entrance control to determine entry-level students' knowledge.
2. The bases of biogenic elements and their classification. Biogenic and toxic s-, p- 2
and d-elements, chemical properties of their compounds, biological role, the using
they in medicine.
3. Equilibrium and processes with complex compounds. Preparation and characteristic 2
of complex and intracomplex compounds. Complex-formation in biological
systems. The concept of the Chelatometry.
4. Solutions. Concentration units of solutions. Preparation of solutions with knowing 2
concentration.
5. Equilibrium in solutions of non-electrolytes. Collagative properties of non- 2
electrolyte solutions. Solving task.
6. Equilibrium in electrolyte solutions. Collagative properties of electrolyte solutions. 2
Activity and the coefficient activity. Acid-base balance in the body. Hydrogen index
of biological fluids, its definition and calculation.
7. Protolytic processes in the body. Hydrolysis of compounds. Equilibrium in 2
heterogeneous systems. Solubility product.
8. Basics of titrimetrical analysis. Acid-base titration: alkalimetry and acidomety. 2
9. Methods of titrimetrical analysis: oxidometry, chelatometry, gravimetry. Oxidation- 2
reaction reactions and their role in biochemical processes.
10. Buffer systems: classification and mechanism of their action. Preparation of buffer 2
solutions. Buffer capacity, determination of buffer capacity. The biological role of
buffer solutions in systems.
11. Types of tasks from the chapter “Solutions. Acid-base equilibrium. Buffer systems. 2
Basics of titrimetric analysis”.
12. Heat effects of chemical reactions. The passing way of processes. 2
13. Kinetics of biochemical reactions. 2
14. Catalysis and catalysts. Chemical equilibrium. Solubility product. 2
15. Electrode processes. Determination of Oxidation-reaction (Redox) potential and pH 2
of solutions. The role of Oxidation-reaction (Redox) reactions in the living body
processes. Potentiometry.
16. Sorption of biological active substances at the liquid-gas surface and liquid-liquid 2
surface. Determination of surfactants effect on the surface tension.
17. Sorption of biological active substances at the solid-solution surface. Ion-exchange. 2
Chromatography. Applications of the chromatography in biology and medicine.
18. Preparation, purification and properties of colloidal solutions. Electrophoresis. 2
Electroosmosis.
19. Coagulation of colloidal solutions. Colloidal protection. 2
20. Properties of polymer solutions. Isoelectric point of proteins. 2
21. Final test lesson: using object of discipline. 2
Total amount 42

STUDENTS’ INDIVIDUAL WORK

№ Theme Amount of
hours
1. Trace element-mediated endemic diseases and their relationship with the 2
peculiarities of biogeochemical provinces.
2. Problems of pollution of the biosphere and cleaning of toxic chemicals of 4
anthropogenic origin.
3. Chelate compounds. Polynuclear complexes. 2
4. Cryometry, ebuliometry, osmometry, their use in biomedical research. 4
5. Nernst distribution law and its importance in the phenomenon of permeability of 4
biological membranes.
6. Chemical equilibrium. Constant chemical equilibrium. Solubility of salts. Rule 4
product solubility.
7. Hydrolysis of salts. The degree of hydrolysis, its dependence on concentration and 4
temperature. Constant hydrolysis. Role of hydrolysis in the biochemical processes
8. Predicting the direction of redox reactions quantities redox potentials. The 4
equivalent of oxidant and reducing agents.
9. Potentiometric titration. 2
10. Free radical reactions in living organisms. The concept of antioxidants. 4
11. Photochemical reactions. Photosynthesis. 4
12. Chemical equilibrium. Constant chemical equilibrium and how it expression. 4
13. Chromatography. Classification of chromatographic methods of analysis.
3
Application of chromatography in biology and medicine.
14. Suspensions, methods of preparation and properties. Pastes, their medical use. 3
15. Emulsions, methods of preparation and properties. The types of emulsions.
Emulsifiers. The use of emulsions in clinical practice. The biological role of 3
emulsification.
16. Hemy-colloidal soap, detergents. Micelle in hemy-colloidal solutions. 3
17. Jeallyzation of HMC (polimers) solutions. Jeally. Mechanism formation of jeally
2
and Jellatinaion. Influence of pH, temperature and electrolytes on jeally formation
 and Jellatinaion rate.
Total 56

SEMINARS’ TOPIC – NOT PROVIDE

LABORATORY WORK’S TOPIC – NOT PROVIDE

INDIVIDUAL CLASSES – NOT PROVIDE

LIST OF PRACTICAL SKILLS INVOLVE IN MATRICULA

Line of
№ Name of task Level
matriculate
To expect the necessary amount of components and to
5. 3 I
prepare solution with some percentage by weight
To expect the necessary amount of components and to
6. 3 I
prepare solution with some molar concentration
7. Determination of colloidal particles charge. 2 I

THE LIST OF TASKS FOR INDIVIDUAL STUDENTS WORKS (ISW):

1. Selection of videos from sections of the discipline.

2. Preparation of presentations on the topic of discipline.
3. Compilation of chemical crossword from sections of the discipline.
4. Preparation and solving tasks for the discipline.
5. Participation in student science club and presentations on scientific forums.

