CHAPTER 2

Review of the Related Literature

Introduction:

As a result of a 2 years lockdown,The suspension of face-to-face classes began in March 2020 and has
been extended multiple times since then to ensure the safety of students and educators.The Philippines
was still under various levels of community quarantine, and face-to-face classes had not yet resumed
nationwide.Covid-19 brought a traumatic experience and falls down the economic wealth on
environment however many people such as students had a large impact to their performance,the
Department of Education(DepEd) declared an online assessment which an Online class for Students and
Teachers to make sure that the Education will Continuously apply,as a times by the number of students
that active in class is decreasing,other students are losing interest on studying due to suspension of
Face-to-Face,example of this students is the GRADE 10 STUDENTS IN RESPSCI.This Research is giving a
opportunity to inform who curious about the performance of each grade 10 students in RESPSCI as a
response this research will investigate further to make an information that will help you to understand
and gives you an idea

Subthemes:

Conceptualizing the Current Pandemic Impacts

(Guerriero et al., 2014; see Torales et al., 2020 for a

The novel COVID-19 is highly infectious, deadly, and at review).
times, seemingly unpredictable. In the wake of the global
pandemic, while scientists continue to learn more about Nonetheless, there are three characteristics of previous
the physical effects of the virus, the resulting disasters that limit their applicability to the current COVID-
amalgamation of physical, social, and psychological 19 pandemic: (1) natural disasters are typically
impacts has created a sense of worldwide, collective geographically limited, allowing for support and assistance
trauma (Duane et al., 2020; from regions that were not affected; (2) the duration and
Silver, 2020). The imposition of unfamiliar public health scale of natural disasters are typically predictable, of
measures, infringements on personal freedoms, limited duration, or scalable, allowing for recovery plans
speculation about uncertain health prognoses, large and and timelines to anchor expectations; (3) psychological
growing financial losses, conflicting and changing distress during previous disasters or social unrest is
messaging from authorities, and the severance of social typically mitigated by supportive, in-person collective
connections are contributing to widespread distress and gathering, allowing individuals to comfort one another
risk for mental health difficulties (Pfefferbaum & North, (Masten et al., 2015; Osofsky etal., 2020). These
2020). characteristics create a stark contrast
Bolstering our understanding of how, and how much, with the current pandemic. The coronavirus has reached
mental health will be affected by the pandemic has almost all corners of the globe, leaving very few countries
encouraged an extrapolation from previous disaster untouched and able to act as saviors for the infected and
situations, such as instances of war, physical and natural affected (Johns Hopkins University and Medicine, 2020).
disasters, and social unrest. For example, during Hurricane
Katrina, both adults and children reported high levels of Moreover, plans of recovery and social reopening are not
depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, and only unclear, but conflicting messaging and orders from
substance abuse that eventually subsided after a various levels of government regarding the duration of the
burgeoning sense of community stability (Kessler et al., pandemic and social restrictions are wreaking chaos in
2008; Osofsky et al., 2009; Osofsky et al., 2015). Moreover, some regions (Pfefferbaum & North, 2020). Finally, stay at
during the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus home orders, physical distancing, face coverings, and
(MERS-CoV) outbreak in Korea in 2015, individuals who other safety precautions relied upon to contain the
were forced to isolate showed heightened levels of several pandemic all but preclude close and supportive social
indicators of psychophysiological distress (Kim et al., 2019; relationships. The combination of these safety measures
Torales et al., 2020). Finally, and the efforts individuals have taken to avoid potentially
a 3.4-fold increase in the incidence of functional infecting or being infected by even members of their own
neurological symptoms disorder was noted after a city- family has led to
wide lockdown due to the Boston Marathon bombings
 Empirical Assessments of Pandemic Mental Health

