Apraxia and Ataxia and Body Schema Percetopn

Apraxia is a motor disorder where individuals have difficulty performing purposeful
movements or tasks, despite having normal muscle strength and coordination. It results
from a breakdown in the brain's ability to plan and execute movements. Different types of
apraxia affect specific actions, such as gestures, speech, or sequential tasks.
1. Ideomotor Apraxia: Individuals struggle to execute simple movements or gestures,

such as waving or using utensils, even though they understand the task. They may be
able to perform the action spontaneously but fail when asked to do it on command.For
example, a person might know how to use a spoon but cannot bring the spoon to their
mouth when asked, even though they can perform the action spontaneously when not
prompted.
2. Ideational Apraxia: This type involves difficulty performing tasks that require a series of
coordinated actions, like brushing teeth or making a sandwich. The person might lose
track of the steps or use tools incorrectly due to a breakdown in planning and
sequencing.For instance, a person may know the steps to make coffee but might forget
to add water to the machine or use the wrong tools, losing track of the process.
3. Constructional Apraxia: Affected individuals have trouble drawing, building, or copying
shapes and objects. This impairment results from difficulties in spatial organization and
understanding how parts fit together to form a whole.For example, they may struggle to
assemble a simple object like a toy or draw a clock, unable to place the numbers in the
correct positions or organize the parts of the object properly due to spatial
disorganization.
4. Buccofacial Apraxia: People with buccofacial apraxia cannot perform facial
movements, such as blowing or smiling, on command. They may be able to do these
actions spontaneously but struggle with voluntary control.For instance, when asked to
blow a kiss, they may not be able to do so, even though they can smile or pucker their
lips spontaneously in other situations.
5. Verbal Apraxia: This type affects speech, making it difficult for individuals to coordinate
the movements needed to pronounce words. While they understand language, their
ability to articulate sounds and words is impaired, resulting in slurred or distorted
speech.For example, a person may understand what they want to say but struggle to
pronounce the words correctly, resulting in slurred or distorted speech, even though they
have normal understanding of language.
Agnosia is a condition in which individuals are unable to recognize or interpret sensory

information despite having normal sensory abilities. It results from brain damage, typically
affecting the areas involved in perception and recognition, and can affect any of the senses
(sight, sound, touch, etc.).
Visual Agnosia:
Individuals with visual agnosia cannot recognize objects, faces, or scenes despite having
normal vision. For example, a person may be shown a picture of a pen and not recognize it,
even though they can describe its color and shape.
Auditory Agnosia:
People with auditory agnosia cannot recognize sounds, even though their hearing is intact. For
instance, they might hear a doorbell ringing or a dog barking but be unable to identify what the
sound is, confusing it with something else.
Tactile Agnosia:
In tactile agnosia, individuals are unable to recognize objects by touch, even though their sense
of touch is normal. For example, someone may be given a key or a coin to feel but cannot
identify it, even though they can feel its texture and shape.
Prosopagnosia:
A specific form of visual agnosia, prosopagnosia makes it difficult for individuals to recognize
faces, even those of family or friends. For instance, a person with prosopagnosia may see their
spouse and fail to recognize them, even in familiar settings like at home.
Amusia:
Individuals with amusia cannot recognize or produce music despite having normal hearing. For
example, they might be unable to recognize a well-known song or distinguish between
melodies, even though they can hear the music and understand its rhythm.
Body schema perception refers to the brain's understanding of the body's position, movement,
and spatial orientation in relation to the environment. It allows individuals to be aware of the
position and shape of their body parts, enabling coordinated movement and interaction with the
surroundings.
Lobes Involved in Body Schema Perception:
1. Parietal Lobe:
○ The parietal lobe plays a central role in body schema perception. Specifically, the
posterior parietal cortex is crucial for integrating sensory information (like touch
and proprioception) to create an accurate representation of the body's position
and movement in space. This helps with tasks like reaching for objects and
moving through space.
2. Frontal Lobe:
○
The motor cortex in the frontal lobe is involved in the planning and execution of
voluntary movements. It works in tandem with the parietal lobe to allow for
accurate motor responses based on the body’s spatial awareness. The frontal
lobe also contributes to adjusting the body schema during movement.
3. Temporal Lobe:
○ The temporal lobe, particularly areas like the superior temporal gyrus, is
involved in integrating sensory information related to body orientation and
recognizing the body’s position in relation to objects. It helps create a coherent
representation of body parts in space.
These regions work together to ensure smooth and accurate bodily movements and interactions
with the environment. Disruptions to these brain areas can lead to disorders like neglect
syndrome or body schema distortions, where individuals may be unaware of parts of their
body or unable to recognize their position.
Vestibular function refers to the system responsible for maintaining balance, spatial
orientation, and coordination of head and eye movements. It is primarily managed by the
vestibular system, which includes structures in the inner ear and parts of the brain that
process sensory information related to movement and balance.
Key components of the vestibular system:
1. Semicircular Canals:
These three fluid-filled canals (horizontal, superior, and posterior) in the inner ear detect
rotational movements of the head. As the head moves, the fluid inside these canals
shifts, stimulating sensory hair cells that send signals to the brain, allowing us to sense
head rotation.
2. Otolith Organs (Utricle and Saccule):
These structures detect linear accelerations, such as tilting or moving up and down.
They contain crystals that shift when the head moves, triggering hair cells that provide
feedback about the head's position in space.
3. Vestibular Nerve:
The vestibular nerve carries signals from the semicircular canals and otolith organs to
the brainstem. The brain then processes this information to help maintain balance,
stabilize vision, and coordinate head movements.
4. Central Processing Areas:
The signals from the vestibular system are processed in the brainstem, particularly the
vestibular nuclei, and then sent to other areas, including the cerebellum (which
coordinates motor control) and the cortex (for conscious perception of movement and
balance).
The vestibular system helps maintain posture, coordination, and visual stability during
movement. Dysfunction in this system can lead to dizziness, vertigo, imbalance, and
coordination issues.

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Apraxia is a motor disorder where individuals have difficulty performing purposeful

1. Ideomotor Apraxia: Individuals struggle to execute simple movements or gestures,

Agnosia is a condition in which individuals are unable to recognize or interpret sensory

Lobes Involved in Body Schema Perception:

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