6. METHODS AND FORMS OF CONTROL

When assessing students, preference is given to standardized methods of control:
• testing (oral, written, computer);
• structured written works;
• structured control of practical skills;
• control over the implementation of practical work;
• oral examination;
• oral interview.

Forms of control
The preliminary (entrance) control serves as a means of identifying the existing level of
knowledge of students for their use by the teacher in a practical lesson as orientation in the complexity of
the material. It is carried out in order to assess the strength of knowledge and to determine the degree of
perception of new educational material.
The current control: control of independent work of students in the study of educational materials.
It is carried out at each practical lesson in accordance with the specific goals of the topic in order to check
the degree and quality of assimilation of the studied material. In all practical classes, objective control of
theoretical training and the acquisition of practical skills is used in order to check the student's readiness for
the lesson. In the process of current control, the student's independent work is assessed in relation to the
completeness of completing tasks, the level of mastering educational materials, mastering the skills of
analytical, research work, etc.
Forms of the current control:
The theoretical knowledge: test tasks, computer testing, individual survey, interview, chemical
dictations, written work.
Practical skills and abilities: independent performance of chemical experiments and the ability to
draw conclusions, the ability to independently perform individual experiment, analysis of phase transition
diagrams.
 The mutual (thematic) control of the assimilation of a section (subsection) occurs upon completion
of the study of the block of the relevant topics by testing and/or oral interviews and/or performing
structured tasks. Thematic control is an indicator of the quality of the study of the topics of the discipline
sections and the assimilation of practical skills by students, as well as the related cognitive,
methodological, psychological and organizational qualities of students. It is conducted at a specially
designated final lesson.
The intermediate control consists in assessing the assimilation of educational material by students
on the basis of their performance of certain types of work in practical classes for a certain period. It is
conducted in the form of a semester test at the last practical lesson in the semester.
The final control carries out a controlling function, it is carried out in order to assess the learning
outcomes at a certain educational and qualification level or at its individual completed stages. It is carried
out in the form of a test, a differentiated test or an exam in order to establish the content of students'
knowledge in terms of volume, quality and depth, as well as the ability to apply them in practice. During
the final control, the results of the delivery of all types of educational work are taken into account
according to the structure of the work program.
NOTE: The department determines the forms of control in accordance with the curriculum for
Medical chemistry.

EVALUATION CRITERIA OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS OF STUDENTS DURING

PRACTICAL (SEMINAR) LESSONS
In a practical lesson in Medical Chemistry, a student can receive 12 points, of which:
- entrance control - maximum 2 points
- doing practical work - maximum 3 points
- student's work at the seminar part of the lesson - maximum 3 points or maximum 6 points (in the
absence of practical work);
- written control - maximum 4 points.
To determine the entry level of knowledge, each student receives 12 test tasks. The answer is
allocated for 12 minutes (the weight of 1 test task is 0.25 points).
During the practical part, the registration of the protocol is assessed (1 point); independent
implementation of a practical task (1 point); justification of the performed experiments on the basis of
theoretical calculations and the completeness of the conclusion (1 point).
For participation in the seminar discussion, the teacher evaluates each student of the academic
groups. It takes into account their activity and current knowledge and ability to solve problems.
Written control of the initial level of mastering the material of a practical lesson by students
consists of two theoretical tasks, which require a substantiation of the answer from a chemical point of
view (score for 1 task is 1 point), and one situational task with a mandatory justification of the course of
the outcome (2 points).
In the register of academic progress, students are given only one grade on a 12-point scale for a
practical lesson as a whole.
The grade for the practical lesson is considered positive if it is 4.0 or more points. This takes into
account all types of work provided by the guidelines for students when studying the topic of practical
training.
When assessing the work of students in a practical lesson, the following assessment criteria are
also taken into account:

Points Evaluation criteria

Put in cases where the student does not reveal the content of teaching material has not fulfilled the
1
practical work, not designed the protocol.
Put to students when it is poorly oriented in the learning material, manifested by offering the
2
additional questions, reveals lack of knowledge the content of practical work.
Put to the students when it reveals fragmentary content of educational material admits serious errors
3 in determination of concepts and using the terminology, partly performed practical work and
designed the protocol.
4 Put to the student is oriented in the base material, but cannot independently and consistently
 formulate the answer, prompting the teacher to offer him the leading questions, fragmentally
performed the practical work.
Put to the students when it reveals fragmentary content of educational material, shows the original
5
idea of the subject of the study, is not performed the practical task to the end.
Put to the students when it reproduces the main teaching material, but during the presentation admits
6 significant errors, gives a simple example, definition of the concepts is insufficient, describes the
general features of objects, not designed the protocol of lessons.
Put to the students when it reveals the basic content of teaching material; admits minor infractions in
7 the sequence of the material, during using the scientific concepts and terms not clearly formulates
conclusions, oriented in the methodology of practical work, it is not performed in full.
Put to the students when it reveals the main content of teaching material; giving incomplete definition
8 of the concepts; admits inaccuracies when using the scientific terms, not clearly formulated
conclusions, performed the practical work, but made a minor error during the experimental work.
Put to the students when it reveals the basic content of teaching material; gives full definition of the
concepts and terms, allowing for minor infractions in the sequence of exposition, independently, with
9
knowledge of methodology performed the practical work, but allowed the inaccuracies in the
performance of work.
Put in cases where the student reveals the full knowledge of factual material, able to analyze, assess
and disclose the phenomena and processes; establish the causal relationships; logically make
10
conclusions, designed the protocol of practical lessons, allowing the minor errors in the application of
scientific terms and concepts.
Put to the students when it shows the deep, strong and system knowledge in the volume of
curriculum, accurately answer all questions, reasonably formulate conclusions, using materials that
11 are brought to students' independent work, correctly and consistently, with knowledge of techniques
performed the practical work; in full designed the protocol of practical lessons, using correct
scientific terms and concepts.
Put to the students when it independently, competently and consistently with exhaustively, using the
additional literature and answered questions with the manifestation the ability to characterize various
12 phenomena and processes; clearly and correctly gives definition and reveals the meaning of scientific
terms and concepts, independently and correctly performed the practical work without error, designed
the protocol of practical lessons.
* During the thematic or intermediate controls in the control work, separate evaluation criteria are given for
each stage of control.

EVALUATION OF CURRENT LEARNING ACTIVITIES:

Assessment the current success is conducted by calculating the average score of the current success
at the end of the discipline. The assessment rounding is carried out under the scheme,
- ranging from 0 to 0.24 rounded up to the lower unit;
- in the range of 0.25 to 0.74 is rounded to 0.5;
- in the range of 0.75 to 0.99 is rounded up to a larger unit.
Assessment of the current success conducted by the twelve rating scale. Assessment of practice
lessons is considered as positive if it equal to 4.0 or more points. This takes into account all types of work,
provided by methodical instruction for students at studying the topic of practical (seminar) lessons.
The maximum number of points that a student can collect for current educational activity under the
subjects study with the addition of scores for individual student work (ISW) is 120 points.
Conversion of assessments for the current success of the 12-point scale to 120 point scale is as
follows:
 Rating 12-point scale Scale assessment of the current success
4 66
4,5 69
5 72
5,5 75
6 78
6,5 81
7 84
7,5 87
8 90
8,5 93
9 96
9,5 99
10 102
10,5 105
11 108
11,5 111
12 114

EVALUATION CRITERIA OF INDIVIDUAL STUDENTS WORK (ISW) FROM MEDICAL

CHEMISTRY
(was discussed at the Department General Chemistry sitting “17” June 2020 year, Minute № 11)
Points EVALUATION CRITERIA
1 Preparation of presentations on the topic of discipline
2 Making the laminated table from discipline
3 Solution of graphics problem from physical and chemical analysis and phases equilibria.
1-3 Performance of a set of written calculation tasks in the discipline
4 Solution of graphical problem on determination the distribution coefficient of matter in the
process of extraction.
5 Solution of graphical problem on determination of critical micelle concentration.
Or
participation in scientific picnics
6 Implementation of fragment of research experiments (as directed by the teacher) and student
performance at the scientific forum
Or
participation in the Olympiad for students
Or
participation in the scientific students’ club.

The maximum number of points that a student can score for individual work during the
academic year is 6 points.
The maximum number of points that a student can score for current educational
activities while studying the discipline is 120 points.

CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING PRACTICAL SKILLS INCLUDED IN THE

PRACTICAL SKILLS MATRICULE
To control the assimilation of compulsory practical skills at each department, practical skills
matrices have been introduced.
The Practical Skills Matricule is a list of practical skills compiled by departments on the basis of
educational standarts and is mandatory for a student to master during the academic year. Practical skills are
divided into courses, which are called lines in the matricule. The year of study corresponds to the line
number.
 Students can hand over practical skills to the teacher both during the practical part of the lesson, and
during extracurricular independent work.
Each of the practical skills is assigned one of the following mastery levels:
The first level of mastering a skill is a theoretical presentation of all stages of its implementation.
The second level l assumes, in addition to knowledge and understanding of all stages of the
implementation of a practical skill, at least a single vision of its implementation in practice (performing
manipulation, reactions, analysis, etc.). It is found by questioning the student on the technique of
performing skills and his further presence in the performance of skills.
The third level provides for the implementation of skills on dummies, phantoms or in the conditions
of the relevant training laboratories.
The fourth level requires the student to carry out manipulations in the educational laboratory
(diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, supervision of the patient, etc.) under the supervision of a teacher.
The teacher can make small adjustments.
The fifth level is exposed on condition that the student independently performs a practical skill.
Drawing up skills, in addition to practical implementation, provides for a deep knowledge and
understanding of the student of its theoretical aspects.
Drawing up skills, in addition to practical implementation, provides for a deep knowledge and
understanding of the student of its theoretical aspects.
The level of mastering practical skills should not be lower than that indicated in the matrix for each
skill in particular.
The teacher, who has taken a practical skill, puts the mark "passed" in the corresponding column of
the student's matrix, writes down the name of the department, the date of drawing up the skills, his
academic title, surname, name, patronymic and personal signature.
The teacher must also add a note on the addition of a student to a practical skill in the appendix to
the journal of academic performance of students in the group.
The compilation and retaking of practical skills included in the matrix is allowed during practical
training, during independent work of students, while teachers are on duty at departments.
Students who fail to develop practical skills on time are considered to have academic debt and are
not allowed to take the exam session.
A matricule is considered PASSED in the case when a student with full knowledge
of the methodology, independently, in a clear sequence of work, completed practical skills
and correctly formulated conclusions. During the implementation of a practical skill, the
teacher has the right to direct the student, makes inaccuracies and minor mistakes.
A matricule is considered NOT PASSED in the case when a student, guided by the
factual material, shows ignorance of the methodology, inability to perform a practical skill,
makes gross mistakes in the sequence of work and in making conclusions.

CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING STUDENTS' KNOWLEDGE AFTER

COMPLETING THE STUDY OF THE DISCIPLINE
Discipline grade includes 60% of the current academic performance and 40% of the final control
and is expressed on a 200-point scale.
The maximum number of points assigned to students upon mastering the discipline “Medical
Chemistry” is 200 points and is defined as the sum of points for the individual components of the discipline
assessment, including the current educational activity – 120 points, the results of final module control – 80
points.
The number of points for the study of "Medical Chemistry" discipline includes current academic
performance and final control. The final control on a "Medical Chemistry" is an exam.
Exam is a form of final control, which consists in assessing the student's mastering of educational
material in a particular discipline based on the results of completed individual tasks and checking the
student's mastery of the educational program. It has two parts: test part and oral part.
So the final control in this case is carried out after the end of the academic semester / year at a time
specified by the educational department in an independent center for assessing students' knowledge (test
part) and at the department (oral part).
 Assessment for examination calculated with regard to the proportion of the number of scores
obtained by student for compiling the test control (75%) and the proportion of the number of points gained
by a student during an oral interview with the examiner (25%).
The maximum score on the examination that the student can get is 80. The exam is considered
passed if the student scored at least 50 points.
If the student was not pass one of the components of the exam, he be deemed to have not pass the
final examination control in general. Student re-passes only that part which is not made.
When compiling the TEST PART of the exam in an independent center for assessing students'
knowledge using 48 test tasks to the following scale:
Number of correct answers in compiling of tests in The number of points
Educational-Research Department of Independent Students that put to the students
Knowledge Testing
1-24 Not passed
25, 26 38
27 39
28 40
29 41
30 42
31 43
32 44
33 45
34 46
35 47
36 48
37 49
38 50
39 51
40 52
41 53
42 54
43 55
44 56
45 57
46 58
47 59
48 60
The ORAL PART assessment of student learning is carried out by exhibiting of points depending
on the correctness of answers to questions with regard to the completeness of the answers to the following
scale:
Evaluation of the correctness of the answers to The number of points that put the student
the questions with consideration of for the answer to one question
completeness of answers
The absence of correct answers to questions 0
The partial answer to the question 1
The incomplete answer to the questions 2
The full answer to the question 3

The scale of the transfer:

The total number of points obtained in answering the separate The number of points that
questions put the student
The absence of correct answers on any questions (0-3) Not passed
4 13
5 14
 6 15
7 16
8 18
9 20
Students are ranked by the computer program Contingent or ACS- program.
The minimum number of points that the student can get during an oral interview with the
examiner - 13 points, maximum score is 20.