Assessing the mental health difficulties that emerged significantly more difficulties with social isolation.
during prior disasters provides us with strong evidence Adolescence is a unique
that mental health symptoms will likely rise during the developmental period, characterized by expanding
COVID-19 pandemic. Indeed, a review of studies published autonomy and greater salience of peer relationships
since the onset of the virus provides nascent evidence of (Smetana et al.,2006), which may lead to greater negative
heightened levels of anxiety, depression, stress, and psychological implications for youth who must remain
suicidality around the globe: empirical reviews of mental socially isolated from their social networks. Indeed, up to
health symptom development have been reported on 48% of adolescents and young adults reported severe
samples from the United Kingdom (Lopes & Jaspal, 2020), levels of loneliness (compared with fewer than 10% among
the United States(Fitzpatrick et al., 2020a, 2020b; Sneed et adults) even before the pandemic arose, suggesting that
al., 2020;Summers-Gabr, 2020; Twenge & Joiner, 2020), they are at heightened risk for intense feelings of
Japan (Shigemura & Kurosawa, 2020), Spain (Rodríguez- loneliness now that strict limitations have been placed on
Rey et al.,2020), Saudi Arabia (AlHumaid et al., 2020); in-person interactions (Beam & Kim, 2020). Second, during
China (Ren et al., 2020; Tang et al., 2020; Xin et al., 2020), adolescence, important brain areas, such as the prefrontal
Nepal(Sharma et al., 2020); India (Rehman et al., 2020), cortex, and advanced cognitive skills, such as abstract
and Italy(Caffo et al., 2020). Results from several studies thought, planning, and inhibition, are not yet
have highlighted that specific elements that are reflective fullydeveloped (Blakemore & Choudhury, 2006), meaning
of individual differences in how the pandemic has been that adolescents must make sense of, and cope with, the
perceived and experienced are associated with differential current global pandemic with less mature cognitive
mental health profiles. For example, differential levels of capabilities than adults.
mental health symptomology depend on individual levels
of fear of the virus (Lopes & Jaspal, 2020) and experience Third, as educational systems around the world have
with personal quarantine (Xin et al., 2020). switched to remote and online learning, adolescents have
Despite these contributions to our understanding of the lost access to the strong and protective relationships that
impact of the pandemic on mental health, two main are found within school walls (Piko & Kovàcs, 2010). While
limitations emerge. First, the majority of studies have school can provide a source of stress for some youth,
reliedexclusively on cross-sectional data (see Shanahan et teacher-student and peer relationships formed within
al.,2020 for an exception). As such, the extent to which schools represent important interpersonal relationships,
mentalhealth has increased or decreased has yet to be and their absence may present a specific barrier in trying
thoroughlyinvestigated. This is largely due to the to cope with the immense stressors of the pandemic
impediment created by a lack of baseline information: (Feeney & Collins, 2015; Zhou, 2020).
while important individual differences have emerged Despite the risk factors that may make it more likely for
regarding the intensity of the psychological impact on adolescents to experience an increase in mental health dif-
mental health and well-being, these have been difficult to ficulties during the pandemic, we cannot expect that every
quantify as researchers lack extensive mental health individual will demonstrate increases in mental health
backgrounds for any new participants. Second, the difficulties. Resilience, and the ability to adapt to difficult
majority of studies to date have relied exclusively on adult environments, is a common response to even the most
samples, creating a void of reporting on the mental health severe trauma and adverse events (Galatzer-Levy et al.,
impacts of the pandemic and subsequent societal impacts 2018; PeConga et al. 2020). Therefore, it is essential to
for adolescents. While youth are relatively safe from emphasize the role of individual differences and links
serious or long-lasting physical harm due to the virus (less between specific situational factors and outcome variables
than 1% of fatalities in the United States have been when assessing mental health change during the
individuals under the age of 25; National Center for Health pandemic.
Statistics & Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
2020), they may be at a heightened risk of developing This necessity is particularly strong among studies of
mental health difficulties during this pandemic due to the youth, as mental health problems that develop during
physical restrictions that have been imposed on many adolescence create significant vulnerabilities for the
societies around the world. Zhou (2020) stressed that development and maintenance of a wide range of mental
children and adolescents may actually be more vulnerable health difficulties well into adulthood (e.g., Costello et al.,
to the negative psychological effects of the pandemic, 2003).
reporting that the prevalence of anxiety problems is higher For example, individual differences in vulnerability and
among children and adolescents than among adults within resilience during the pandemic may be related to
China. Moreover, previous research examining the effects adolescents’ mental health status before the pandemic.
of disasters on children has emphasized that youth The literature pertaining to clinical antecedents of
respond differently to these potentially traumatic psychological response to traumatic events (e.g., Silva et
situations, tend to exhibit long-term problems and al., 2000) suggests that individuals with preexisting mental
generalizations of developed fears, and may demonstrate health difficulties are more likely to display heightened
more severe psychological difficulties than adults (Evans & mental health difficulties in the face of a traumatic event.
Oehler-Stinnett,2006; Norris, Friedman, & Watson, 2002; Moreover, specific elements of the pandemic, especially
Norris, Friedman, Watson, Byrne, et al., 2002; Pynoos et its impacts on daily life, may be responsible for
al., 1999; exacerbating the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on
Vogel & Vernberg, 1993). youth mental health. Developing a clear and deep
The propensity for children and adolescents to understanding of the specific elements most strongly
experience greater mental health difficulties during the associated with disruptions to mental health is a key step
pandemic and the subsequent interruptions to daily life toward allowing our communities to foster resilience and
are likely complex with many factors at play; however, prevent this collective trauma from manifesting as mental
there are at least three key reasons that may help to health difficulties.
explain this phenomenon. First, adolescents may have
 Increased Vulnerability during Adolescence