DISCIPLINE ASSESSMENT CRITERIA AND SCORE DISTRIBUTION

The maximum number of points assigned to students upon mastering the discipline “Medical
Chemistry” is 200 points and is defined as the sum of points for the individual components of the discipline
assessment, in particular:
The maximum number of points for practical classes 114 points
The maximum number of points for individual work of
students 6 points
The maximum number of points for the final control in the
form of an exam 80 points
Total points for discipline 200 points
The points for the discipline for students who have successfully mastered the corresponding program are
converted into the traditional four-point scale according to absolute criteria, as shown in the table:
Score by 200-point scale Score by 4-point scale
170-200 points “5” - excellent
140-169 points “4” - good
116-139 points “3” - satisfactory
116 points or less “2” - unsatisfactory
Students who study in one specialty, taking into account the number of points scored in the
discipline, are ranked by the ASU computer program on the ECTS scale as follows:
ECTS scale Statistical indicator
“А” The best 10 % of students
“В” 25 % of students
“С” 30 % of students
“D’” 25 % of students
“Е” 10 % of students
Written control of the initial level of mastering the material of a practical lesson by students
consists of two theoretical tasks, which require a substantiation Ranking with the assignment of marks "A",
"B", "C", "D", "E" is carried out for students of a certain course, studying in one specialty, and have
successfully completed the study of the discipline.
The “FX” grade is given to students who have scored the minimum number of points for their
current educational activity, but who did not receive the final control (the first time they made the final
control as “unsatisfactory”). This category of students has the right to repass the final control according to
the approved schedule during the winter holidays (before the beginning of the spring semester) or summer
holidays (until July 01 of the current year) within two weeks after the end of the corresponding semester.
Repassing the final control is allowed no more than two times.
The "F" grade is given to students, attended all classroom classes in the discipline, but did not
score the minimum number of points for the current educational activity and were not allowed to pass the
final control.
A student who has not scored the minimum number of points for the current academic
performance in the discipline cannot be admitted to the final control. They have the right to additional
study of the discipline during the corresponding holidays and must draw up a final control before the start
of the next academic semester.
https://www.tdmu.edu.ua/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Pro-organizatsiyu-osvitnogo-protsesu.pdf.
 7. QUESTIONS FOR MEDICAL CHEMISTRY EXAM
Part I
1. Explain the mechanism of polar covalent bond formation in molecule of a hydrogen chloride.
Characteristic of a polar covalent bond: energy, length, polarity.
2. Explain the mechanism of ionic bond formation in sodium chloride. Characteristic of ionic bond.
3. Explain the mechanism of hydrogen bond formation in water. Characteristics of hydrogen bond.
4. The classification of bioelements by the according to their abundance in the organism. Give examples.
Organogenic elements.
5. Properties and biological role of some s-elements (Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium).
6. Properties and biological role of some p-elements (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine).
7. Properties and biological role of some d-elements (Iron, Manganese, Copper, Zinc).
8. The essence of the coordination Werner’s theory. Explain the structure of complex compounds by the
К4[Fe(СN)6].
9. The nomenclature of complex compounds (by the example of [Cu(NH3)]SO4 and Na3[Al(OH)6]
10. The role of complex compounds in biological systems (by the example of hemoglobin, chlorophyll,
vitamin B12).
11. Complexons and their application in medicine as an antidote for poisoning by metals (for example
Trilon B). Chelation therapy.
12. Solution. Classification of solutions according to the aggregate state, concentration, solute solubility.
For examples.
13. Concentration units of solution (mass fraction (percentage by weight), normal concentration
(normality).
14. Concentration units of solution (molar fraction, molar concentration (molarity), molal concentration
(molality).
15. Physical and chemical mechanism of dissolving. Thermodynamics effect of solubility process.
16. Solubility of gases in liquids. The dependence of the gases solubility on pressure (the Henry’s law).
The gases solubility in blood.
17. Solubility of gases in liquids. The dependence of the gases solubility on temperature. The effect of
electrolytes on gases solubility (Sechenov’s law).
18. Solubility of liquids and solids in liquids. The dependence of the solubility on temperature, the nature
of the solute and solvent.
19. The dependence of the vapor-pressure lowering of solution on concentration. The first Raoult’s law.
20. Determination of boiling-point elevation and freezing point depression of solutions. The second
Raoult’s law.
21. Essence of an osmosis phenomenon. The Vant’-Hoff’s law. An isotonic coefficient.
22. Hypo-, hyper- and isotonic solutions (examples). Hemolysis and plasmolysis. The role of osmosis and
osmotic pressure in biological systems.
23. The concept of electrolytes. Explain the Ostwald’s dilution law.
24. Explain the Arrhenius theory of electrolytes for example sodium chloride salt, sulfuric acid and barium
hydroxide.
25. Explain the concept of "degree of dissociation". Classification of electrolytes.
26. The dissociation of water. Ion product of water.
27. Value of pH. Describe the acidity of the medium by pH.
28. Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry theories of acids and bases. Give examples.
29. Lewis theory of acids and bases.
30. Define the titrimetric method of analysis. Classification of titrimetric analysis (by the method of
holding). Direct titration technique.
31. Classification of titrimetric methods by the type of reaction. The Mohr’s method (for example,
determination of sodium chloride content).
32. Method of acid-base titration. Classification, characteristics (for example, determination of
hydrochloric acid concentration).
33. Method of complexometric titration (for example, determination of total hardness of drinking water).
34. Basis of oxidation-reduction titration (for example, determining the concentration of potassium
permanganate).
35. Acid-base indicators. Explain the color change mechanism for ions. (Ostwald 's theory).
36. Define the basic concepts of titrimetric analysis (titrant, standard solution, the equivalence point, end
titration).
37. Buffer systems, their classification by the Bronsted-Lowry theory. Examples.
38. Mechanism of buffer action
39. To calculate the pH of buffer solution (for acetic and ammonia buffer solution).
40. Define the buffer capacity. What does it depend on?
41. Describe the bicarbonate buffer system, mechanism of the buffer action.
42. Describe the protein buffer system, mechanism of the buffer action.
43. Describe the phosphate buffer system, mechanism of the buffer action.
44. Describe the hemoglobin - oxyhemoglobin buffer systems, mechanism of the buffer action.
45. The concept of acid - base state of the system (acidosis, alkalosis).
46. Types of alkalosis and acidosis, causes.
Part II
1. Formulate the first law of thermodynamics. The concept of internal energy and enthalpy.
2. Types of thermochemical reactions. Explain the difference between stoichiometric and thermochemical
equations.
3. Formulate the Hess's law. Define standard enthalpies of formation and standard enthalpies of
combustion of substances.
4. Consequences of Hess's law. Calculating the enthalpy of reaction from standard enthalpies of formation
and standard enthalpies of combustion of substance.
5. Define the second law of thermodynamics. The concept of entropy and Gibbs energy. ∆S and ∆G as a
criterion for spontaneous processes.
6. Prediction of spontaneous processes. Exergonic and endergonic processes in the human body.
7. Concept of macroergic compounds. Hydrolysis of ATP. Characteristics of macroergic bonds.
8. Definition of reaction rate. Dependence of reaction rate on the nature of the reactants.
9. Formulate the rate law. Write the kinetic equation for homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. The
physical content of the rate constant.
10. Give examples of complex reactions (serial, parallel, conjugated, reversible, chain). Photochemical
reactions and their role in life.
11. Reaction order. Zero-order, first-order and second-order reactions (examples).
12. Dependence of reaction rate on temperature. Temperature coefficient. Van't Hoff rule.
13. Activation energy. Arrhenius equation.
14. The concept of catalysis. Kind of catalysis (examples of reactions). The mechanism of reaction with
catalysts.
15. Enzymes as catalysts of biochemical reactions. The dependence of the enzymatic action on temperature
and pH.
16. The concept of chemical equilibrium. Equilibrium constant. Le Chatelier’s principle. Displacement of
chemical equilibrium (such as, use the reaction synthesis of ammonia).
17. Electrode potentials. Nernst equation (for electrodes of the first kind).
18. The standard electrode potential. Normal hydrogen electrode. Reference electrodes (for example, use
silver/silver chloride electrode).
19. Surface tension of liquids and solutions. Determination of surface tension by stalagmometric method
(for example, use acetic acid).
20. Structure of surface-active substances. Surface activity (for example, use the homologous series of
carboxylic acids). Duclos-Traube rule.
21. Gibbs equation. Calculation the value of adsorption.
22. Orientation of molecules of surface-active substances in the surface layer. The calculation of the length
of surfactants molecules and the area occupied by one molecule of surfactants.
23. Solute adsorption at solid interface. Physical and chemical adsorption.
24. Adsorption of molecules. Rebinder’s rule of polarity leveling.
25. Adsorption of electrolytes (selective adsorption). Paneth-Fajans rule.
26. Adsorption of electrolytes (ion-exchange adsorption). Ion exchange resins, their using.
27. Adsorption therapy (hemosorbtion and enterosorption).
28. The concept of chromatography. Classification of chromatographic methods by the mechanism of
process and aggregate state of phases.
29. Dispersion systems and their classification by the physical state. Give examples.
30. Classification of disperse systems by the degree of dispersion of the nature of the interaction phases.
Examples.
31. The preparation of colloidal solutions by condensation methods. Examples.
32. The preparation of colloidal solutions by dispergation methods. Examples.
33. Purification methods of colloidal solutions: dialysis, electrodialysis, ultrafiltration.
34. To explain the mechanical activity of device "artificial kidney". (The phenomenon, which based its
action).
35. Molecular-kinetic properties of colloidal systems (Brownian motion, diffusion, osmotic pressure).
36. Optical properties of colloidal systems. Light scattering. Tyndall effect.
37. Structure of colloid particles (micelles). For example, use micelle of iron (III) hydroxide hydrosol.
38. Essence of an electrophoresis, using it in the medicine and a biomedical research.
39. Coagulation of colloid solution by electrolytes. Schultze-Hardy rule.
40. Influence of some factors on coagulation. The coagulation threshold, its determination.
41. Colloidal protection. "Protection number" of polymers. Biological role of colloidal protection.
42. Macroheterogeneous system (aerosols, suspensions, emulsions): properties and medical applications.
43. High-molecular compounds (HMC). Classification. Structure.
44. Polymer dissolution and swelling. The swelling degree.
45. Dissolution and swelling mechanism of macromolecular compounds.
46. Effect of electrolytes and pH on the swelling of proteins. Thermal effects of swelling.