To appreciate the importance of examining the effects of concept and gauge self-worth (Connell and Wellborn
the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescent mental health, one 1991). Thus,negative peer interactions during this
must first understand the pertinent developmental important developmental window can lead to poor self-
changes that occur during adolescence that may make this concept, a low sense of worth, and subsequent increases
a particularly distressing time. Adolescence has often been in symptoms of anxiety and depression, whereas positive
labeled by developmental theorists as a period of storm peer relationships can provide social and emotional
and stress(Casey et al. 2010). This is due in part, to the support, which are known to protect against the risk of
physical and chemical changes occurring in the brain from both depression and anxiety (La Greca and Harrison 2005).
early adolescence, which result in a ‘neural mismatch’
whereby emotionality is heightened in response to real The increases in interpersonal stress, coupled with
and/or perceived stressors (Bailen et al. 2019), yet the self- heightened emotional reactivity and low emotion-
regulatory system required to manage these emotions regulation, can place adolescents at a greater risk of
remains largely underdeveloped until early adulthood developing many common forms of psychopathology
(Somerville et al.2010). Another defining characteristic of including generalized anxiety, eating disorders, depression,
adolescence is the marked increase in social sensitivity and and social anxiety (Rapee et al. 2019). In fact, this
the importance of peers (Somerville 2013). As adolescents particular subset of internalizing disorders has previously
strive for independence from their parents, the time spent been referred to as “disorders of adolescence” due to their
with peers increases dramatically, and for the first time, typical median onset age of 13 to 19 years (Rapee et al.
friends rather than parents become the primary source of 2019). Collectively, the developmental characteristics of
interaction and influence (Meuwese et al. 2017). However, adolescence, the typical age of onset for these social
the increased social sensitivity that emerges during emotional disorders, and the fact that adolescents have
adolescence also means that peer relationships can be a been conducting their schooling online, spending most of
major source of conflict, rejection, and interpersonal stress their time indoors and are physically separated from their
(Somerville 2013). During adolescence, acceptance and peers, means they may be at an increased risk of
rejection bypeers is used to guide behaviors, shape self- developing psychological problems during the COVID-19
global pandemic.

Previous COVID-19 Studies

Whilst it may take years, and many studies, to fully found that more than half (53.8%) rated the negative
understand the sequelae of the COVID-19 pandemic, prior impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their psychological
research shows a consistent link between the pandemic health as moderate to severe (Wang et al. 2020). A second
and mental health. Importantly, existing research study in China reported COVID-19 related increases in
highlights a number of COVID-19 related factors (e.g., generalized anxiety, which were found to be more
government restrictions, media exposure, etc.) that may pronounced in younger people (<35 years) compared to
influence these associations. As the current study explores older age groups (Huang and Zhao 2020). A meta-analysis
these factors in conjunction with prospective changes in of 13 studies of mental health among healthcare workers
mental health, the existing research is reviewed here found that almost a quarter exhibited elevated COVID-19
briefly to demonstrate the association between COVID-19 related symptoms of anxiety (23.2%) and depression
and mental health, and to highlight any relevant (22.8%), and more than a third (38.9%) experienced
influencing factors. problems with insomnia (Pappa et al.2020).