8. TEST AND TASK

1. Which properties have dispersion systems:
A. A molecule is structural unit of the system;
B. Thermodynamics stable system;
C. Homogeneous system;
D. Thermodynamics instable system;
E. The system has not surface between phases.
2. What species are called adsorbents?
A. Which absorbs other substances both with their volume and surface
B. Which cannot release their surfaces from the adsorbate molecules
C. On the surface of which adsorption takes place
D. Which can absorb other substance by all volume
E. Which are penetrating in the bulk of other substance
3. Colloidal systems have following properties except:
A. Sedimentation;
B. Dinaturation;
C. Brownian movement effect;
D. Diffusion;
E. Osmotic pressure.
8. What kind of dispersion systems is fog (G-gas, L-Liquid, S-solid)?
A. G/S;
B. S/S;
C. L/L;
D. G/G;
E. L/G
9. What method is used for separation dispersion particles by sizes?
A. Electrophoreses;
B. Brownian motion;
C. Diffusion;
D. Sedimentation;
E. Osmotic pressure
10. A process of passing of a precipitate into colloidal particles on adding suitable electrolyte is called:
A.Peptization;
B.Oxidation;
C.Electric method;
D.Hydrolysis;
E.Double decomposition.
11. These methods involve the joining together of а large number of smaller particles to form
particles of colloidal size.
A. Peptization;
B. Polymerisation
C. Condensation;
D. Titration
E. Dispersion.
12. The heat of adsorption is such amount of heat which:
A. Is released under the desorption of all mass of adsorbate
B. Is taken in under the adsorption with a 1 mole of the adsorbent
C. Is taken in under the adsorption of a 1 mole of adsorbate
D. Is released under the adsorption of all mass of adsorbate
E. Is released under the adsorption of a 1 mole of adsorbate
13. These methods involve the breaking of the bigger particles to colloidal size.
A. Peptization;
B. Oxidation;
C. Condensation;
D. Hydrolysis;
E. Dispersion
14. For purification colloidal solution is used such method except:
A. Dialysis
B. Titration;
C. Electrodialysis;
D. Ultrafiltration.
E. Ultracentrifugation
15. Coagulation this:
A. The process of separating the particles of colloids from those of crystalloids by diffusion of the
mixture through а parchment or an animal membrane;
B. Oxidation of element in colloidal solution;
C. Aggregation of the particles arising from the stabilizing effect of this secondary minimum;
D. System, in which a dispersion phase and dispersion medium are liquids, which are non dissolved
eth other;
E. Part of chemistry, which studies physical and chemical properties of microheterogeneous system
and HMC.
TASK
1. How to prepare 200 mL of solution with molar concentration Cm(Na2CO3) = 0,05 mol/L, if we have a
dry sodium carbonate Na2CO3 in laboratory?
2. How many grams of water are required to add to 200 g of 98% sulfuric acid solution for obtaining a
solution with a mass fraction of acid 20%.
3. Calculate ΔTf of solution, containing in 125 g of water 27 g of glucose. Freezingpoint depression
constant (for water) kf= 1,86.
4. Calculate the osmotic pressure of 0.1 M urea solution at temperature 25 оС.
5. To the patient with body mass 80 kg need to enter 0.1% adrenaline solution in concentration of 0.5
mg/kg. How many grams of solution are necessary for administration?
6. To calculate the pH of the sulfuric acid solution with molar concentration 0.002 mol/l.
7. To calculate the pOH, concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions in a solution with pH = 7.2.
8. To calculate a volume of hydrochloric acid solution with mass fraction 0,04 and density 1,018 g/ml,
which necessary for making 250 ml of 0,1 mol/l HCl solution.
9. To calculate mass of Na2CO3 in solution, if used 22,00 ml of solution H2C2O4 which concentration
0,1200 for titration analysis.
10. 0,05 M solution of acetic acid and 0,05 M sodium acetic solution equal volumes has been mixed. To
calculate pH of a buffer solution (pKa =4,73).
11. To calculate pH of an acetic buffer solution which components ratio has been:[СН3СООН]/[СН3СОО-]
= 2:3 (рКа = 4,73).
12. Balance the following equation. Indicate the oxidant and reductant. Specify the total of the coefficients
in the equation.
Zn + HNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + H2O + N2
13. Calculate the heat effect of chemosynthesis reaction, which occurs in autotrophic bacteria Thiobacillus
thioparus: 5Na2S2O35H2O(solid)  7O2(ges)  5Na2SO4(solid.)  3H2SO4(liqid)  2S(solid)  22H2O(liqid)
reaction, if:
Compound Na2S2O35H2O Na2SO4 H2SO4 H2O
𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 , kJ/mol 2602
𝟎
1389 814 286
Determine which type (exo- or endothermic) of this.
14. Diethyl ether used in medicine for anesthesia. Calculate how much energy is released in the reaction of
diethyl ether synthesis, if used 30 g of ethanol.
2С2Н5ОН(р) → С2Н5ОС2Н5(р) + Н2О(р); ∆Н=– 15kJ/mol
15. Calculate the change of Gibbs free energy of β-lactoglobulin hydratation at the 25 0C, if H0 =
6,75 kJ, S0 = 9,74 J/(mol*K). Can this reaction occur spontaneously?
16. At the temperatures of 10 0С reaction takes 80 minutes. At what temperature the reaction is over in 20
minutes, if the temperature coefficient  is 2?
17. How to change the direct reaction rate: , N2  3H2  2NH3 if the concentration of N2 increases 3
times and the concentration of H2 increases 2 times?
18. Surface tension of surfactant solution with a concentration of 0.001 mol/L at temperatures 25°C is
60∙10-3J/m2, and a solution with a concentration of 0.005 mol/L is 54∙10-3 J/m2. Calculate the value of
adsorption.
19. Write the micelle structure of BaSO4 sol which obtained by the mixing a solution of Na2SO4 and
solution BaCl2, if sodium sulfate used to the excess.
20. Calculate the coagulation threshold for Na2SO4 when 5.5 ml of the sodium sulfate with a concentration
of 0.01 mol/L causes coagulation 10 ml of Fe(OH)3 sol.

9. LIST OF EDUCATIONAL LITERATURE

MAIN:
1. http://moodle.tdmu.edu.ua/ Medical chemistry (1 course-med-eng)/ Lecture presentations.
2. http://moodle.tdmu.edu.ua/ Medical chemistry (1 course-med-eng)/Practical classes materials.
3. An Introduction to medicinal chemistry / Graham L. Patrick. – 5 th edition. – Oxford University Press,
2013. – 778 p.
4. Medical chemistry: texbook for students of higher med. educat. institutions of the III-IV acc. level / V.
A. Kalibabchuk, V. I. Halynska, V. I. Hryschenko et al.; ed. by V.A. Kalibabchuk. – 3 th edition,
corrected. – K.: Medicine Publishing, 2015. – 224 p.
5. Zumdahl Steven S. Introductory chemistry: a foundation / Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste. – 9 th
edition. – Cengage learning, 2018. – 784 p.
6. Rumble John. Handbook of chemistry and physics / John Rumble. – 98th edition. – CRC Press, 2017. –
2560 p.

ADDITIONAL
1. Donald J. Dahm. Calculations in chemistry / J. Dahm Donald, Eric A. Nelson – 2 nd edition. – W. W.
Norton & Company, 2018. – 544 p.
2. Pauling Linus. General chemistry / Linus Pauling. – Courier corporation, 2014. – 992 p.
3. Atkins, Peter W. Physical Chemistry for the Life Sciences (2nd ed.). / Atkins, Peter W., de Paula, Julio.
// W.H. Freeman & Company. – 2011.
4. Ebbing, D.D. General Chemistry. Fifth Edition. / Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, MA // New York –
2002. – 1908 p.
5. Kondepudi D. Introduction to Modern Thermodynamics, / D.Kondepudi // Wiley: Chichester. – 2008. –
Section 3.2. – P. 106–108, ISBN 978-0-470-01598-8
6. Kondepudi D. Introduction to Modern Thermodynamics, / D.Kondepudi // Wiley: Chichester. – 2008. –
Section 3.2. – P. 106–108, ISBN 978-0-470-01598-8.

ELECTRONICAL RESOURCES
http://moodle.tdmu.edu.ua/course/view.php?id=865
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry

The Syllabus was discussed at the Department General Chemistry sitting

“25” June 2021 year, Minute № 9

Head of General Chemistry Department, Associate Prof. G.Y. Zagrychuk