Previous studies with adults consistently point to the To date, few studies have evaluated the impact of the
detrimental impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of pandemic on mental health in adolescents. One study
individuals. For example, research conducted among 1210 surveyed 1738 Chinese participants at two time points
respondents during the early stages of the crisis in China following the commencement of the pandemic and found
no significant changes across time in depression, anxiety to restrictions, and levels of social connection have all
and stress over the study period (Wang et al. 2020). been implicated as potential moderators within the
However, there was some indication that younger people existing research. As previous research has demonstrated
(aged 12–21 years) perceived the impact of COVID-19 to that adolescents were particularly concerned about feeling
be greater than older adults (aged 50–59 years). Beliefs socially disconnected from their friends, and that COVID-
about the ease of virus transmission and increased media 19 related worries along with less time on schooling were
exposure to health information about COVID-19 were significantly associated with depression cross-sectionally
significantly associated with depression and/or anxiety at (Ellis et al. 2020), it is possible that social connectedness,
both time points. In contrast, taking precautionary COVID-19 related concerns, and disruptions to schooling
measures to avoid transmission (e.g., regular may predict change from pre-pandemic to intra-pandemic
handwashing), complying with the stayat-home orders, levels of depression, anxiety and life satisfaction. Further,
and low perceived likelihood of contracting and dying from as a prior two-wave study found that increased exposure
COVID-19 were all found to be protective. In a study to media reports about COVID-19 was significantly
focused on youth, retrospective reports of mental health associated with increases in anxiety and depression,
symptoms three months prior to the pandemic were whereas complying with the stay at home rules was
compared to those three weeks into the pandemic among protective (Wang et al. 2020), it is important to examine
622 Canadian adolescents and young adults (Hawke et al. these associations longitudinally. Considering the
2020). Participants perceived reductions in their mental substantial amount of time adolescents spend on social
health across the period, particularly in depression/low media, it may also be important to examine the effect of
mood and anxiety. Another study also found high levels of exposure to COVID-19 related media reports via social
depression and anxiety in Chinese adolescents during the media, particularly as prior has found that increased social
peak of the pandemic, although lower levels were media use during the pandemic was associated with
reported among males and youth that regularly engaged in increased adolescent depression and anxiety (Ellis et al.
exercise (Chen et al. 2020). Finally, a survey of 1054 2020).
Canadian adolescents (Mage = 16.68) found that
adolescents were most concerned about the impact on Finally, as depression and anxiety are known to increase,
their schooling, followed by general concerns about the and life satisfaction to decrease, from early adolescence
COVID-19 crisis, and not feeling connected to friends (Ellis onward (Goldbeck et al. 2007; Rapee et al. 2019), it is
et al.2020). Further, COVID-19 related concerns, spending important to ensure that any potential prospective
less time on schoolwork and more time with friends was changes in mental health symptoms during COVID-19 are
positively associated with depression, whereas spending not simply due to age effects. However to date,
more time with family was negatively associated. COVID- developmental differences in COVID-19 responses have
19 related concerns were also positively associated with not been examined in adolescent samples.
loneliness, while spending more time with family and
friends, and engaging in more physical activity, was
negatively associated. Social media use moderated the
association between COVID-19 concerns and depression,
with those reporting high levels of social media use also
reporting the most depression.

Potential Risk and Protective Moderating Factors

The cross-sectional research cited above points to a

number of factors that may be important for examining
the association between adolescent mental health and
COVID-19 longitudinally. Namely age, gender, media
exposure, family conflict, changes to schooling, adherence

Synthesis:
Overall, the mental health toll on young people is often characterised by heightened anxiety, depressive
symptoms and issues related to self-esteem and self-worth. For them, social isolation, the abrupt switch
to remote learning and the absence of extracurricular activities or milestone events like graduations can
have longterm implications on their emotional and psychological well-being. Grade 10 students faced a
unique set of challenges linked to their developmental stage. They are navigating formative years of
socialisation, identity formation and academic progress, all of which have been disrupted by the
pandemic.

As a result of COVID-19, plenty of Grade 10 students are experiencing long duration of quarantine,
physical isolation from their friends, teachers, and extended family members, and are forced to adapt to
a virtual way of learning. Due to this unexpected and forced transition, students may not have adequate
academic resources, social contact and support, or a learning-home environment, which may lead to a
heightened sense of loneliness, distress, anger, and boredom-causing an increase in negative
psychological outcomes. Mental health issues may also arise from the disease itself, such as grief from
loss of lives, opportunities, and employment. Additionally, inequities and disparities in the social
determinants of health (e.g ., low income status, lack of access to school necessities, family support, and
emotional stability ) may contribute further to the development of psychological distress among
children and college students living through the COVID-19 pandemic.

The purpose of this systematic review is to learn about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the
mental health of Grade 10 students from RESPSCI. Our study will help Teachers, Parents, and The School
Leaders to understand the need to develop mental health interventions and social support programs to
cater to the mental health needs of Grade 10 students. Identifying practical solutions to address
students is incredibly important as students begin to fully transition to in-person learning.

Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19

PandemicJournal of Youth and Adolescence (Received:9
September 2020 / Accepted: 13 October 2020 / Published
online:27October2020)©Springer Science+Business
Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020(2021) 50:44–57
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01332-9

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